Name: reaction rate, arrhenius, and catalysts
Uploaded: 2020-03-26T07:22:26.000Z
Duration: 3 min 17 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

Chemistry

Matter And Its Interactions

HS-PS1-4

Temperature Dependence

يسمى مقياس سرعة استمرار التفاعل بمعدل التفاعل. يتم تحديد معدل التفاعل الكيميائي من خلال قانون المعدل ، الذي يصف العلاقة بين سرعة التفاعل وتركيزات المادة المتفاعلة. في هذه المعادلة، k هو ثابت المعدل، A وB هما المتفاعلان، و m وn هما ترتيب تفاعل كل منهما. 
يحول ثابت المعدل العلاقة إلى وحدات المعدل المناسبة ، المولات لكل لتر في الثانية. وبالتالي ، فإن ثابت المعدل له وحدات مختلفة ، اعتمادا على الترتيب الكلي للتفاعل. ومع ذلك ، فإن ثابت المعدل له أهمية أكبر من مجرد تحويل الوحدة. يرتبط ثابت المعدل بالحد الأدنى من الطاقة المطلوبة لحدوث تفاعل كيميائي - يسمى طاقة التنشيط. 
في التفاعل ، تكون المواد المتفاعلة في حالة أولية من الطاقة الكامنة. مع استمرار التفاعل ، يجب أن يتغلب على طاقة كامنة معينة ، طاقة التنشيط ، قبل أن يصل إلى حالته النهائية. الطاقة الكلية للتفاعل هي الفرق بين الحالتين الأولية والنهائية. يمكن أن يكون هذا الاختلاف سالبا ، مما يعني أن التفاعل يطلق طاقة ، أو إيجابيا ، مما يعني أنه يمتص الطاقة. 
إذا لم تكن هناك طاقة كافية متاحة للتغلب على طاقة التنشيط ، فلن يستمر التفاعل. في بعض الحالات ، يمكن توفير الطاقة على شكل حرارة. يوفر هذا طاقة إضافية للتغلب على حاجز التنشيط ، ويمكن أن يستمر التفاعل. يمكن أيضا إضافة محفز ، والذي يوفر مسارا بديلا للطاقة أقل تنشيطا بين المواد المتفاعلة والمنتجات. 
لا تستهلك المحفزات في التفاعل ، وبالتالي لا تؤثر على صافي طاقة التفاعل. يتم تحديد طاقة التنشيط تجريبيا ، وهي مرتبطة بثابت التفاعل k بواسطة معادلة Arrhenius حيث A هو عامل ما قبل الأسي أو عامل التردد ، و R هو ثابت الغاز العالمي ، و T هي درجة الحرارة المطلقة التي يحدث عندها التفاعل. 
من هذه المعادلة، نعلم أن زيادة درجة حرارة التفاعل أو تقليل طاقة التنشيط يزيد من ثابت المعدل. بالعودة إلى معادلة قانون المعدل ، يترتب على ذلك أن ثابت المعدل الأعلى ينتج عنه معدل تفاعل أعلى. هذا منطقي لأنه مع زيادة درجة الحرارة ، تتحرك الجزيئات بشكل أسرع وتتصادم بشكل متكرر ، مما يؤدي إلى زيادة جزء من الجزيئات ذات الطاقة الأعلى من طاقة التنشيط. 
في هذا المختبر ، سوف تتعلم كيفية قياس طاقة تنشيط التفاعل تجريبيا باستخدام تحلل بيروكسيد الهيدروجين كتفاعل نموذجي.

الاعتماد على درجة الحرارة

الحركية الكيميائية 
معدل التفاعل هو السرعة التي يحدث بها التفاعل الكيميائي. يعرف معدل التفاعل بأنه التغير في تركيز أحد المكونات في التفاعل بمرور الوقت. تعتمد سرعة التفاعل على عدة عوامل ، بما في ذلك تركيز المواد المتفاعلة ودرجة الحرارة التي يتم عندها إجراء التفاعل. يساهم كل مادة متفاعلة في سرعة التفاعل بعامل معين. يتم تحديد هذه العلاقة من خلال قانون معدل التفاعل. 
<h4>قانون الأسعار</h4>
قانون المعدل هو معادلة تصف العلاقة بين تركيز المتفاعلات ، A و B ، وترتيب تفاعلهما ، m و n. يربط ثابت المعدل ، k ، تركيزات وترتيب المواد المتفاعلة بمعدل التفاعل. يعتمد على التفاعل كدرجة حرارة يتم عندها التفاعل. 
r = k [A]m[B]n for aA + bB → cC
<h4>معادلة أرهينيوس</h4>
تربط معادلة أرهينيوس ثابت معدل التفاعل بطاقة تنشيط التفاعل الكيميائي. تعرف طاقة التنشيط بأنها كمية الطاقة التي يحتاجها التفاعل الكيميائي من أجل المضي قدما. إذا كان التفاعل لا يفي بمتطلبات طاقة التنشيط هذه ، فلن يستمر التفاعل. 
<img src="/CDNSource/lm/labs/51/51_Concepts_2.jpg">
تشير العلاقة الأسية السلبية بين k ودرجة الحرارة إلى أنه مع زيادة درجة الحرارة ، تزداد قيمة k أيضا. نظرا لأنه يمكن تحديد ثابت المعدل تجريبيا عبر نطاق من درجات الحرارة ، يمكن حساب طاقة التنشيط باستخدام معادلة أرهينيوس. بأخذ اللوغاريتم الطبيعي لكلا الجانبين ، تتم إعادة كتابة معادلة أرهينيوس كمعادلة خطية. 
<img src="/CDNSource/lm/labs/51/51_Concepts_3.jpg">
ينتج عن مخطط ln k مقابل 1 / T خطا مستقيما بميل يساوي -Ea / R وتقاطع y ل ln A. نظرا لأن ثابت الغاز المثالي ، R ، معروف ، يمكن تحديد Ea بيانيا باستخدام سلسلة من قيم k في درجات حرارة مختلفة. 
<h4>المحفزات وطاقة التنشيط</h4>
تحتوي بعض التفاعلات الكيميائية على طاقة تنشيط كبيرة بما فيه الكفاية تجعل التفاعل يسير ببطء ، إن وجد. يحدث تفاعل تحلل بيروكسيد الهيدروجين في الأكسجين والماء تلقائيا ، ولكنه يحدث بمعدل بطيء بشكل لا يصدق. تتمثل إحدى طرق التغلب على هذا الحاجز الأولي في توفير الطاقة على شكل حرارة. ومع ذلك ، هذا ليس مثاليا دائما لأن الحرارة الزائدة قد تؤثر على استقرار المنتجات أو المواد المتفاعلة أو قد تسهل ردود الفعل الجانبية. 
يمكن تغيير طاقة التنشيط للتفاعلات الكيميائية باستخدام المحفزات. يقلل المحفز من طاقة تنشيط التفاعل الكيميائي ، لكنه لا يستهلكه التفاعل. بمعنى آخر ، يسهل المحفز التفاعل الكيميائي عن طريق تسهيل التغلب على متطلبات طاقة التنشيط الحرجة. في تحلل بيروكسيد الهيدروجين ، تؤدي إضافة نترات الحديد إلى تقليل طاقة التنشيط وتسمح للتفاعل بالمضي قدما بمعدل أسرع. ومع ذلك ، من المهم ملاحظة أنه في حين أن المحفز قد يؤثر على معدل للتفاعل ، فإن المحفز لا يغير كمية المنتج الناتج عن التفاعل. 
<h4>المراجع</h4>
<ol>
	<li style="font-size:17px">كوتز ، جي سي ، تريتشيل جونيور ، بي إم ، تاونسند ، جي آر (2012). الكيمياء والتفاعل الكيميائي . بلمونت ، كاليفورنيا: بروكس / كول ، Cengage Learning. </li>
	<li style="font-size:17px">سيلبربيرج ، ماجستير (2009). الكيمياء: الطبيعة الجزيئية للمادة والتغيير . بوسطن ، ماساتشوستس: ماكجرو هيل. </li>
</ol>

الحركية الكيميائية 
معدل التفاعل هو السرعة التي يحدث بها التفاعل الكيميائي. يعرف معدل التفاعل بأنه التغير في تركيز ...

Education

JoVE Lab Manual

الكيمياء

reaction rate, arrhenius, and catalysts

Chemical kinetics explains how fast a reaction happens and why that speed changes. The reaction rate is the speed of a chemical reaction. It is defined as the change in concentration of a reactant or product over time.

Reaction speed depends on several factors, including the concentration of the reactants and the temperature of the reaction. Each reactant affects the rate in a specific way. That relationship is described by the rate law.

The rate law is an equation that connects the concentrations of reactants A and B, their reaction orders m and n, and the rate constant k. For a reaction written as aA + bB → cC, the rate law is r = k[A]^m[B]^n. The rate constant depends on the reaction and on the temperature at which it is performed.

The Arrhenius equation links the rate constant to the activation energy of a chemical reaction. Activation energy is the energy a reaction must have to proceed. If a reaction does not reach this energy requirement, it will not continue. The equation also shows that as temperature increases, k increases.

Because the rate constant can be measured at different temperatures, activation energy can be calculated from experimental data. Taking the natural log of both sides of the Arrhenius equation gives a linear form. A plot of ln k versus 1/T produces a straight line with slope -Ea/R and y-intercept ln A. Since R is known, Ea can be found graphically from a series of k values.

Some reactions have such a large activation energy that they are very slow. The decomposition of hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and water happens spontaneously, but at an incredibly slow rate. Heat can help overcome this barrier, but too much heat may affect the stability of the reactants or products or promote side reactions.

Catalysts offer another way to lower activation energy. A catalyst speeds up a reaction by making the energy barrier easier to cross, but it is not consumed. In the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide, iron nitrate lowers the activation energy and increases the reaction rate. A catalyst changes how fast the reaction occurs, but it does not change the amount of product formed.

Reaction Rate, Arrhenius, and Catalysts

lab techniques

Measuring with Accuracy in the Lab

Measuring with accuracy in the lab starts with careful records, the right tools, and correct reading of data. Scientists use lab notebooks to record how an experiment was done. These notes include the amounts of materials used and each step of the procedure. Without that record, an experiment cannot be repeated in the same way. Balances and glassware are used to measure solids and liquids for experiments. The precision of a measurement depends on the equipment used. Digital balances show the...

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Graphs, Curve Fit, and Standard Deviation

Two-dimensional graphs help students compare an independent variable with a dependent variable in science data. In a chemistry example, temperature is the independent variable and volume is the dependent variable. After data are collected, the relationship between the two measurements must be quantified so it can be evaluated and compared with other relationships. A graph can also show when no relationship exists between the two variables. To make a two-dimensional graph, each data point needs...

stoichiometry, product yield, and limiting reactants

stoichiometry-product-yield-and-limiting-reactants

Balancing Equations and Reactant Limits

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redox reactions

Oxidation States in Redox Reactions

Oxidation states help identify redox reactions. In a redox reaction, oxidation is the loss of one or more electrons, and reduction is the gain of one or more electrons. These reactions are often tracked by changes in oxidation state, also called oxidation number. Each atom in a molecule has an oxidation state. This number shows how oxidized an atom is compared with its free elemental form. It is written as the charge an atom would have if every bond were purely ionic. In that model, bonding...

ideal gas law

Gas Laws Behind the Ideal Gas Equation

The ideal gas equation brings together the main gas laws used in chemistry. Gases have molecules that are far apart, so their behavior is described with four measurable variables: pressure, volume, number of moles, and temperature. The ideal gas law links these variables with the gas constant, R, which equals 8.314 J·K−1 mol−1. Boyle’s law describes the link between pressure and volume. When temperature and the number of moles stay constant, pressure and volume change in opposite directions.

acid and base concentrations

Acids, Bases, and pH in Titration

Acids, bases, and pH explain how acidic or basic a solution is. An Arrhenius acid releases hydrogen ions when it dissolves in water, while an Arrhenius base releases hydroxide ions. These reactions also create conjugate partners: an acid forms a conjugate base after losing hydrogen, and a base forms a conjugate acid after losing hydroxyl. Every acid has a conjugate base, and every base has a conjugate acid. pH measures the amount of hydrogen ions in a solution. The pH scale runs from 0 to 14...

buffers

Buffer pH and the Common Ion Effect

Buffer solutions help keep pH steady when acids or bases are added. In water, an Arrhenius acid (HA) dissociates into hydrogen ions, H+, and a conjugate base, A-. More hydrogen ions make a solution more acidic and lower its pH. An Arrhenius base (BOH) dissociates into a conjugate acid, B+, and hydroxide ions, OH-. Strong acids and strong bases usually change pH a lot because they react completely in water and raise the amount of H+ or OH-. Buffers reduce those pH changes. A buffer usually...

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Reaction Heat, Hess’s Law, and Calorimetry

Reaction heat is explained through enthalpy, Hess’s law, and calorimetry. These ideas show how heat moves during chemical reactions and how scientists measure it. Thermodynamics is the study of heat energy and other forms of energy, such as work. Its laws are used across science, from biology to physics. The first law says energy is conserved in an isolated system. Energy can change form, such as thermal energy becoming work, but it cannot be created or destroyed. The second law of...

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Solubility in Water and Other Solvents

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Flame Test Metal Color Clues

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balmer series

Hydrogen Emission Lines

Hydrogen emission lines show how electrons move between fixed energy levels in the Bohr model. Niels Bohr proposed this model for the hydrogen atom in 1913. In this model, an electron can only occupy certain orbits, and it cannot exist between them. These energy states are labeled with the quantum number n. The ground state is n = 1. Higher values, such as n = 2, 3, 4, and so on, are excited states. An electron changes state only by absorbing or emitting energy equal to the difference between...

beer's law

Absorbance Spectra and Beer-Lambert Analysis

Absorbance spectra and the Beer-Lambert Law show how light can be used to study molecules in solution. When light hits a substance, it may be absorbed, transmitted, or reflected. A substance often interacts with a range of wavelengths, and each wavelength can affect the molecules or atoms in a different way. When a molecule absorbs light, that energy can be used for translation, vibration, rotation, or electron excitement. Electron excitement is especially important in spectroscopy because it...

concentration dependence

Reaction Order and Rate Constants

Chemical kinetics describes the speed of a chemical reaction. The rate depends on the reaction mechanism, the complexity of the reaction, and the number of reactants involved. Reactant concentration also affects how fast a reaction happens. The rate law is the experimental relationship that connects these factors to reaction rate. In the rate law, each reactant contributes through a reaction order. The general form is r = k[A]^m[B]^n for aA + bB + ... → cC. Here, r is the reaction rate, k is...

temperature dependence

Chemical kinetics explains how fast a reaction happens and why that speed changes. The reaction rate is the speed of a chemical reaction. It is defined as the change in concentration of a reactant or product over time. Reaction speed depends on several factors, including the concentration of the reactants and the temperature of the reaction. Each reactant affects the rate in a specific way. That relationship is described by the rate law. The rate law is an equation that connects the...

galvanic cells

Battery Power from Redox Reactions

Electrochemistry studies how chemical change and electrical energy are linked. In this branch of chemistry, electrons move from one species to another. That movement can either produce current or be driven by an applied current. The main reaction in electrochemistry is the oxidation-reduction, or redox, reaction. A redox reaction has two half-reactions. Oxidation is the loss of electrons, and reduction is the gain of electrons. These changes also shift the oxidation state of each substance. The...

electrolytic cells

Electroplating with Electrolytic Cells

Electrochemistry links electrical energy with chemical change, and electrolytic cells show how electricity can drive a nonspontaneous reaction. In these reactions, electrons move from one species to another. The key chemistry is a redox reaction, or oxidation-reduction reaction, which happens in two half-reactions. Oxidation is the loss of electrons, and reduction is the gain of electrons. The substance that loses electrons is the reducing agent, and the substance that gains electrons is the...

proper lab notebook keeping

Recording a Reproducible Lab Experiment

Accurate lab notebook records are essential in science and organic chemistry labs. Without clear notes, descriptions, quantities, and observations, an experiment cannot be repeated or checked. Good record keeping supports reproducibility, which means other people can follow the same work and get similar results. A laboratory notebook is useful in school labs, research settings, and industry. It can also become a legal record when an idea, process, substance, or technique is patented and...

basic organic chemistry techniques

Organic Lab Glassware and Safe Handling

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melting points

How Impurities Change Melting Points

Melting point helps identify an organic compound by showing the temperature where a solid turns into a liquid at 1 atmosphere of pressure. It is a physical property, like solubility, density, color, and electronegativity. Because the exact start of melting is hard to measure, the result is reported as a range. The lower end is when the first drops of liquid appear. The upper end is when the last solid has melted. Scientists compare this range with literature values to help identify a compound. <br...

boiling points

Boiling Point and Vapor Pressure

Boiling point and vapor pressure are key physical properties of a liquid. For a pure compound, the boiling point can help identify the substance. In experiments, the boiling point is usually recorded as a range because exact values are hard to measure and may differ by a few degrees from the literature value. Vapor pressure explains why a liquid boils. In a sealed container, some molecules at the liquid surface gain enough energy to escape into the gas phase. At the same time, some gas...

recrystallization

Purifying Crystals by Solubility

Purifying crystals by solubility is a key organic chemistry technique. Recrystallization uses differences in solubility to separate a desired solid product from starting materials, solvent, and impurities. It is one of the three standard purification methods, along with distillation and extraction. Solubility is the maximum amount of a substance that can dissolve in a fixed volume of solvent at a given temperature. Different solutes dissolve in different solvents, and their behavior can vary...

extraction

Separating Mixtures with Solvent Extraction

Solvent extraction is a common way to separate and isolate a target compound in organic chemistry. In this process, a solute moves from one phase to another so it can be separated from unreacted starting materials or impurities. Extraction is also useful when a product is dissolved in a reaction solvent that is hard to remove by evaporation, such as a solvent with a high boiling point. There are three main types of extraction. In solid-liquid extraction, the solute moves from a solid phase...

simple distillation

Separating Liquids by Boiling Point

Separating liquids by boiling point is the goal of distillation. A miscible mixture contains liquids that mix evenly, and it can be heated so that the more volatile liquid evaporates first. Volatility is a liquid’s tendency to vaporize, and boiling begins when bubbles form in the liquid phase. In a closed container, liquid and vapor can reach equilibrium, which means the rate of vaporization equals the rate of condensation. The pressure from the vapor above the liquid is called vapor pressure.

steam distillation

Steam Distillation and Low-Boiling Separation

Steam distillation is a separation method for temperature-sensitive organic compounds. It works best when the organic compound is immiscible in water, meaning the two liquids do not mix. The method helps remove the organic molecule from a non-volatile contaminant without using the higher temperatures needed for many other separations. In steam distillation, the immiscible mixture is heated until both water and the volatile organic compound distill together. The vapor rises to a condenser,...

thin-layer chromatography

TLC Separation by Polarity

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column chromatography

Separating Mixtures by Polarity

Column chromatography separates compounds in an organic chemistry lab by using differences in physical properties. It is especially useful for microscale separations when less than 10 grams of material is available for analysis. The method can separate a mixture based on solubility, polarity, hydrophobicity, size, and charge. Any chromatography system has three main parts: the stationary phase, the mobile phase, and the sample mixture. In column chromatography, the stationary phase is usually...

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Soap Formation from Triglycerides

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synthesis of luminol

Luminol Chemiluminescence in Forensics

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Ester Formation and Everyday Fragrances

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identification of unknown aldehydes and ketones

identification-of-unknown-aldehydes-and-ketones

Carbonyl Tests for Aldehydes and Ketones

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uv-vis spectroscopy of dyes

How Dyes Absorb Visible Light

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Alcohol Tests for Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary

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chemistry

Comprehensive, curriculum-focused videos for both instructors and students in introductory chemistry lab courses.

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Learn how reaction rate, rate laws, the Arrhenius equation, activation energy, and catalysts explain why chemical reactions speed up with temperature.

Reaction Rate, Arrhenius, and Catalysts | JoVE K12

Minnesota Academic Standards in Science

9-12

3.2.1 9C.3.1.1.2

new-jersey-student-learning-standards-for-science

New Jersey Student Learning Standards for Science

Physical Science

Matter and Its Interactions

HS-PS1-5

Alabama Course of Study Science

Matter and Its Interactions: Energy

9-12.C.3.3.d

Next Generation Science Standards

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

HS. Chemical Reactions

HS-PS1-5.

Georgia Standards of Excellence

SC4.

Collision and Transition State Theory

استعد لتدريس الاعتماد على درجة الحرارة من خلال هذا الدليل الإرشادي للمدرسين لمدة 4 دقيقة. يغطي خطوات التحضير الأساسية لمختبر Chemistry على JoVE Lab Manual.

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The Periodic Table

As early chemists discovered more elements, they realized that various elements could be grouped by their similar chemical behaviors. One such grouping ...

Periodic Classification of the Elements

The periodic table arranges atoms based on increasing atomic number so that elements with the same chemical properties recur periodically. When their ...

the-periodic-table-and-organismal-elements

The Periodic Table And Organismal Elements

Atomic Structure

The Greek philosopher Democritus proposed that everything on Earth is made up of tiny particles called atomos, Greek for &#34;indivisible,&#34; from which ...

Electron Configurations

Electron configurations and orbital diagrams can be determined by applying the Aufbau principle (each added electron occupies the subshell of lowest ...

Electronic Structure of Atoms


An atom comprises protons and neutrons, which are contained inside the dense, central&#160;core called the nucleus, with electrons present around the ...

electron-configuration-of-multielectron-atoms

Electron Configuration of Multielectron Atoms

The alkali metal sodium (atomic number 11) has one more electron than the neon atom. This electron must go into the lowest-energy subshell available, the ...

atomic-radii-and-effective-nuclear-charge

Atomic Radii and Effective Nuclear Charge

The elements in groups of the periodic table exhibit similar chemical behavior. This similarity occurs because the members of a group have the same number ...

The Aufbau Principle and Hund's Rule

To determine the electron configuration for any particular atom, we can build the structures in the order of atomic numbers. Beginning with hydrogen, and ...

Coulomb's Law

Experiments with electric charges have shown that if two objects each have an electric charge, they exert an electric force on each other. The magnitude ...

Electric Charges

From lightning during thunderstorms to electronic devices, the phenomenon of electromagnetism is all around us. The electromagnetic force is one of the ...

sources-and-properties-of-electric-charge

Sources and Properties of Electric Charge

All objects we see around us consist of atoms, which combine to form molecules. The lightest element in the universe is hydrogen, and a hydrogen atom ...

Types of Forces

In most situations, forces can be grouped into two categories: contact forces and field forces.&#160; Contact forces occur as a result of direct physical ...

Electric Fields

Source: Yong P. Chen, PhD, Department of Physics &#38; Astronomy, College of Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
An electric field is generated ...

Intermolecular Forces

Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions ...

Van der Waals Interactions

Atoms and molecules interact with each other through intermolecular forces. These electrostatic forces arise from attractive or repulsive interactions ...

Chemical Bonds


Atoms participate in a chemical bond formation&#160;to acquire a completed valence-shell electron configuration similar to that of the noble gas nearest ...

Electron Behavior

Electrons are negatively charged subatomic particles attracted to and orbit around the positively-charged nucleus of an atom. They reside in spaces ...

Subatomic Particles

Dalton was only partially correct about the particles that make up matter. All matter is composed of atoms, and atoms are composed of three smaller ...

Ions and Ionic Charges

In ordinary chemical reactions, the nucleus &mdash; which contains the protons and neutrons of each atom and thus identifies the element &mdash; remains ...

Use the periodic table as a model to predict the relative properties of elements based on the patterns of electrons in the outermost energy level and the composition of the nucleus of atoms.  Clarification Statement: Chemistry: Examples of properties that could be predicted from patterns could include reactivity of metals, types of bonds formed, numbers of bonds formed, atomic radius, atomic mass, or reactions with oxygen. Emphasis is on main group elements and qualitative understanding of the relative trends of ionization energy and electronegativity.

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Properties of Transition Metals

Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3&#8211;12 are ...

The Atomic Theory of Matter

The earliest recorded discussion of the basic structure of matter comes from ancient Greek philosophers. Leucippus and Democritus argued that all matter ...

Chemical Reactions

A chemical reaction is a process by which the bonds in the atoms of substances are rearranged to generate new substances. Matter cannot be created or ...

Chemical Equations

Chemical equations represent the identities and relative quantities of substances involved in a chemical reaction. The substances undergoing reaction are ...

Introduction to Chemical Reactions

All chemical reactions begin with a reactant, the general term for one or more substances entering the reaction. Sodium and chloride ions, for example, ...

Temperature Dependence on Reaction Rate

The Collision Theory
Atoms, molecules, or ions must collide before they can react with each other. Atoms must be close together to form chemical bonds. ...

Stoichiometry, Product Yield, and Limiting Reactants

Source: Smaa Koraym at Johns Hopkins University, MD, USA

	Preparation of 25% v/v Ethylenediamine in Deionized WaterExpand
	Here, we show the laboratory ...

Construct and revise an explanation for the outcome of a simple chemical reaction based on the outermost electron states of atoms, trends in the periodic table, and knowledge of the patterns of chemical properties.  Clarification Statement: Chemistry: Examples of chemical reactions could include the reaction of sodium and chlorine, carbon and oxygen, or carbon and hydrogen. Reaction classification aids in the prediction of products (e.g. synthesis, decomposition, single displacement, double displacement, and acid-base).

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Reaction Rate, Arrhenius, and Catalysts

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