Jaundice
Jaundice - Related Videos
01:25
Jaundice
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2026
Jaundice, or icterus, is the yellow discoloration of the skin, sclerae, and mucous membranes. It happens when plasma bilirubin levels rise above 2.5-3 mg/dL, leading to bilirubin deposition in tissue.Bilirubin is a byproduct of hemoglobin degradation. In macrophages, hemoglobin breaks down into globin and heme. Globin is converted into amino acids, while heme is turned into biliverdin by heme oxygenase, which is then reduced to unconjugated bilirubin by biliverdin reductase.Unconjugated...
10:09
Application of Simplified Stent-bridging Pancreaticogastrostomy in Open Pancreaticoduodenectomy
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2026
Here, we present the stent-bridging pancreaticogastrostomy (PG) technique, which uses a stent to bridge the remnant pancreas to the stomach during open pancreaticoduodenectomy. The stent-bridging PG aims to simplify the anastomosis, achieve complete diversion of pancreatic juice, and minimize manipulation of the pancreatic remnant.
05:02
Observation and Inspection
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2023
Source: Jaideep S. Talwalkar, MD, Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT Observation and inspection is fundamental to physical examination and begins at the first point of contact with a patient. While observation and inspection are often used interchangeably, observation is a general term that refers to the careful use of one's senses to gain information. Inspection is an act limited to what one can observe visually, and when referring to physical examination,...
07:56
Abdominal Exam I: Inspection and Auscultation
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2023
Source: Alexander Goldfarb, MD, Assistant Professor of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, MA Gastrointestinal disease accounts for millions of office visits and hospital admissions annually. Physical examination of the abdomen is a crucial tool in diagnosing diseases of the gastrointestinal tract; in addition, it can help identify pathological processes in cardiovascular, urinary, and other systems. As physical examination in general, the examination of the abdominal region is...
20:06
The Comprehensive Infant Examination
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2023
Source: Heather Collette and Jaideep Talwalkar; Yale School of Medicine The newborn exam is important in establishing a baby's baseline health status as they enter the world. Newborn providers have the unique opportunity to evaluate a patient for the very first time. They are also tasked with identifying congenital anomalies that require early intervention to promote a long and healthy life for the child. Many newborn anomalies, such as heart defects, are noted on prenatal ultrasound. However,...
FAQs
These categories identify where bilirubin handling has gone wrong. Prehepatic jaundice reflects bilirubin production that exceeds the liver’s capacity, as in hemolysis; hepatic jaundice points to impaired processing within the liver, such as hepatitis; posthepatic jaundice results when bile flow is obstructed. This classification narrows the underlying biological mechanism before treatment is considered.
The pathway links two physiological systems: heme breakdown from red blood cells generates bilirubin, while the liver processes that pigment and directs it into bile for excretion. Jaundice can therefore signal excessive red-cell breakdown, disrupted hepatic handling, or failure of bile movement. Studying the sequence shows how a blood-derived pigment reflects liver function.
A bilirubin measurement shows that pigment has accumulated, but it does not by itself identify the point of failure. Liver function tests add information about hepatic involvement, allowing clinicians and researchers to distinguish excessive production, impaired processing, and obstructed bile flow. Together, these results support a more focused assessment of the underlying disorder.
Evaluation begins with the visible clinical sign, followed by bilirubin measurements and liver function tests. The results are considered in relation to the three main biological locations of dysfunction: before the liver, within the liver, or after the liver where bile flow may be blocked. This workflow connects laboratory findings with a specific physiological mechanism.
Neonatal disease is an important context because jaundice assessment can reveal disturbances in bilirubin handling during early life. Bilirubin measurements and liver function tests help characterize the problem, monitor its course, and support treatment decisions. This application extends the study of jaundice beyond adult disorders to developmental and clinical questions involving newborns.
Investigations can connect a visible clinical sign with pigment metabolism, red-cell breakdown, hepatic processing, and bile excretion. By combining bilirubin results with liver function tests, professionals can classify possible causes, follow changes over time, and assess treatment. The same framework supports clinical diagnosis while illustrating how organ systems cooperate in biological regulation.