Hep-2 Cell Infection
Hep-2 Cell Infection - Related Videos
13:01
Anti-Nuclear Antibody Screening Using HEp-2 Cells
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Cited by 34 •
2014
Indirect immunofluorescent (IIF) assays have traditionally been used for the detection of antinuclear antibodies (ANA) in human serum. The presence of these antibodies can aid in the diagnosis of systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases (SARD). This protocol demonstrates how to effectively perform the IIF technique to accurately detect these autoantibodies.
08:56
Imaging Ca2+ Responses During Shigella Infection of Epithelial Cells
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Cited by 4 •
2018
Here, we present protocols to visualize calcium (Ca2+) responses elicited by HeLa cells infected by Shigella. By optimizing the parameters of bacterial infection and imaging with Ca2+ fluorescent probes, atypical global and local Ca2+ signals induced by bacteria over a large range of infection kinetics are characterized.
08:50
Direct Observation of Phagocytosis and NET-formation by Neutrophils in Infected Lungs using 2-photon Microscopy
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Cited by 21 •
2011
We show, how to use 2-photon microscopy for the observation of the dynamics of neutrophil granulocytes in infected lungs while they phagocytose pathogens or produce neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs).
10:05
Simultaneous Distinction of Monospecific and Mixed DFS70 Patterns During ANA Screening with a Novel HEp-2 ELITE/DFS70 Knockout Substrate
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Cited by 5 •
2018
DFS70 autoantibodies mimic common disease-associated antinuclear antibody patterns making accurate interpretation challenging when using conventional HEp-2 substrates. The protocol describes advantages of novel engineered HEp-2 substrate over conventional HEp-2 in ANA screening and distinguishing DFS70 patterns with high confidence in both monospecific and mixed ANA positive cases.
10:05
Trichuris muris Infection: A Model of Type 2 Immunity and Inflammation in the Gut
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Cited by 34 •
2011
Trichuris muris infection is an intestinal model of Th2 immunity where resistant mice generate a protective Th2 response and susceptible mice generate a pathological Th1 response.
FAQs
The pathogen must first attach to molecules on the epithelial cell surface before entering the cell. These sequential interactions influence whether infection becomes established and whether subsequent replication or cellular changes can be detected. Examining attachment and entry separately helps investigators identify early host-pathogen interactions and determine which stage may be affected by an experimental treatment.
Progression can be evaluated through pathogen replication and infection-associated changes in the cultured epithelial cells. Cytopathic effects, visible alterations produced during infection, provide one type of evidence, while microscopy, immunostaining, and molecular assays offer complementary ways to monitor cellular or pathogen-related changes. Using more than one readout can strengthen interpretation of infection outcomes.
Hep-2 cell infection provides a controlled setting for examining how epithelial cells respond to an invading pathogen and how infection-associated damage develops. Researchers can compare these cellular responses with evidence of pathogen growth or replication. This connection is important in immunology because it links early epithelial changes to mechanisms of innate immune activation without requiring analysis of uncontrolled conditions.
Investigators can compare infection conditions by monitoring differences in pathogen growth, cellular changes, cytopathic effects, or assay signals. They can also examine how antiviral or antimicrobial treatments alter these outcomes. Such comparisons help distinguish effects on the pathogen from effects on the host cells and support analysis of which conditions produce stronger or weaker infection-associated responses.
A study begins with cultured human epithelial cells and exposure to the pathogen under controlled conditions. The system is then monitored for pathogen replication, cellular changes, or infection-associated damage using microscopy, cytopathic-effect assessment, immunostaining, or molecular assays. Comparing exposed cultures with different infection conditions or treatments allows researchers to evaluate changes systematically.
Microscopy can document visible cellular changes, whereas immunostaining can help monitor infection-related signals in the cells. Molecular assays provide another approach for evaluating pathogen-associated or cellular changes, and cytopathic effects indicate broader damage to the culture. Together, these readouts provide complementary information about infection progression, host-cell effects, and treatment-associated differences.
The model is useful when investigators need to evaluate treatment effects in cultured human epithelial cells under controlled infection conditions. Treatment-associated changes can be assessed through pathogen growth, cytopathic effects, microscopy, immunostaining, or molecular assays. This allows researchers to compare whether an intervention changes infection-related damage, pathogen-associated signals, or both.