Name: recording a reproducible lab experiment
Uploaded: 2020-03-26T07:22:27.000Z
Duration: 3 min 6 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

High School

Specialised Topic in Science

112.51.c.1.

112.51.c.1.D.

Proper Lab Notebook Keeping

One essential aspect of working in the laboratory is maintaining an accurate and updated record of the experiment using a lab notebook. The lab notebook is essential in both academia and in industry, as it not only provides you with a record of exactly what was performed, but it also serves as a legal document that proves ownership and originality of research.
It is essential that you use a bound carbonless notebook so that the copy can be removed and submitted to the instructor. You must always write in pen, never in pencil. Prior to starting the experiment, you must generate a pre-lab report in your lab notebook.
To do this, you must first read the procedure thoroughly and determine the objective of the experiment. Then, you&#39;ll write down all of the background information needed to understand the experiment and protocol.
Next, you must write the procedure steps while including clarification of complicated steps and calculations of values you may need. Simply copying the protocol will not suffice. Creating a flow chart may be necessary to help you.
You will also write out all balanced chemical reactions and determine theoretical yields in advance and identify the physical properties of all materials that you will use. Possibly the most important step is to identify the safety risks of all reactants, products, and solvents used. These hazards must be obtained from the Material Safety Data Sheet, or MSDS, for each substance.
When you are prepared to run the experiment, you will first write down the date and the lab experiment being done. Then, record all steps as they are performed and include exact measurements, such as volume, temperature, and weight. Always keep your notebook close by and record information immediately. Never scratch notes on paper towels or scrap paper.
If a mistake is made, it should be crossed out using a single line and the correct information written immediately. Be sure to always include any relevant observations, like a temperature change, color change, or pH change. Always include all observations and data points, even outliers and failed experiments. Never remove pages or data points in an attempt to hide mistakes.
When you are finished with the experiment and finished with your record-keeping, cross out the unused portion of the last page and then sign and date all pages. In this lab, you will practice notebook-keeping skills by performing the nitration of methyl benzoate. It is essential that you maintain an accurate and thorough record of your experiment in order to properly analyze your results when finished.

proper lab notebook keeping

<h4>Organic Lab Notebook Keeping</h4>
Record keeping is a vital skill in science and organic chemistry labs. Without proper notes, descriptions, quantities, or observations, an experiment conducted in the lab cannot be replicated or reproduced. Therefore, keeping an accurate and up-to-date notebook is necessary to achieve reproducibility in science. A laboratory notebook is a powerful tool in both academic and industrial settings. It becomes especially important when a discovery is patented and commercialized. In this instance, the lab notebook is a legal document that proves ownership of an idea, process, substance, or technique.
The critical information in a lab notebook includes the steps that were performed and all observations. The experimental objective must be clear and well-written so that it is easily understood. For each experiment, several essential sections are recorded in the lab notebook. A lab report consists of a pre-lab, lab protocol, observations and results, and post-lab.
A bound lab notebook with no loose pages is preferred. Pages must not be able to be torn out easily, as this compromises the validity of the records in the notebook. For laboratory classes in which you will be graded, a notebook that contains self-duplicating sheets should be used. This allows both you and your instructor to have a copy of your laboratory notebook pages.
Complete all record keeping in pen. Any writing implement that can be easily erased is not acceptable. All notes must be permanent because this ensures the validity of the records in the notebook. All notes, observations, changes to the procedure, and data collected must be written directly in the lab notebook. Never write notes on loose paper or scribble out records in your lab notebook. If there was a mistake or a change was made to a record in the notebook, neatly cross out the error with a single line and write the correction next to it. Scribbled out notes or ripped out pages invalidate your record-keeping and counters the primary purpose of accurate record keeping. When all record-keeping is complete, the blank portion of the remaining page should be crossed out. All pages used must be signed and dated.
<h4>Pre-lab</h4>
The pre-lab must be completed before the experiment. To write the pre-lab, read the procedure thoroughly, research the background of the experiment, and title the experiment with a descriptive phrase. For example, &#8220;Synthesis of 1,3-pentanediol&#8221; is a better title than &#8220;Experiment 1&#8221;. Include the date that the experimental procedure was performed, your name, and your lab partner&#8217;s name, if necessary. It must also include the objective of the experiment, which lists the goals. Next, write all balanced chemical reactions that will occur in the experiment. List any relevant properties of the chemicals used or produced during the experiment in a tabular format, such as melting points, molecular weights, and densities. Carry out any necessary calculations before the actual experiment.
Additionally, identify the safety risks of all reagents. These are included in the material safety data sheets (MSDS), which are provided by the manufacturer. It is also important to calculate the theoretical yield of the product. This will help you understand if your experiment is proceeding correctly. Finally, write the step-by-step procedure in your notebook. This should be written with enough descriptive information so that someone else is able to reproduce your experiment. As such, this should not be a word-for-word copy of a procedure from a different source. It must be written in your own words.
<h4>Lab Observations</h4>
This section contains all observations and results from the experimental procedure, so it must be filled out concurrently with the experiment. Here, you&#8217;ll record any relevant observations, such as the temperature of the reaction and any changes in color or pH as the experiment proceeds. This is where the exact mass of reactants and products are recorded. Also, make sure to write down the names of any computer files generated during the experiment.
<h4>Post-lab</h4>
The post-lab report presents the data and final analysis. The post-lab includes your hypothesis or expectations compared to the experimental results. If the expectations differed from the observations, this should be discussed, including possible explanations as to what caused the differences. The limitations of the technique, as well as any improvements that could be made to obtain better results, should be discussed. Finally, the post-lab report should summarize the experimental data and provide a clear conclusion with an explanation of any errors.
<h4>References</h4>
<ol>
	<li style="font-size:17px">Harris, D.C. (2015). Quantitative Chemical Analysis. New York, NY: W.H. Freeman and Company.</li>
</ol>

Organic Lab Notebook Keeping
Record keeping is a vital skill in science and organic chemistry labs. Without proper notes, descriptions, quantities, or ...

Education

JoVE Lab Manual

Chemistry

recording a reproducible lab experiment

Accurate lab notebook records are essential in science and organic chemistry labs. Without clear notes, descriptions, quantities, and observations, an experiment cannot be repeated or checked. Good record keeping supports reproducibility, which means other people can follow the same work and get similar results.

A laboratory notebook is useful in school labs, research settings, and industry. It can also become a legal record when an idea, process, substance, or technique is patented and commercialized. For that reason, the notebook must clearly show what was done and what was observed during the experiment.

A strong lab notebook entry includes several parts. The full lab report usually contains a pre-lab, lab protocol, observations and results, and a post-lab. A bound notebook with no loose pages is preferred, and pages should not tear out easily. In graded lab classes, self-duplicating sheets are useful because both the student and the instructor can keep a copy.

All records should be written in pen. Erasable writing tools are not acceptable because the notes must stay permanent. Notes, observations, procedure changes, and data should go directly into the notebook. Do not use loose paper, and do not scribble out or remove records. If a mistake happens, cross it out neatly with one line and write the correction beside it. When the page is finished, cross out any blank space. Every used page should also be signed and dated.

The pre-lab is completed before the experiment begins. It starts with careful reading of the procedure and research on the experiment background. The title should be descriptive, such as a specific synthesis name instead of a label like Experiment 1. The pre-lab should also include the date, the student name, and the lab partner name if needed, along with the objective of the experiment.

The pre-lab also includes the balanced chemical reactions that will occur. Relevant properties of the chemicals, such as melting point, molecular weight, and density, are listed in a table. Any needed calculations should be done before the lab starts. Safety risks for each reagent must also be identified using the material safety data sheets, or MSDS, provided by the manufacturer. It is also important to calculate the theoretical yield of the product so you can judge whether the experiment is progressing as expected. Finally, the procedure should be written in the notebook in clear, step-by-step form and in your own words so someone else could repeat the work.

The lab observations section is filled out during the experiment. This is where you record temperature changes, color changes, pH changes, and other relevant observations as they happen. You also record the exact mass of reactants and products. If the experiment creates computer files, write down the file names as part of the record.

The post-lab report comes after the experiment and presents the data and final analysis. It compares the hypothesis or expectations with the actual results. If the results were different, the reasons should be discussed. The post-lab should also cover limits of the technique and possible improvements for better results. It ends with a clear summary of the data, a conclusion, and an explanation of any errors.

Recording a Reproducible Lab Experiment

lab techniques

Measuring with Accuracy in the Lab

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scientific measurement and lab skills

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stoichiometry, product yield, and limiting reactants

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Balancing Equations and Reactant Limits

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redox reactions

Oxidation States in Redox Reactions

Oxidation states help identify redox reactions. In a redox reaction, oxidation is the loss of one or more electrons, and reduction is the gain of one or more electrons. These reactions are often tracked by changes in oxidation state, also called oxidation number. Each atom in a molecule has an oxidation state. This number shows how oxidized an atom is compared with its free elemental form. It is written as the charge an atom would have if every bond were purely ionic. In that model, bonding...

ideal gas law

Gas Laws Behind the Ideal Gas Equation

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acid and base concentrations

Acids, Bases, and pH in Titration

Acids, bases, and pH explain how acidic or basic a solution is. An Arrhenius acid releases hydrogen ions when it dissolves in water, while an Arrhenius base releases hydroxide ions. These reactions also create conjugate partners: an acid forms a conjugate base after losing hydrogen, and a base forms a conjugate acid after losing hydroxyl. Every acid has a conjugate base, and every base has a conjugate acid. pH measures the amount of hydrogen ions in a solution. The pH scale runs from 0 to 14...

buffers

Buffer pH and the Common Ion Effect

Buffer solutions help keep pH steady when acids or bases are added. In water, an Arrhenius acid (HA) dissociates into hydrogen ions, H+, and a conjugate base, A-. More hydrogen ions make a solution more acidic and lower its pH. An Arrhenius base (BOH) dissociates into a conjugate acid, B+, and hydroxide ions, OH-. Strong acids and strong bases usually change pH a lot because they react completely in water and raise the amount of H+ or OH-. Buffers reduce those pH changes. A buffer usually...

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Reaction Heat, Hess’s Law, and Calorimetry

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solubility

Solubility in Water and Other Solvents

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Flame Test Metal Color Clues

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balmer series

Hydrogen Emission Lines

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beer's law

Absorbance Spectra and Beer-Lambert Analysis

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Reaction Order and Rate Constants

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Reaction Rate, Arrhenius, and Catalysts

Chemical kinetics explains how fast a reaction happens and why that speed changes. The reaction rate is the speed of a chemical reaction. It is defined as the change in concentration of a reactant or product over time. Reaction speed depends on several factors, including the concentration of the reactants and the temperature of the reaction. Each reactant affects the rate in a specific way. That relationship is described by the rate law. The rate law is an equation that connects the...

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Battery Power from Redox Reactions

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Electroplating with Electrolytic Cells

Electrochemistry links electrical energy with chemical change, and electrolytic cells show how electricity can drive a nonspontaneous reaction. In these reactions, electrons move from one species to another. The key chemistry is a redox reaction, or oxidation-reduction reaction, which happens in two half-reactions. Oxidation is the loss of electrons, and reduction is the gain of electrons. The substance that loses electrons is the reducing agent, and the substance that gains electrons is the...

Accurate lab notebook records are essential in science and organic chemistry labs. Without clear notes, descriptions, quantities, and observations, an experiment cannot be repeated or checked. Good record keeping supports reproducibility, which means other people can follow the same work and get similar results. A laboratory notebook is useful in school labs, research settings, and industry. It can also become a legal record when an idea, process, substance, or technique is patented and...

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Organic Lab Glassware and Safe Handling

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melting points

How Impurities Change Melting Points

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boiling points

Boiling Point and Vapor Pressure

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Purifying Crystals by Solubility

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extraction

Separating Mixtures with Solvent Extraction

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simple distillation

Separating Liquids by Boiling Point

Separating liquids by boiling point is the goal of distillation. A miscible mixture contains liquids that mix evenly, and it can be heated so that the more volatile liquid evaporates first. Volatility is a liquid’s tendency to vaporize, and boiling begins when bubbles form in the liquid phase. In a closed container, liquid and vapor can reach equilibrium, which means the rate of vaporization equals the rate of condensation. The pressure from the vapor above the liquid is called vapor pressure.

steam distillation

Steam Distillation and Low-Boiling Separation

Steam distillation is a separation method for temperature-sensitive organic compounds. It works best when the organic compound is immiscible in water, meaning the two liquids do not mix. The method helps remove the organic molecule from a non-volatile contaminant without using the higher temperatures needed for many other separations. In steam distillation, the immiscible mixture is heated until both water and the volatile organic compound distill together. The vapor rises to a condenser,...

thin-layer chromatography

TLC Separation by Polarity

Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) separates compounds in a mixture by polarity. It uses the same basic parts as other chromatography methods: a stationary phase, a mobile phase, and the solute. In TLC, the stationary phase is a thin coating on a plate instead of material packed into a column. The stationary phase in most TLC systems is polar silica gel, a form of silicon dioxide. Its surface has OH groups that can form hydrogen bonds. The sample is first spotted on a pencil start line with a...

column chromatography

Separating Mixtures by Polarity

Column chromatography separates compounds in an organic chemistry lab by using differences in physical properties. It is especially useful for microscale separations when less than 10 grams of material is available for analysis. The method can separate a mixture based on solubility, polarity, hydrophobicity, size, and charge. Any chromatography system has three main parts: the stationary phase, the mobile phase, and the sample mixture. In column chromatography, the stationary phase is usually...

hydrolysis of an ester

Soap Formation from Triglycerides

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synthesis of luminol

Luminol Chemiluminescence in Forensics

Luminol chemiluminescence shows how a chemical reaction can produce light and help with blood detection. Chemical reactions may be endothermic or exothermic, depending on whether they absorb or release heat as reactants become products. The enthalpy of a reaction is the energy difference between reactants and products, or ΔH. A positive ΔH means the reaction is endothermic. A negative ΔH means it is exothermic. Many reactions do not happen in a single step. They can pass through intermediates...

esterification

Ester Formation and Everyday Fragrances

Esters are organic compounds with a carbonyl group attached to an oxygen that connects to another alkyl or aryl group. Their general formula is RCOOR'. They are often made by reacting a carboxylic acid with an alcohol in an esterification reaction. In this process, the hydroxyl group of the acid is replaced by an alkyl or aryl group. Many simple esters have familiar fruit and flower smells because their structures are small and less complex. Formic acid and methanol can combine to form methyl...

identification of unknown aldehydes and ketones

identification-of-unknown-aldehydes-and-ketones

Carbonyl Tests for Aldehydes and Ketones

Aldehydes and ketones are carbonyl compounds, which means they contain a C=O functional group. A ketone has two alkyl or aryl groups attached to the carbonyl carbon. Acetone is the simplest ketone, with two methyl groups. An aldehyde is similar, but it has at least one hydrogen attached to the carbonyl carbon. Formaldehyde is the simplest aldehyde, and acetaldehyde has one hydrogen and one methyl group. The carbonyl carbon in both aldehydes and ketones is electrophilic because the oxygen atom...

uv-vis spectroscopy of dyes

How Dyes Absorb Visible Light

Dyes absorb visible light because their molecular structure lets them interact with specific wavelengths. When light hits a substance, some light is absorbed and the rest is reflected or transmitted. The color we see depends on the wavelength that is reflected. A blue substance reflects blue light, around 430 to 480 nm, and absorbs the complementary orange region, around 590 to 630 nm. Compounds that do not absorb in the visible range appear colorless to the human eye. Light also has energy and...

identifying alcohols

Alcohol Tests for Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary

Alcohol tests can help sort alcohols by structure and reactivity. Alcohols are organic molecules with a hydroxyl group attached to an alkyl or aryl group, written as ROH. If the carbon with the hydroxyl group has one R group, the alcohol is primary. If it has two R groups, it is secondary. If it has three R groups, it is tertiary. Alcohols can also be aromatic when they contain a benzene ring. Phenol is the simplest aromatic alcohol. To identify an alcohol, chemists can use its chemical...

chemistry

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112.51.c.1.F.

Scientific and engineering practices. The student, for at least 40% of instructional time, asks questions, identifies problems, and plans and safely conducts classroom, laboratory, and field investigations to explain phenomena or design solutions using appropriate tools and models. The student is expected to:

Recording a Reproducible Lab Experiment

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