Vo2 Max Test

A VO2 max test is a controlled assessment of maximal oxygen uptake, the greatest rate at which the body can absorb, transport, and use oxygen during intense exercise; it provides an objective measure of aerobic capacity and cardiorespiratory fitness. During a graded exercise test, usually on a treadmill or cycle ergometer, workload increases progressively while a metabolic analyzer measures inhaled and exhaled gases to calculate oxygen consumption, often alongside heart rate and other physiological responses. Clinicians and exercise scientists use the results to evaluate cardiovascular function, guide safe training prescriptions, monitor rehabilitation, and assess changes in fitness or exercise tolerance over time.

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Education

JoVE Core - Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics

Pharmacodynamic Models: Emax Drug–Concentration Effect Model

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2026

The Emax drug-concentration effect model is central to pharmacodynamics in drug discovery and development. This model is predicated on the receptor occupancy theory, which posits that the effect of a drug is directly related to the number of receptors occupied by the drug and the resultant complex formation.The model describes the reversible interaction between a drug (C) and a receptor (R) to form a drug-receptor complex (RC). The kinetics of this interaction are quantified by an equation that...

Research

JoVE Journal - Biology

Principles of Site-Specific Recombinase (SSR) Technology

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Cited by 14 •

2008

The advent of site-specific recombinase (SSR) technology and the Cre/lox system has led to numerous advances in molecular biology, and has proven itself as a valuable tool for assessing gene function in transgenic animals. This interview discusses the mechanism of site specific recombination by Cyclization recombinase (Cre) and how the use of this enzyme has led to the development of conditional mutagenesis, which has significant advantages over traditional knock out strategies.

Purification of Pathogen Vacuoles from Legionella-infected Phagocytes

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Cited by 5 •

2012

This article describes a method for the isolation and purification of intact Legionella-containing vacuoles (LCVs) from amoeba and macrophages. The two-step protocol comprises LCV enrichment by immuno-magnetic separation using an antibody against a bacterial LCV marker and further purification by density gradient centrifugation.

Research

JoVE Journal - Immunology and Infection
Free Sample

Neutrophil Extracellular Traps: How to Generate and Visualize Them

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Cited by 296 •

2010

Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) are an important innate immune mechanism to fight pathogenic bacteria, fungi and parasites. Here we describe methods to isolate neutrophil granulocytes from human blood and to activate them to form NETs. We present preparation techniques to visualize NETs in light and electron microscopy.

Research

JoVE Journal - Biology
Free Sample

Primer Extension Capture: Targeted Sequence Retrieval from Heavily Degraded DNA Sources

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Cited by 41 •

2009

We present a method of targeted ancient DNA sequence retrieval, which we used to reconstruct the complete mitochondrial genomes of five Neandertal individuals. Comparison of these sequences with present day humans suggests that Neandertals had a long term low effective population size.

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