Plus Minus Ends
Plus Minus Ends - Related Videos
13:15
Quantitative and Qualitative Examination of Particle-particle Interactions Using Colloidal Probe Nanoscopy
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Cited by 3 •
2014
Colloidal probe nanoscopy can be used within a variety of fields to gain insight into the physical stability and coagulation kinetics of colloidal systems and aid in drug discovery and formulation sciences using biological systems. The method described within provides a quantitative and qualitative means to study such systems.
06:05
Visualization and Quantitative Analysis of Embryonic Angiogenesis in Xenopus tropicalis
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Cited by 2 •
2017
This protocol demonstrates a fluorescence-based method to visualize the vasculature and to quantify its complexity in Xenopus tropicalis. Blood vessels can be imaged minutes after the injection of a fluorescent dye into the beating heart of an embryo after genetic and/or pharmacological manipulations to study cardiovascular development in vivo.
07:06
Two-photon Intravital Imaging of Leukocytes During the Immune Response in Lipopolysaccharide-treated Mouse Liver
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Cited by 8 •
2018
We established a novel surgical protocol for two-photon imaging of live mice liver with minimal invasion. With this technique, we identified the detailed structure of the liver during lipopolysaccharide-induced endotoxemia. We anticipate that this method may be utilized to determine the effectiveness of various reagents treatment to hepatic leukocyte migration.
12:18
A Strategy to Validate the Role of Callose-mediated Plasmodesmal Gating in the Tropic Response
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Cited by 7 •
2016
This article describes the methods for screening the genes controlling plasmodesmal permeability and hence auxin gradient during tropic response. This includes the measurement of the degree of tropic response in hypocotyl of Arabidopsis thaliana and checking plasmodesmal permeability by 8-hydroxypyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid (HPTS) loading and finally callose level assessment.
07:57
Scaled Anatomical Model Creation of Biomedical Tomographic Imaging Data and Associated Labels for Subsequent Sub-surface Laser Engraving (SSLE) of Glass Crystals
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2017
A methodology is described herein for representing anatomical imaging data within crystals. We create scaled three-dimensional models of biomedical imaging data for use in Sub-Surface Laser Engraving (SSLE) of crystal glass. This tool offers a useful complement to computational display or three-dimensionally printed models used within clinical or educational settings.
FAQs
The two ends exchange subunits at different rates because their molecular structures are not equivalent. Tubulin or actin commonly adds faster at the plus end, whereas loss is favored at the minus end. This imbalance allows a filament to change length directionally rather than behaving as a uniform rod, supporting organized remodeling inside cells.
Nucleotide hydrolysis links filament chemistry to stability and subunit exchange. GTP hydrolysis affects microtubule behavior through tubulin, while ATP hydrolysis influences actin dynamics. These chemical changes help determine where addition or loss is favored and can contribute to treadmilling, in which subunits are added at one end while departing from the other.
Both filament types are polarized, but they use different subunits and nucleotide systems. Microtubules are built from tubulin and are regulated in part by GTP hydrolysis, whereas actin filaments use actin and are influenced by ATP hydrolysis. Comparing them helps explain why related directional behaviors occur through distinct molecular mechanisms.
Motor proteins recognize the directional organization of cytoskeletal filaments and travel toward specific ends. Their movement can carry vesicles or protein complexes to selected cellular locations, linking filament polarity with intracellular transport. Consequently, changing filament orientation or organization can alter where molecular cargo is delivered within the cell.
Cell shape depends partly on where cytoskeletal filaments grow, shrink, and organize. Because addition and loss differ between ends, polarized filaments can support directional remodeling rather than uniform turnover. Examining these dynamics helps connect molecular subunit exchange with larger changes in cellular structure and the maintenance of organized cell architecture.
The polarity of cytoskeletal filaments provides directional information during cellular organization. In the context of chromosome segregation, understanding which ends grow, shrink, or interact with motor proteins helps explain how filament systems can contribute to ordered chromosome movement. The key outcome is a molecular framework for relating filament dynamics to accurate cellular partitioning.
At the tissue level, coordinated cell shape, intracellular transport, and cytoskeletal remodeling help establish organized structures. Plus and minus ends provide directional cues that can align these processes within cells, while motor proteins move associated cargo toward defined locations. Studying this polarity therefore connects molecular filament behavior with the arrangement and function of tissues.