The reference beam provides a known light field that interferes with light scattered by the sample at the camera. This interference pattern records information related to both the scattered light’s phase and amplitude, rather than intensity alone. Numerical reconstruction can then use that encoded information to generate images corresponding to different depths within the recorded object.
Phase information supports quantitative measurements of three-dimensional structure without requiring labels. In bioengineering studies, this enables researchers to examine cellular or tissue morphology while leaving the sample available for continued observation. The resulting measurements can therefore support analysis of changes such as growth, movement, and interactions over the course of an experiment.
Intensity-only imaging records brightness, whereas holographic image acquisition preserves additional information carried by the light field, including phase and amplitude. That distinction allows numerical reconstruction at multiple depths and provides quantitative three-dimensional information. For biological samples, the approach can reveal structural features of cells, microorganisms, and tissues without relying on labels described in the source context.
The process begins by directing coherent light toward the sample so that the sample scatters part of the illumination. The scattered light interferes with a reference beam on a camera, producing a hologram. Numerical algorithms subsequently reconstruct the recorded information at selected depths, after which researchers can examine three-dimensional structure and related biological measurements.
Reconstructed images can support quantitative assessment of cell morphology, growth, motility, and interactions. Because the method provides information across different depths, researchers can examine structural changes in three dimensions rather than relying only on a two-dimensional intensity image. These outcomes are useful for characterizing biological behavior while retaining the sample for further observation.
The approach is useful when researchers need label-free visualization of cells, microorganisms, or tissue structures and want to continue observing the same sample. Its quantitative three-dimensional measurements can contribute to diagnostic studies, tissue-engineering research, and broader biomedical investigations. In bioengineering, these capabilities connect image-based structural analysis with studies of growth, motility, and cellular interactions.