Name: organismal elements in the periodic table
Uploaded: 2023-06-23T15:38:43.000Z
Duration: 1 min 27 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

Chemistry

Matter And Its Interactions

HS-PS1-1

the-periodic-table-and-organismal-elements

The Periodic Table And Organismal Elements

على المستوى الأساسي ، تتكون كل المادة من جزيئات تتكون من عناصر كيميائية مختلفة.
العناصر هي مواد نقية تشكل نوعا واحدا فقط من الذرة.
الجدول الدوري هو مرجع قياسي في الكيمياء حيث يتم ترتيب العناصر وفقا لعددها الذري المتزايد.
غالبا ما يكون الرمز المحدد المستخدم لعنصر ما هو أول حرف أو حرفين من اسمه. يمكن أن تأتي الرموز أيضا من الاسم اللاتيني أو الألماني للعنصر. على سبيل المثال ، يتم اختصار الصوديوم ك Na ل Natrium ، ويتم اختصار الحديد باسم Fe ل Ferrum.
تتكون 96٪ من المادة البيولوجية في الغالب من أربعة عناصر: الأكسجين والكربون والهيدروجين والنيتروجين.
تتكون نسبة 4٪ المتبقية من الكالسيوم والفوسفور والبوتاسيوم والكبريت والحديد.
في ، في حين أن الكالسيوم ضروري للنمو الصحي للأسنان والعظام ، فإن الحديد الموجود في الهيموجلوبين يحمل جزيئات الأكسجين من الرئتين إلى خلايا الجسم الأخرى.
بالإضافة إلى ذلك ، تساعد أيونات المعادن مثل المغنيسيوم والمنغنيز والنحاس والزنك والموليبدينوم والبوتاسيوم الإنزيمات في تحفيز تفاعلات التمثيل الغذائي المختلفة.

الجدول الدوري والعناصر العضوية

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العناصر هي أصغر وحدات المادة التي لا يمكن تفكيكها أكثر عن طريق العمليات الكيميائية. هناك 118 عنصرًا معروفًا، لكن ليست جميعها موجودة بشكل طبيعي، والقليل منها فقط ضروري للحياة. تتكون المادة الحية في المقام الأول من الكربون والنيتروجين والهيدروجين والأكسجين، مع كميات أقل من العناصر الأخرى مثل الكالسيوم والفوسفور والبوتاسيوم والكبريت. العناصر الأخرى ضرورية أيضًا للحياة ولكن بكميات ضئيلة فقط.

يوفر الجدول الدوري معلومات حول الخواص الفيزيائية والكيميائية للعناصر

ينظم الجدول الدوري العناصر بناءً على خواصها الفيزيائية والكيميائية. يعرض كل مربع في الجدول الدوري الاسم الكامل والرمز الكيميائي والعدد الذري والوزن الذري للعنصر. يتوافق العدد الذري لعنصر ما مع عدد البروتونات الموجودة في نواته ويوفر معلومات حول حجم العنصر. يتم تنظيم العناصر في الجدول الدوري في أعمدة (مجموعات) وصفوف (دورات) بناءً على أعدادها الذرية بشكل أساسي. يتم تجميعها أيضًا وفقًا لخصائص فيزيائية وكيميائية أخرى، مثل التفاعل، وموقع إلكتروناتها الخارجية، والقدرة على تكوين أنواع معينة من الروابط. تختلف العناصر الموجودة في نفس المجموعة (أي العمود) في الحجم ولكنها تشترك في العديد من الخصائص الكيميائية مع بعضها البعض. على النقيض من ذلك، فإن العناصر الموجودة في نفس الفترة (أي الصف) تكون أكثر تشابهًا في الحجم وتوجد إلكتروناتها في مكان مماثل، ولكنها تختلف بشكل كبير في خواصها الكيميائية.

العناصر الرئيسية والعناصر النزرة تشكل جسم الإنسان

تحتوي كل أشكال الحياة على الأرض على عناصر الأكسجين والكربون والهيدروجين والنيتروجين. وبتعبير أدق فإن 96% من جسم الإنسان يتكون من هذه العناصر الأربعة. وتتكون نسبة الـ4٪ المتبقية بشكل أساسي من الكالسيوم والفوسفور والبوتاسيوم والكبريت والصوديوم والكلور والمغنيسيوم، حسب الوفرة النسبية. علاوة على ذلك، فإن بعض العناصر ضرورية للإنسان ولكنها تشكل أقل من 0.01% من الجسم؛ وتسمى هذه العناصر النزرة. على الرغم من أنها موجودة بكميات صغيرة فقط، إلا أن العناصر النزرة لا تزال مهمة للصحة. يلعب الحديد، على سبيل المثال، دورًا أساسيًا في خلايا الدم الحمراء، مما يساعد على ربط الأكسجين بحيث يمكن نقله عبر الدورة الدموية. يمكن أن يؤدي القليل جدًا من الحديد إلى فقر الدم الناجم عن نقص الحديد، مما يسبب التعب وضيق التنفس والضعف وعدم انتظام ضربات القلب.

بعض العناصر ضارة للكائنات الحية

بعض العناصر لها آثار صحية ضارة حتى في الجرعات الصغيرة. فالزئبق، على سبيل المثال، هو أحد المعادن الثقيلة العديدة التي يمكن أن تنتج عددًا من الأعراض بجرعات صغيرة - اعتمادًا على الأنسجة المصابة - ويسبب الوفاة بجرعات أكبر. يمكن أن يتراكم في أنسجة الكائنات متعددة الخلايا مع مرور الوقت، لذا فإن التعرض المتكرر له يشكل مصدر قلق. غالبًا ما تدخل الملوثات المعدنية الثقيلة الشبكة الغذائية على مستوى المنتجين الأساسيين، أي النباتات، قبل أن تؤثر على الكائنات الحية ذات المستويات الغذائية الأعلى مثل البشر.
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العناصر هي أصغر وحدات المادة التي لا يمكن تكسيرها أكثر بواسطة العمليات الكيميائية. هناك 118 عنصرا معروفا ، ولكن ليست كلها ...

Education

JoVE Core

Anatomy and Physiology

التشريح وعلم وظائف الأعضاء

Unit 1

الوحدة الأولى

Fundamentals of Chemistry

أساسيات الكيمياء

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

المصطلحات والمفاهيم الأساسية

organismal elements in the periodic table

The periodic table helps identify the elements that make up living organisms. Biology groups these as organismal elements because they are the chemical building blocks of life.

These elements are found in different amounts in the body. Some are present in large quantities, while others are needed only in small amounts. The video connects the periodic table to the elements that organisms actually use.

Understanding organismal elements helps students link chemistry to biology. It shows how elements from the periodic table become part of cells and tissues in living things.

Organismal Elements in the Periodic Table

organismal-elements-in-the-periodic-table

what is matter?

Matter, Mass, and Weight Basics

Matter is the substance that makes up the universe, from a grain of sand to a star. Scientists define matter as anything that occupies space and has mass. Mass is the amount of matter in an object, while weight depends on gravity. Mass stays the same whether an object is on Earth or in the zero-gravity environment of outer space. Weight changes when gravity changes. An object weighs more where gravity is stronger and less where gravity is weaker. A piece of cheese that weighs a pound on Earth...

the periodic table and organismal elements

The periodic table helps identify the elements that make up living organisms. Biology groups these as organismal elements because they are the chemical building blocks of life. These elements are found in different amounts in the body. Some are present in large quantities, while others are needed only in small amounts. The video connects the periodic table to the elements that organisms actually use. Understanding organismal elements helps students link chemistry to biology. It shows how...

atomic structure

From Atomos to the Modern Atom

Atoms are the tiny building blocks of matter, and ideas about them go back to the Greek philosopher Democritus. He suggested that everything on Earth is made of atomos, a Greek word meaning "indivisible." That idea later led to the modern word atom. In the 19th century, John Dalton developed an atomic theory that is still largely correct today. He proposed five key ideas. All matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms of the same element are alike, and atoms of different elements are...

chemical symbols

Chemical Symbols and Element Names

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atomic number and mass number

Atomic Identity, Mass, and Isotopes

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atomic weight

Atomic Mass and Mole Calculations

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isotopes and radioisotopes

Radioisotopes in Medicine and Imaging

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electron behavior

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Electrons are negatively charged subatomic particles that stay near the positively charged nucleus of an atom. They occupy spaces linked to energy levels called shells. They are also arranged into subshells and orbitals within each shell. An electron’s shell shows its general energy level. Electrons closer to the nucleus have less energy, while electrons farther away have more energy. The outer shells have more space, so they can hold more electrons than the inner shells. Subshells describe...

introduction to chemical bonds

How Atoms Bond to Reach Stability

Atoms bond to become more stable, and their outermost electrons play the biggest role in that process. The inner electron shell can hold two electrons. The next two shells can each hold eight electrons. This is called the octet rule. It states that, except for the innermost shell, atoms are most stable when their valence shell, or outer shell, has eight electrons. When atoms do not have enough electrons to fill that outer shell, they form chemical bonds with other atoms. A chemical bond is the...

ionic bonds

Ionic Bonds and Charge Transfer

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covalent bonds

Polar and Nonpolar Covalent Bonds

Covalent bonds form when atoms share electrons to fill their valence shells. The way those shared electrons are pulled depends on electronegativity, which is an atom's tendency to attract electrons in a bond. That difference also helps explain why some molecules are polar and others are nonpolar. Atoms with similar electronegativities form nonpolar covalent bonds. In these bonds, electrons are shared equally, so there is no charge across the molecule. When two atoms have different...

hydrogen bonds

Hydrogen Bonding and DNA Stability

Hydrogen bonding helps explain why some molecules stick together more strongly than others. A hydrogen bond forms when a weakly positive hydrogen atom, already bonded to an electronegative atom, is attracted to another electronegative atom on a nearby polar molecule. Common examples include water, hydrogen fluoride, and ammonia. This attraction happens because hydrogen has a much lower electronegativity than atoms such as fluorine, oxygen, and nitrogen. The electronegativity difference, along...

ions, molecules, and compounds

Atomic Charges, Bonds, and Compounds

Atoms can gain or lose electrons during chemical reactions and become ions. An ion is an atom with an electrical charge. This charge is positive or negative, and it often helps the atom reach a full valence shell. Some atoms are more likely to donate electrons, while others are more likely to accept them. Potassium is one example. It has atomic number 19 and one electron in its valence shell, so it is likely to donate that electron and become a slightly positive ion called a cation. Fluorine...

states of matter

Solids, Liquids, Gases, and Plasma

Solids, liquids, gases, and plasma are the main forms of matter described here. Solids are rigid and keep a definite shape. Liquids flow and take the shape of their container, although gravity gives the surface a flat or slightly curved top. Solids and liquids also have volumes that stay nearly the same even when pressure changes. Gases behave differently from solids and liquids. A gas takes both the shape and the volume of its container. In matter with this behavior, the particles are far...

colloids and suspensions

Suspensions, Sedimentation, and Colloids

Suspensions and colloids are two common kinds of mixtures seen in everyday life. Mud and water, flour and water, and tempera paint are suspensions. These mixtures are heterogeneous, which means their particles are not spread out evenly. The particles are relatively large and can be seen with the naked eye or a magnifying glass. Suspension particles make mixtures cloudy, and they settle out after mixing. The settling of particles in a suspension is called sedimentation. A blood test can measure...

introduction to chemical reactions

Chemical Reaction Basics and Equilibrium

Chemical reactions start with reactants and end with products. Reactants are the substances that enter a reaction, and products are the new substances that form. For example, sodium and chloride ions are the reactants in the formation of table salt. Chemical reactions follow the law of conservation of mass. Matter is not created or destroyed during the reaction. That means the atoms and elements in the reactants are still present in the products, and nothing new appears in the products that...

types of chemical reactions: anabolic and catabolic

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Anabolism, Catabolism, and ATP Use

Anabolism and catabolism are the two main kinds of metabolic reactions in the body. Metabolism is the total set of anabolic and catabolic reactions that keep life running. These reactions follow the first law of thermodynamics, which says energy cannot be created or destroyed. It can only change form. Anabolism builds larger, more complex molecules from smaller ones. These anabolic, or biosynthesis, reactions need energy in the form of ATP. They join monosaccharides into polysaccharides, fatty...

types of chemical reactions: exchange and reversible

types-of-chemical-reactions-exchange-and-reversible

Electron Transfer and Chemical Equilibrium

Exchange reactions and reversible reactions are two important ideas in chemistry. In an exchange reaction, synthesis and decomposition happen at the same time. Chemical bonds are both formed and broken. These reactions can absorb chemical energy, store it, and release it. A special type of exchange reaction is the oxidation-reduction reaction, or redox reaction. In a redox reaction, electrons move from one compound to another. The electrons often come from hydrogen atoms, which contain one...

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Chemical Energy and Reaction Types

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factors influencing the rate of chemical reactions

factors-influencing-the-rate-of-chemical-reactions

Chemical Reaction Rates and Catalysts

Chemical reaction rates depend on how often particles collide and whether those collisions have enough energy to start a reaction. That starting energy is called activation energy. Factors that affect reaction rate either lower that energy or make successful collisions more likely. Concentration and pressure can speed reactions up because they put more particles in the same space. When more particles are present, they are more likely to bump into one another. Chemists can also increase...

acids, bases and neutralization reactions

How pH Affects Cells and Digestion

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key terms and concepts

Learn how the periodic table connects to organismal elements and the chemical building blocks of life in grades 9–12 biology.

Organismal Elements in the Periodic Table | JoVE K12

anatomy and physiology

JoVE Core Anatomy and Physiology showcases the anatomical and physiological details of the human body in comprehensive, clear, and engaging video animations. This collection of lessons focuses on the structures, components, functions, and requirements of the human body. It is complemented by scientist-in-action videos that demonstrate the application of this knowledge in real-world medical and research settings.

HS-PS1-2

The Periodic Table

As early chemists discovered more elements, they realized that various elements could be grouped by their similar chemical behaviors. One such grouping ...

Periodic Classification of the Elements

The periodic table arranges atoms based on increasing atomic number so that elements with the same chemical properties recur periodically. When their ...

Atomic Structure

The Greek philosopher Democritus proposed that everything on Earth is made up of tiny particles called atomos, Greek for &#34;indivisible,&#34; from which ...

Electron Configurations

Electron configurations and orbital diagrams can be determined by applying the Aufbau principle (each added electron occupies the subshell of lowest ...

Electronic Structure of Atoms


An atom comprises protons and neutrons, which are contained inside the dense, central&#160;core called the nucleus, with electrons present around the ...

electron-configuration-of-multielectron-atoms

Electron Configuration of Multielectron Atoms

The alkali metal sodium (atomic number 11) has one more electron than the neon atom. This electron must go into the lowest-energy subshell available, the ...

atomic-radii-and-effective-nuclear-charge

Atomic Radii and Effective Nuclear Charge

The elements in groups of the periodic table exhibit similar chemical behavior. This similarity occurs because the members of a group have the same number ...

The Aufbau Principle and Hund's Rule

To determine the electron configuration for any particular atom, we can build the structures in the order of atomic numbers. Beginning with hydrogen, and ...

Coulomb's Law

Experiments with electric charges have shown that if two objects each have an electric charge, they exert an electric force on each other. The magnitude ...

Electric Charges

From lightning during thunderstorms to electronic devices, the phenomenon of electromagnetism is all around us. The electromagnetic force is one of the ...

sources-and-properties-of-electric-charge

Sources and Properties of Electric Charge

All objects we see around us consist of atoms, which combine to form molecules. The lightest element in the universe is hydrogen, and a hydrogen atom ...

Types of Forces

In most situations, forces can be grouped into two categories: contact forces and field forces.&#160; Contact forces occur as a result of direct physical ...

Electric Fields

Source: Yong P. Chen, PhD, Department of Physics &#38; Astronomy, College of Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
An electric field is generated ...

Intermolecular Forces

Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions ...

Van der Waals Interactions

Atoms and molecules interact with each other through intermolecular forces. These electrostatic forces arise from attractive or repulsive interactions ...

Chemical Bonds


Atoms participate in a chemical bond formation&#160;to acquire a completed valence-shell electron configuration similar to that of the noble gas nearest ...

Electron Behavior

Electrons are negatively charged subatomic particles attracted to and orbit around the positively-charged nucleus of an atom. They reside in spaces ...

Subatomic Particles

Dalton was only partially correct about the particles that make up matter. All matter is composed of atoms, and atoms are composed of three smaller ...

Ions and Ionic Charges

In ordinary chemical reactions, the nucleus &mdash; which contains the protons and neutrons of each atom and thus identifies the element &mdash; remains ...

Use the periodic table as a model to predict the relative properties of elements based on the patterns of electrons in the outermost energy level and the composition of the nucleus of atoms.  Clarification Statement: Chemistry: Examples of properties that could be predicted from patterns could include reactivity of metals, types of bonds formed, numbers of bonds formed, atomic radius, atomic mass, or reactions with oxygen. Emphasis is on main group elements and qualitative understanding of the relative trends of ionization energy and electronegativity.

Properties of Transition Metals

Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3&#8211;12 are ...

The Atomic Theory of Matter

The earliest recorded discussion of the basic structure of matter comes from ancient Greek philosophers. Leucippus and Democritus argued that all matter ...

Chemical Reactions

A chemical reaction is a process by which the bonds in the atoms of substances are rearranged to generate new substances. Matter cannot be created or ...

Chemical Equations

Chemical equations represent the identities and relative quantities of substances involved in a chemical reaction. The substances undergoing reaction are ...

Introduction to Chemical Reactions

All chemical reactions begin with a reactant, the general term for one or more substances entering the reaction. Sodium and chloride ions, for example, ...

Temperature Dependence on Reaction Rate

The Collision Theory
Atoms, molecules, or ions must collide before they can react with each other. Atoms must be close together to form chemical bonds. ...

stoichiometry-product-yield-and-limiting-reactants

Stoichiometry, Product Yield, and Limiting Reactants

Source: Smaa Koraym at Johns Hopkins University, MD, USA

	Preparation of 25% v/v Ethylenediamine in Deionized WaterExpand
	Here, we show the laboratory ...

physical-and-chemical-properties-of-matter

Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter

The characteristics that enable us to distinguish one substance from another are called properties.

Physical Properties of Matter

A physical property is ...

Dynamic Equilibrium

A reversible chemical reaction represents a chemical process that proceeds in both forward (left to right) and reverse (right to left) directions. When ...

Construct and revise an explanation for the outcome of a simple chemical reaction based on the outermost electron states of atoms, trends in the periodic table, and knowledge of the patterns of chemical properties.  Clarification Statement: Chemistry: Examples of chemical reactions could include the reaction of sodium and chlorine, carbon and oxygen, or carbon and hydrogen. Reaction classification aids in the prediction of products (e.g. synthesis, decomposition, single displacement, double displacement, and acid-base).

Intermolecular vs Intramolecular Forces

Intermolecular forces (IMF) are electrostatic attractions arising from charge-charge interactions between molecules. The strength of the intermolecular ...

comparison-between-electrical-and-gravitational-forces

Comparison Between Electrical And Gravitational Forces

There are four fundamental forces in nature: the gravitational force, the electromagnetic force, the strong nuclear force, and the weak nuclear force. To ...

intermolecular-forces-and-physical-properties

Intermolecular Forces and Physical Properties



Intermolecular forces are attractive forces that exist between molecules. They dictate several bulk properties, such as melting points, boiling points, ...

electric-field-of-two-equal-and-opposite-charges

Electric Field of Two Equal and Opposite Charges

Atoms generally contain the same number of positively and negatively charged particles, protons, and electrons. Hence, they are electrically neutral. ...

Electric Field

Consider two point charges, each exerting Coulomb force on the other. It is possible to describe the Coulomb interaction via an intermediate step by ...

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence ...

Electric Dipoles and Dipole Moment

Consider two charges of equal magnitude but opposite signs. If they cannot be separated by an external electric field, the system is called a permanent ...

Plan and conduct an investigation to gather evidence to compare the structure of substances at the macroscale to infer the strength of electrical forces between particles.  Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on understanding the strengths of forces between particles, not on naming specific intermolecular forces (such as dipole-dipole). Examples of particles could include ions, atoms, molecules, and network solids (such as graphite). Examples of macro-properties of substances could include the melting point and boiling point, vapor pressure, and surface tension.

HS-PS1-3

bond-dissociation-energy-and-activation-energy

Bond Dissociation Energy and Activation Energy

Bond energy is the energy required to break a bond homolytically. These values are usually expressed in units of kcal/mol or kJ/mol and are referred to as ...

Bond Energies and Bond Lengths

Stable molecules exist because covalent bonds hold the atoms together. The strength of a covalent bond is measured by the energy required to break it, ...

Coupled Reactions

Cellular processes such as building and breaking down complex molecules occur through stepwise chemical reactions. Some of these chemical reactions are ...

energy-diagrams-transition-states-and-intermediates

Energy Diagrams, Transition States, and Intermediates

Free-energy diagrams, or reaction coordinate diagrams, are graphs showing the energy changes that occur during a chemical reaction. The reaction ...

What is Metabolism?

Overview

Metabolism represents all of the chemical activity in a cell, including reactions that build molecules (anabolism) and those that break ...

Types of Chemical Reactions: Anabolic and Catabolic

The first law of thermodynamics holds that energy can neither be created nor destroyed&#8212;it can only change form. An organism&#39;s essential function ...

Non-equilibrium in the Cell

An important concept in studying metabolism and energy is that of chemical equilibrium. Most chemical reactions are reversible. They can proceed in both ...

Activation Energy

Activation energy is the minimum amount of energy necessary for a chemical reaction to move forward. The higher the activation energy, the slower the rate ...

Energy Transfer in Chemical Reactions

Chemical reactions require sufficient energy to cause the matter to collide with enough precision and force that old chemical bonds can be broken and new ...

Factors Influencing the Rate of Chemical Reactions

A variety of factors influence the rate of chemical reactions. For a chemical reaction to happen, atoms must collide with enough energy to overcome the ...

Develop a model to illustrate that the release or absorption of energy from a chemical reaction system depends upon the changes in total bond energy.  Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on the idea that a chemical reaction is a system that affects the energy change.  Examples of models could include molecular-level drawings and diagrams of reactions, graphs showing the relative energies of reactants and products, and representations showing energy is conserved.

HS-PS1-4

Organismal Elements in the Periodic Table

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