Name: ionic bonds and charge transfer
Uploaded: 2023-06-23T15:38:53.000Z
Duration: 42 s
Channel: JoVE

An ionic bond is a non-covalent attraction that holds two oppositely charged ions together, such as the sodium cation and chloride anion in sodium chloride.In this case, sodium transfers its single valence electron to chlorine. This electron transfer completes the octet of electrons in each combining atom, making them more stable.The strength of an ionic bond depends on the environment of the ionic compound.In the air, the ions remain closely packed in a solid crystal. Because there are no polar molecules to pull the ions apart, the strong attraction between opposite charges keeps the compound stable.But in water, polar water molecules surround the ions and weaken their attraction. The partial negative charge on oxygen is attracted to sodium ions, while the partial positive charges on hydrogen are attracted to chloride ions. This pulls ions away from the crystal, causing the compound to break apart into its ions.

ionic bonds

When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.<h4>Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds</h4>Ionic bonds are reversible electrostatic interactions between ions with opposing charges. Elements that are the most reactive (i.e., have a higher tendency to undergo chemical reactions) include those that only have one valence electron, (e.g., potassium) and those that need one more valence electron (e.g., chlorine).Ions that lose electrons have a positive charge and are referred to as cations. Ions that gain electrons have a negative charge and are called anions. Cations and anions combine in ratios that result in a net charge of 0 for the compound they form. For example, the compound potassium chloride (KCl) contains one chloride ion for each potassium ion, because the charge of potassium is +1 and the charge of chloride is -1. The compound magnesium chloride (MgCl2) contains two chloride ions for each magnesium ion because magnesium&#x2019;s charge is +2.<h4>Ions Can Dissociate from One Another in Water</h4>The electrostatic forces holding ionic compounds together are strong when the compounds are in solid form. Since the melting points of ionic compounds tend to be very high, they are generally found as solids on the Earth&#x2019;s surface. Howeverionic bonds are not as strong as covalent bondsbecause the ions can be pulled apartor dissolvedin a chemical reaction liquids like water. Ions dissolved in water are said to be in a chemical reaction, and many ions are capable of conducting electric currents when in this form.<h4>Electrolytes Are Important for Biological Systems</h4>Electrolytes are ions that can conduct electricity when dissolved in water. In biological systems, electrolytes are essential for osmotic regulation&#x2014;the balance of water across cellular membranes. Electrolytes also contribute to critical biological processes that rely upon electrical charges across the cell membrane, such as muscle contractions and nerve impulses. Common biological electrolytes include the calcium ion (Ca2+), the sodium ion (Na+), the magnesium ion (Mg2+), the potassium ion (K+), the phosphate ion (PO43-) and the chloride ion (Cl-).Electrolyte imbalances can cause severe physical symptoms and even death. One of the most commonly-encountered electrolyte imbalances is hyponatremia, insufficient sodium levels in the blood. Hyponatremia can be a symptom of another medical condition or caused by ingesting too much water without adequately replacing sodium. Treatments for this serious condition aim to restore the balance of sodium in the body so that the brain, heart, and other organs can function properly.

Ionic Bonds

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Fundamentals of Chemistry

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

ionic bonds and charge transfer

Ionic bonds form when atoms transfer electrons and become charged particles. A positive ion and a negative ion attract each other because opposite charges pull together. This type of bonding helps explain how some substances are held together.

In many cases, an atom loses one or more electrons, while another atom gains them. The atom that loses electrons becomes a cation, which is a positively charged ion. The atom that gains electrons becomes an anion, which is a negatively charged ion.

The attraction between cations and anions is the force that creates an ionic bond. This bond is based on charge, not on sharing electrons. Understanding this electron transfer makes ionic bonding easier to recognize in chemistry.

Ionic Bonds and Charge Transfer

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key terms and concepts

Learn how ionic bonds form through electron transfer, creating cations and anions that attract each other. Clear chemistry content for grades 9–12.

Ionic Bonds and Charge Transfer | JoVE K12

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Ionic Bonds and Charge Transfer

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