Serotype Determination
Serotype Determination - Related Videos
09:11
Capsular Serotyping of Streptococcus pneumoniae by Latex Agglutination
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Cited by 32 •
2014
Latex agglutination testing is a simple, rapid and inexpensive method for serotyping Streptococcus pneumoniae, and has also been widely applied in diagnostic microbiology. This manuscript describes the in-house production of latex agglutination reagents, quality control procedures and the application of this technique to pneumococcal serotyping.
04:25
Capsular Serotyping of Streptococcus pneumoniae Using the Quellung Reaction
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Cited by 86 •
2014
The Quellung reaction is the gold standard technique for serotyping Streptococcus pneumoniae. This technique utilizes a microscope and specific pneumococcal antisera and is commonly used in reference and research laboratories worldwide.
13:36
Utilizing the Antigen Capsid-Incorporation Strategy for the Development of Adenovirus Serotype 5-Vectored Vaccine Approaches
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Cited by 1 •
2015
Here, we present a protocol to generate a proof-of-principle divalent adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) vector Ad5/H5-HVR1-KWAS-HVR5-His6 by utilizing the Antigen Capsid-Incorporation strategy. This vector was demonstrated to exhibit qualitative fitness, the capability to escape Ad5-positive sera in vitro, and the antigenicity as well as immunogenicity to the incorporated antigens.
06:51
Systemic Delivery of MicroRNA Using Recombinant Adeno-associated Virus Serotype 9 to Treat Neuromuscular Diseases in Rodents
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Cited by 9 •
2018
Here we describe the delivery of microRNA using a recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 9 in a mouse model of a neuromuscular disease. A single peripheral administration in mice resulted in sustained miRNA overexpression in muscle and motor neurons, providing an opportunity to study miRNA function and therapeutic potential in vivo.
19:02
High-Efficiency Transduction of Liver Cancer Cells by Recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus Serotype 3 Vectors
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Cited by 29 •
2011
In this article, we describe the identification of the adeno-associated virus serotype 3 (AAV3) as the most efficient vector for targeting human liver cancer cells.
FAQs
The result depends on whether antibodies recognize characteristic antigens associated with one variant but not another. When a pathogen or clinical sample is exposed to these antibodies, the resulting antigen-antibody reaction provides a serotype-specific signal. Comparing that signal with known patterns allows researchers to assign the variant and assess differences in immune recognition among circulating strains.
Molecular markers provide a genetic basis for distinguishing serotypes, complementing observations from antigen-antibody reactions. This comparison is valuable when researchers need to relate an observed antigenic pattern to a genetic signature or compare circulating strains systematically. Using either type of marker, or considering both, can support more consistent interpretation of serotype differences and their clinical relevance.
Changes in surface antigens may alter how a pathogen is recognized by host immunity, which can influence the interpretation of serotype results. They may also relate to differences in transmission and clinical relevance among variants. Tracking these changes helps researchers evaluate whether diagnostic accuracy, immune recognition, or the relevance of existing vaccine coverage could vary across circulating strains.
A typical workflow begins with a pathogen or clinical sample and selects serotype-specific antibodies or molecular markers appropriate to the investigation. The sample is then assessed for a characteristic antigen-antibody reaction or genetic signature. Researchers compare the observed result with the expected serotype pattern and assign the corresponding serotype, creating a basis for downstream surveillance or strain comparison.
Surveillance programs use serotype results to track which variants are circulating and to compare patterns across clinical samples or locations. During an outbreak investigation, these assignments can help determine whether cases are associated with a shared or related serotype pattern. The resulting information supports epidemiological tracking and helps clarify the clinical relevance of detected variants.
By identifying antigenically distinct variants, the method supplies information for comparing circulating strains with the immune targets considered in vaccine research. It also supports evaluation of vaccine coverage by showing which serotypes are present in a population or outbreak. These comparisons help researchers assess how variation in surface antigens may influence protection and immune recognition.