B Cells
B Cells - Related Videos
08:38
Phospho Flow Cytometry with Fluorescent Cell Barcoding for Single Cell Signaling Analysis and Biomarker Discovery
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Cited by 29 •
2018
Here, a protocol for medium- to high-throughput analysis of protein phosphorylation events at the cellular level is presented. Phospho flow cytometry is a powerful approach to characterize signaling aberrations, identify and validate biomarkers, and assess pharmacodynamics.
13:46
Phenotypic and Functional Characterization of Endothelial Colony Forming Cells Derived from Human Umbilical Cord Blood
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Cited by 46 •
2012
Endothelial colony forming cells (ECFCs) are circulating endothelial cells with robust clonal proliferative potential that display intrinsic in vivo vessel forming ability. Phenotypic and functional characterization of outgrowth endothelial cells derived from CB are important to identify and isolate bona fide ECFCs for potential clinical application in repairing damaged tissues.
21:08
Engineering Cell-permeable Protein
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Cited by 12 •
2009
Protein transduction enables the direct delivery of biologically active proteins into cells. In contrast to conventional methods such as DNA transfection or viral transduction this non-invasive paradigm allows highly efficient cellular manipulation in a titratable manner circumventing cellular toxicity and the risk of oncogenic transformation by permanent genetic modification.
07:14
A Cell-to-cell Macromolecular Transport Assay in Planta Utilizing Biolistic Bombardment
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Cited by 3 •
2010
Macromolecular trafficking between plant cells can be assessed by transiently expressing a fluorescently-tagged protein of interest and analyzing its intra- and intercellular distribution by confocal microscopy.
10:41
Generation of Dispersed Presomitic Mesoderm Cell Cultures for Imaging of the Zebrafish Segmentation Clock in Single Cells
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Cited by 8 •
2014
Somitogenesis is a rhythmic developmental process that spatially patterns the body axis of vertebrate embryos. Previously, we developed transgenic zebrafish lines that use fluorescent reporters to observe the cyclic genes that drive this process. Here, we culture dispersed cells from these lines and image their oscillations over time in vitro.
FAQs
Antigen encounter initiates B-cell activation when the cell receives additional activation signals. Those signals drive the cell to proliferate, increasing the number of antigen-responsive cells, and then to differentiate into specialized descendants. This sequence links recognition to an amplified adaptive response rather than an isolated cellular event, making signal-dependent activation central to effective immune protection.
Activation can produce two complementary outcomes. Plasma cells are specialized for secreting antibodies after differentiation, supporting an immediate antibody-mediated response. Memory B cells persist as a long-lived population, preserving information from the encounter for future protection. Studying these outcomes helps explain how one response can provide both present defense and durable immune memory.
Antibodies act through molecular specificity: binding to a particular target can help neutralize that target or support its removal. This specificity connects B-cell recognition with downstream protection against foreign substances. It also makes antibodies useful as biological tools in diagnostics and therapeutics, where identifying or acting on a defined molecular target is important.
Vaccination can establish immunological memory by exposing the adaptive immune system to an antigenic stimulus that activates B-cell responses. Long-lived memory B cells preserve the response beyond the initial encounter, while antibody-producing descendants can contribute to protection. This makes B-cell biology relevant to studying durable immunity and evaluating how immune protection persists over time.
The core sequence is antigen encounter, receipt of activation signals, proliferation, and differentiation into plasma or memory cells. Researchers can use this progression as a framework for relating an initiating stimulus to cellular outcomes and antibody production. Examining these stages helps distinguish recognition, expansion, effector output, and long-term memory within an adaptive immune response.
Researchers use B-cell biology to investigate immunodeficiency and autoimmune disease, two contexts in which adaptive immune function is clinically important. Studies may examine antibody production, antigen recognition, activation, differentiation, or immune memory to identify how these processes differ in disease. This context extends B-cell research beyond infection and vaccination into understanding abnormal immune function.