Name: chemical energy and reaction types
Uploaded: 2023-06-23T15:38:43.000Z
Duration: 1 min 16 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

north-carolina-k-12-science-standard-course-of-study

NC K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Chemistry

Matter and its Interactions

PS.Chm.4.1

Energy Transfer in Chemical Reactions

All chemical bonds contain stored chemical energy, which is released as bonds are broken during a chemical reaction.
If overall reactions result in a net release of energy, they are called exergonic reactions, and those that absorb more energy than they release are called endergonic.
In metabolism, exergonic and endergonic reactions are usually coupled so that the energy released by one reaction can be used to power the other.
The total energy present before and after a reaction is conserved, but it can be converted from one form of energy to another.
For instance, the chemical energy captured in the covalent bonds of ATP can be converted to mechanical energy to power muscle movements or to electrical energy to transmit nerve impulses through the body.
But, energy conversions are usually inefficient, and some of the energy is released as heat, like during the&#160; conversion of chemical energy from a&#160; battery into light.
In mammals, the heat produced by metabolic activity helps to maintain the normal body temperature.

energy transfer in chemical reactions

Chemical reactions require sufficient energy to cause the matter to collide with enough precision and force that old chemical bonds can be broken and new ones formed. In general, kinetic energy is the form of energy powering any type of matter in motion. Imagine a person building a brick wall. The energy it takes to lift and place one brick on top of another is the kinetic energy&#8212;the energy matter possesses because of its motion. Once the wall is in place, it stores potential energy. Potential energy is the energy of position or the energy matter possesses because of the positioning or structure of its components. If the brick wall collapses, the stored potential energy is released as kinetic energy as the bricks fall.
Chemical energy is the form of potential energy in which energy is stored in chemical bonds. When those bonds are formed, chemical energy is invested, and chemical energy is released when they break. Notice that chemical energy, like all energy, is neither created nor destroyed; instead, it is converted from one form to another.
Chemical reactions that release more energy than they absorb are characterized as exergonic. The catabolism of the foods is an example of an exergonic reaction. Chemical energy stored in the food is absorbed as fuel for our body, but some energy is released, such as heat. In contrast, chemical reactions that absorb more energy than they release are endergonic. These reactions require energy input, and the resulting molecule stores the chemical energy in the original components and the energy that fueled the reaction. Because energy is neither created nor destroyed, the energy needed for endergonic reactions comes from exergonic reactions in many cases.
In addition to chemical energy, mechanical, radiant, and electrical energy are essential in human functioning.
<ul>
	<li>&#8226; Mechanical energy, which is stored in physical systems such as machines, engines, or the human body, directly powers the movement of matter. When you lift a brick into place on a wall, your muscles provide the mechanical energy that moves the brick.</li>
	<li>&#8226;&#160;Radiant energy is energy emitted and transmitted as waves rather than matter. These waves vary from long radio waves and microwaves to short gamma waves emitted from decaying atomic nuclei. The full spectrum of radiant energy is referred to as the electromagnetic spectrum. The human body uses the ultraviolet energy from the sunlight to convert a compound in skin cells to vitamin D. The human eye evolved into seeing the wavelengths that comprise the colors of the rainbow, from red to violet, so that range in the spectrum is called &#34;visible light.&#34;</li>
	<li>&#8226;&#160;Electrical energy, supplied by electrolytes in cells and body fluids, contributes to the voltage changes that help transmit impulses in nerve and muscle cells.</li>
</ul>
This text is adapted from <a href="https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/2-3-chemical-reactions">Openstax, Anatomy and Physiology 2e, Section 2.3:Chemical Reactions</a>.

Chemical reactions require sufficient energy to cause the matter to collide with enough precision and force that old chemical bonds can be broken and new ...

Education

JoVE Core

Anatomy and Physiology

Unit 1

Fundamentals of Chemistry

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

chemical energy and reaction types

Chemical reactions depend on energy transfer, chemical bonds, and the way matter collides. A reaction needs enough energy for particles to meet with the right force and precision. That energy can break old bonds and help form new ones.

Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. A person lifting a brick uses kinetic energy to move the brick into place on a wall. Once the wall is built, it stores potential energy, which is the energy of position or structure. If the wall falls, that stored energy becomes kinetic energy as the bricks move downward.

Chemical energy is a form of potential energy stored in chemical bonds. Energy is invested when bonds form, and energy is released when bonds break. Like other energy forms, chemical energy is not created or destroyed. It is converted from one form to another.

Some chemical reactions release more energy than they absorb. These are exergonic reactions. The breakdown of food is one example. Food stores chemical energy, and when the body uses that fuel, some energy is released as heat.

Other reactions absorb more energy than they release. These are endergonic reactions. They need an energy input, and the new molecule stores both the chemical energy from the original parts and the energy that powered the reaction. In many cases, the energy needed for endergonic reactions comes from exergonic reactions.

Mechanical, radiant, and electrical energy also play important roles in human functioning. Mechanical energy powers movement, such as when muscles lift a brick. Radiant energy travels as waves and includes the electromagnetic spectrum, from radio waves and microwaves to gamma waves. The body uses ultraviolet light from sunlight to help make vitamin D, and visible light is the range the eye sees as rainbow colors from red to violet. Electrical energy, supplied by electrolytes in cells and body fluids, helps create voltage changes that carry impulses in nerve and muscle cells.

Chemical Energy and Reaction Types

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chemical symbols

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Physics

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Motion and Stability- Forces and Interactions

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Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

Physical Science

Energy

3.2.9-12.Q

3.2.9-12.R

Forces and Interactions

3.2.9-12.M

Waves and Electromagnetic Radiation

3.2.9-12.X

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

Matter And Its Interactions

HS-PS1-4

HS-PS1-5

Motion And Stability: Forces And Interactions

HS-PS2-5

HS-PS3-3

HS-PS3-4

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Ohio’s Learning Standards and Model Curriculum

Energy And Waves

Electricity

Electricity And Magnetism

DC circuits

Tennessee Academic Standards

CHEM1.PS3.3

Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

PS.5

PS.5.b

PS.9

PS.9.c

Minnesota Academic Standards in Science

3.1.1 9C.2.2.1.1

Arizona Science Standards

HS+Phy.P4

HS+Phy.P4U1.8

Alabama Course of Study Science

Matter and Its Interactions: Energy

9-12.C.3.3.c

9-12.P.2.6.b

Next Generation Science Standards

Matter and Its Interactions

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

Chemistry and Physics

IPC.6

IPC.6.A

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South Carolina College and Career Ready Science Standards

C-PS3-4

P-PS3-3

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P-PS4-4

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New York State Science Learning Standards

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Matter and Energy in Organisms and Ecosystems

HS-LS1-7.

Georgia Standards of Excellence

SPS7.

Types of Energy

SC2.

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PS.Chm.1.3

Analyze the structure of atoms and isotopes.

Chemical Energy and Reaction Types

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