Name: organic lab glassware and safe handling
Uploaded: 2020-03-26T07:22:27.000Z
Duration: 3 min 8 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

High School

Chemistry

CHEM.1

CHEM.1.D

Basic Organic Chemistry Techniques

Laboratory procedures in organic chemistry typically utilize standard glassware equipment and techniques. Beakers and Erlenmeyer flasks are often used for simple mixing and holding solvents. Round-bottom flasks with either a short or a long neck are used for reactions under high heat or vacuum. This is because the round shape is more resistant to cracking under these conditions.
Heating reactions is a common lab procedure. However, a Bunsen burner is not generally used for organic compounds because they are flammable. When heating a reaction in a beaker or Erlenmeyer flask, a hot plate with a magnetic stirrer is typically used. When heating a reaction in a round-bottom flask, a water bath or heating mantle is used to accommodate the shape of the flask.
Many reactions must be heated to a certain temperature for a specific amount of time to proceed. These reactions are performed under reflux. A reflux setup uses a round-bottom flask containing a solvent whose boiling point overlaps with the optimal temperature of the reaction. A condenser is fitted onto the flask, and cold water enters at the bottom arm and exits out the top arm. As the mixture is heated and stirred, the solvent evaporates and then condenses back into the flask, preserving the reaction volume.
Another common technique used in the organic chemistry lab is filtration, which is a method to separate solids from liquids. Gravity filtration is the simplest filtration technique used to separate granular insoluble solids. This setup consists of an Erlenmeyer flask, a conical funnel, and a folded piece of filter paper. The mixture is poured into the funnel, and the liquid passes through into the flask, called the filtrate. The solids remain on the filter paper.
A faster filtration technique is vacuum filtration. Here, a B&#252;chner funnel is connected to a filter flask using a rubber adaptor. The filter flask looks like an Erlenmeyer flask, but it has a side arm that connects the flask to the vacuum via vacuum tubing. Then, a flat piece of filter paper is placed inside of the funnel and wet slightly before the vacuum is slowly turned on. The liquid is sucked through the filter paper into the flask, while the solid is retained on the filter paper.
 In this lab, you will perform a simple reaction to form benzoic acid, enabling you to practice simple organic chemistry techniques, like weighing solids, measuring volume, and performing vacuum filtration. You&#39;ll then practice the reflex technique using tetrahydrofuran.

basic organic chemistry techniques

Glassware in Organic Chemistry
There are standard pieces of glassware that are used in the organic chemistry lab. Beakers and Erlenmeyer flasks are typically used for simple mixing or to hold solvents but they should not be used to measure volume, unless only an approximate volume is needed. Glassware can be divided into the following categories:
<ol>
	<li style="font-size:17px">Volumetric Glassware &#8211; This includes glassware such as graduated cylinders, volumetric glass pipettes, and volumetric flasks. The purpose of these items is to measure or dispense a precise volume of a substance. A graduated cylinder is generally used to measure volumes in an organic lab. The graduated cylinder has a long cylindrical shape with volume markings on the side. It is essential to use the smallest graduated cylinder possible for the volume needed in order to minimize error. For example, a 25-mL graduated cylinder is adequate to measure 20 mL of reagent, but it is not accurate to measure a smaller volume, like 5 mL. However, do not use a 25-mL graduated cylinder to measure 100 mL by measuring four 25-mL volumes; it is better to use the 100-mL graduated cylinder.</li>
	<li style="font-size:17px">Reaction Containment &#8211; These specialized pieces can be used to house an organic chemical reaction. Round-bottom flasks are an example of this glassware. Unlike Erlenmeyer flasks, round-bottom flasks provide more surface area and therefore provide more uniform heating or cooling. Round-bottom flasks are used to perform reactions under high heat or vacuum because their round shape is more resistant to cracking. In this category are also specialized glassware known as condensers, which are used to collect gaseous vapors and condense them back into the liquid phase to be collected.</li>
	<li style="font-size:17px">Filtration &#8211; These pieces of glassware are mainly used to help isolate precipitates out of a reaction mixture. To isolate solid precipitates, a filtration apparatus is required. The simplest setup utilizes a glass funnel attached to an Erlenmeyer flask. Inside the funnel is a piece of filter paper. The reaction mixture containing the solid is poured into the funnel, and gravity will pull the liquid down into the flask, leaving behind the solid. This is known as gravity filtration. However, this setup may require a long period of time to filter the solid. A vacuum filtration setup replaces the Erlenmeyer flask with a vacuum flask with a side arm and the glass funnel with a porcelain filter funnel known as a B&#252;chner funnel. This side arm is attached to a vacuum source. Like before, the reaction mixture is poured into the filter funnel and the filtration is aided by force from the vacuum.</li>
	<li style="font-size:17px">Separation &#8211; These specialized flasks or funnels are used mainly for liquid-liquid phase extractions, which is a technique that allows for the separation of products by using solvents with different polarities or hydrophobicities. These immiscible liquids will form a heterogeneous solution that separates into two phases. Separatory funnels have a valve known as a stopcock at the bottom, allowing for separation of the phases by pouring them into a new container.</li>
	<li style="font-size:17px">Transport &#8211; This glassware mostly consists of bottles or vials with a corresponding cap. This glassware is used primarily to transport potentially hazardous material safely.</li>
	<li style="font-size:17px">General use &#8211; This category is comprised of glassware such as beakers, Erlenmeyer flasks, glass rods, and any other miscellaneous pieces.</li>
</ol>
Weighing Organic Reagents
Organic reagents can come in multiple forms, and it is important to practice good lab technique when obtaining these reagents for use in experiments. Always review a reagent&#39;s MSDS to determine potential hazards when working with it. Solid reagents should be measured out using weighing boats or weighing paper and the appropriate type of balance.
If a precise measurement is required, use an analytical balance. If a large amount of reagent is to be used, use a top-loading balance. Place a weighing boat or weighing paper on the balance and push the &#8220;tare&#8221; button. The tare feature will null the mass of the weighing paper. Always use spatulas to transfer solid reagents from the supply to the weighing boat. Never reuse the same spatula for different reagents as this can contaminate the stock reagents. And never return excess reagent to the stock bottle. Instead, discard it in the appropriate way as instructed.
When transferring the solid to the appropriate vessel, use a small funnel to carefully pour the solid inside. If any solid remains, use a small amount of the solvent to be used on the weighing boat and transfer it into the flask.
Organic liquids can be measured by using volumetric glassware, such as a graduated cylinder. Calculate the volume of the liquid using its density, then tare the reaction flask on the balance. Use a pipet or graduated cylinder to transfer the volume directly to the reaction flask. Follow the guidelines for the specific type of glassware. Never reuse the same piece of glassware for multiple reagents and never return excess reagent to the liquid stock bottles. For liquids, c
Heating Organic Reactions
Sometimes heat is required to enable an organic chemical reaction to occur. In the general lab setting, heat is commonly applied using a Bunsen burner with a direct gas flame. In organic chemistry labs, an open flame from a Bunsen burner can create a dangerous situation. Organic reagents, particularly solvents, are highly combustible and some form vapors with relative ease. For that reason, Bunsen burners are not used in organic chemistry labs.
Instead, heating baths, hotplates, or mantles are used to provide an indirect source of heat. Hotplates with magnetic stirring functionality are used to heat beakers and Erlenmeyer flasks. Heating mantles are designed to safely heat a round-bottom flask with varying volumes. Water baths are used when the temperature of the reaction does not need to exceed 100 &#176;C. A reaction in glassware is immersed in a water bath that is heated by a hot plate. The temperature is modulated to the appropriate range. If the required temperature needs to exceed 100 &#176;C but not 250 &#176;C, a silicone mantle can be used. If the temperature must exceed 250 &#176;C, a sand bath can be used.
Many reactions require being heated to a certain temperature for long periods of time in order for it to proceed. However, if a reaction is heated for a long period of time, the solvent may evaporate, causing a loss of reaction solution. Instead, a reflux setup is often used, which uses a round-bottom flask containing a solvent. The boiling point of the solvent overlaps with the optimal temperature of the reaction. The round-bottom flask is clamped to a stand, and a condenser is fitted onto the flask. Cold water flows through the condenser from the bottom arm to the top arm while the mixture is heated and stirred. As the mixture is heated, the solvent evaporates and then condenses back into the flask, preserving the reaction volume.

Glassware in Organic Chemistry
There are standard pieces of glassware that are used in the organic chemistry lab. Beakers and Erlenmeyer flasks are ...

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organic lab glassware and safe handling

Organic chemistry labs use specific glassware, careful weighing steps, and controlled heating to keep reactions safe and accurate. Beakers and Erlenmeyer flasks are often used for mixing or holding solvents, but they are not meant for measuring volume unless only an approximate amount is needed.

Volumetric glassware is used when a precise volume matters. This group includes graduated cylinders, volumetric pipettes, and volumetric flasks. A graduated cylinder is commonly used in the organic lab because it has volume markings along a long cylinder. It is best to choose the smallest cylinder that can measure the needed amount. For example, a 25-mL graduated cylinder can measure 20 mL, but it is not accurate for a small volume like 5 mL. It is also better to use a 100-mL graduated cylinder for 100 mL than to measure four separate 25-mL portions.

Other glassware is built to hold reactions or help them proceed under specific conditions. Round-bottom flasks provide more surface area than Erlenmeyer flasks and allow more even heating or cooling. They are useful for reactions under high heat or vacuum because their round shape is less likely to crack. Condensers are another important type of glassware. They collect vapor and turn it back into liquid so it can be collected again.

Glassware is also used for filtration, separation, transport, and general lab work. To remove solid precipitates, a simple gravity filtration setup uses a glass funnel, filter paper, and an Erlenmeyer flask. The liquid passes through while the solid stays behind, but the process can take a long time. A vacuum filtration setup is faster and uses a vacuum flask with a side arm, a B&amp;uuml;chner funnel, and a vacuum source. For liquid-liquid phase extractions, separatory funnels are used to split immiscible liquids into two layers. These flasks and funnels separate products by using solvents with different polarities or hydrophobicities. The stopcock at the bottom lets the layers be drained into a new container. Bottles and vials with matching caps are used for safe transport of hazardous material. Beakers, Erlenmeyer flasks, glass rods, and other mixed-purpose items fall into the general use category.

Organic reagents also need careful handling during weighing and transfer. Students should always check the reagent MSDS, or material safety data sheet, for hazards first. Solid reagents are measured on weighing boats or weighing paper with the correct balance. Use an analytical balance for precise mass and a top-loading balance for larger amounts. After placing the weighing boat on the balance, press tare to zero out its mass. Transfer solids with spatulas, but never use the same spatula for different reagents. Do not return extra reagent to the stock bottle. Instead, discard it as instructed. A small funnel can help move the solid into the reaction vessel, and any residue on the boat can be rinsed in with a small amount of the solvent being used.

Liquids are measured with volumetric glassware such as a graduated cylinder. Their volume can be calculated from density, and the reaction flask can be tared on the balance before transfer. A pipet or graduated cylinder is then used to add the liquid directly to the flask. The same piece of glassware should not be reused for multiple reagents, and excess liquid should never go back into the stock bottle. When heat is needed for an organic reaction, a Bunsen burner is avoided because organic solvents and vapors can ignite easily. Instead, labs use hotplates, heating baths, or heating mantles. Hotplates with magnetic stirring heat beakers and Erlenmeyer flasks. Heating mantles are made for round-bottom flasks. Water baths are used when the reaction temperature stays below 100 &amp;deg;C. Silicone mantles are used when the temperature must be above 100 &amp;deg;C but below 250 &amp;deg;C, and sand baths are used above 250 &amp;deg;C. For long heating times, a reflux setup helps prevent solvent loss. A round-bottom flask with solvent is clamped to a stand, a condenser is attached, and cold water flows from the bottom arm to the top arm while the mixture is heated and stirred. The solvent vapor condenses and returns to the flask, which keeps the reaction volume steady.

Organic Lab Glassware and Safe Handling

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handling-air-and-water-sensitive-chemicals-using-a-schlenk-line

Handling Air- and Water-Sensitive Chemicals Using a Schlenk Line

Robert M Rioux, Ajay Sathe, Zhifeng Chen, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
The use of reagents sensitive to oxidation or moisture ...

proper-operation-of-vacuum-based-equipment

Proper Operation of Vacuum Based Equipment

Source: Robert M. Rioux, Ajay Sathe &#38; Zhifeng Chen, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Vacuum is required for a number of laboratory ...

Operating the Glovebox

Robert M Rioux, Ajay Sathe, Zhifeng Chen, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 
A glovebox is an isolated enclosure that is designed to ...

operation-of-high-pressure-reactor-vessels

Operation of High-pressure Reactor Vessels

Robert M Rioux, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
The use of gases in a synthetic chemistry laboratory is essential for carrying out a ...

CHEM.1.C

Lab Techniques

Measurement Accuracy
The ability to repeat an experiment and get the same results, or reproducibility, is essential in scientific research. However, ...

Scientific Measurement and Lab Skills

Two-Dimensional Graphs
Some chemistry experiments take the form of directly changing one property of the system that you are studying otherwise known as ...

Proper Lab Notebook Keeping

Organic Lab Notebook Keeping
Record keeping is a vital skill in science and organic chemistry labs. Without proper notes, descriptions, quantities, or ...

Measurement: Standard Units

Every measurement provides three kinds of information: the size or magnitude of the measurement (a number), a standard of comparison for the measurement ...

Measurement: Derived Units

The International System of Units or SI system, by international agreement, has fixed measurement units for seven fundamental properties: length, mass, ...

uncertainty-in-measurement-accuracy-and-precision

Uncertainty in Measurement: Accuracy and Precision

Scientists typically make repeated measurements of a quantity to ensure the quality of their findings and to evaluate both the precision and the accuracy ...

uncertainty-in-measurement-reading-instruments

Uncertainty in Measurement: Reading Instruments

Counting is the type of measurement that is free from uncertainty, provided the number of objects being counted does not change during the process. Such ...

uncertainty-in-measurement-significant-figures

Uncertainty in Measurement: Significant Figures

All the digits in a measurement, including the uncertain last digit, are called significant figures or significant digits. Note that zero may be a ...

Dimensional Analysis

Dimensional analysis, also known as the factor label method, is a versatile approach for mathematical operations. The main principle behind this approach ...

CHEM.1.E

Scientific and engineering practices. The student, for at least 40% of instructional time, asks questions, identifies problems, and plans and safely conducts classroom, laboratory, and field investigations to answer questions, explain phenomena, or design solutions using appropriate tools and models. The student is expected to:

Organic Lab Glassware and Safe Handling

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