Repeated In Vivo Sampling
Repeated In Vivo Sampling - Related Videos
06:33
Implantation of a Cranial Window for Repeated In Vivo Imaging in Awake Mice
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Cited by 7 •
2021
Presented here is a protocol for the implantation of a chronic cranial window for the longitudinal imaging of brain cells in awake, head-restrained mice.
05:31
Noninvasive Sampling of Mucosal Lining Fluid for the Quantification of In Vivo Upper Airway Immune-mediator Levels
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Cited by 4 •
2017
This protocol describes a noninvasive technique for the sampling of undisturbed mucosal lining fluid from the upper airways. It can be used to perform the quantification of in vivo levels of protein mediators, such as cytokines and chemokines, in subjects of all ages.
12:17
The 4-vessel Sampling Approach to Integrative Studies of Human Placental Physiology In Vivo
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Cited by 18 •
2017
We present a detailed method to study human placental physiology in vivo at term. The method combines blood sampling from the incoming and outgoing vessels on the maternal and fetal sides of the placenta with ultrasound measurements of volume blood flow and placental tissue sampling.
09:16
Simultaneous ex vivo Functional Testing of Two Retinas by in vivo Electroretinogram System
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Cited by 36 •
2015
Ex vivo ERG can be used to record electrical activity of retinal cells directly from isolated intact retinas of animals or humans. We demonstrate here how common in vivo ERG systems can be adapted for ex vivo ERG recordings in order to dissect the electrical activity of retinal cells.
01:28
Infinitely Repeated Games
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2025
An infinitely repeated game is a scenario where players repeatedly engage in the same game without a predetermined end. This concept is crucial in understanding long-term interactions in various fields of the social sciences, including economics and international relations. Examples: Firms Setting Prices: Companies continuously adjust prices. Trade Negotiations: Countries consistently negotiate trade terms. Tit-for-Tat Strategy Cooperative Start: Players begin with a cooperative action,...
FAQs
Repeated measurements from one subject show how its physiology changes across defined time points, rather than providing only a single observation. This makes it possible to follow within-subject trajectories and distinguish those patterns from variation between different animals or participants. The resulting time-linked data can strengthen interpretation of biological changes that might otherwise be obscured by population-level differences.
Using the same living subject as its own longitudinal reference reduces variability caused by differences between animals or participants. Changes observed across sampling points can therefore be interpreted in relation to that subject’s earlier measurements. This design can improve the clarity of comparisons over time and may reduce the number of subjects needed to investigate a biological response.
Minimally invasive procedures allow researchers to obtain biological samples while maintaining the subject for continued observation and analysis. Serial blood collection and implanted access devices are examples described for this purpose. Preserving the subject throughout the study supports repeated physiological measurements and enables molecular, cellular, and physiological findings to be connected within the same individual.
A study establishes defined sampling time points, obtains biological material from a living subject using a minimally invasive procedure, and retains that subject for later observation. Researchers then compare measurements across the collected samples and relate them to accompanying physiological observations. This workflow produces a longitudinal record rather than isolated measurements from separate subjects.
The overview identifies serial blood collection and implanted access devices as approaches for obtaining repeated samples. Both are presented as ways to collect material while allowing the subject to remain available for continued study. The appropriate approach depends on the sampling design and the need to connect measurements from multiple time points with ongoing physiological analysis.
This approach is particularly useful for pharmacokinetic studies, which examine changing biological measurements over time, and for biomarker studies that track indicators of physiology. It also supports longitudinal analysis in which molecular, cellular, and physiological data are linked within one subject. These applications can improve experimental interpretation while potentially lowering the number of subjects required.