The two signal modes rely on different light-generation steps. Bioluminescence requires luciferase-expressing cells or microbes and a substrate, whereas fluorescence requires an excitation step that causes labeled targets to emit light. This distinction determines what must be present in the biological model and how the signal is produced before the sensitive camera records it.
Each component supports a different stage of signal detection. The substrate enables luciferase-expressing cells or microbes to produce bioluminescent light, while excitation initiates emission from fluorescently labeled targets. The sensitive camera then captures the emitted light and maps its distribution, linking the optical signal to its location in the living organism.
Repeated, noninvasive measurements allow researchers to follow changes in the same living organism across multiple time points. This longitudinal approach can show how biological activity develops, declines, or responds during a study, while reducing the need to sacrifice animals at every observation point. The resulting time course adds context that a single measurement cannot provide.
A study begins with a model containing either luciferase-expressing cells or microbes, or fluorescently labeled targets. For bioluminescence, the relevant substrate is provided; for fluorescence, the target is exposed to excitation. The system’s sensitive camera captures the resulting light and maps its distribution, producing an image for tracking biological activity.
In preclinical medicine, IVIS imaging can be applied to tumor growth, infection, gene expression, drug delivery, and treatment response studies. Its value differs by model: signals can help track disease-associated activity, labeled biological targets, or changes occurring after an intervention. Imaging over time also supports comparisons across stages of the same experiment.
By imaging living organisms repeatedly, researchers can observe biological changes during treatment rather than relying only on an endpoint measurement. In studies of tumors, infections, drug delivery, or gene expression, the mapped optical signal can be followed across time to assess changing activity and treatment response while limiting animal sacrifice at each time point.