Cortical Paired Associative Stimulation
Cortical Paired Associative Stimulation - Related Videos
03:54
Modulating Cortical Excitability in a Rat Using Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
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2025
Source: Beom, J., et al. Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to the Unilateral Hemisphere of Rat Brain. J. Vis. Exp. (2016)This video demonstrates the application of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in anesthetized rats to modulate cortical excitability. The procedure involves determining the motor threshold (MT) to establish baseline stimulation, followed by applying rTMS at an intensity above the MT to induce neuronal depolarization. This stimulation triggers...
03:49
Real-Time Electroencephalography-Triggered Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Cortical Excitation
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2025
Source: Stefanou, M., et.al. Brain State-dependent Brain Stimulation with Real-time Electroencephalography-Triggered Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. J. Vis. Exp. (2019)This video demonstrates the process of real-time EEG-triggered transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to study cortical excitability. The procedure involves positioning the TMS coil over the motor cortex, synchronizing stimulation with specific phases of the EEG signal, and recording motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) to explore...
07:17
Aversive Associative Learning and Memory Formation by Pairing Two Chemicals in Caenorhabditis elegans
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Cited by 1 •
2022
We have previously developed protocols for Caenorhabditis elegans to form short- and long-term associative memories by massed and spaced training, respectively. Here, detailed protocols are described for the conditioning of C. elegans by pairing 1-propanol and hydrochloric acid as conditioned and unconditioned stimuli, respectively, to form aversive associative memory.
08:29
Standardized Induction and Assessment of Long-term Potentiation-like Cortical Plasticity Using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
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2025
This paper describes the standardized induction of Long-term Potentiation-like cortical plasticity using repetitive stimulation protocols, followed by applying single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation guided by a neuronavigation system to evaluate synaptic plasticity.
10:10
The Implicit Association Test
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2023
Source: Julian Wills & Jay Van Bavel—New York University One of the core constructs in social psychology is the notion of an attitude toward an object or person. Traditionally, psychologists measured attitudes by simply asking people to self-report their beliefs, opinions, or feelings. This approach has limitations, however, when measuring socially sensitive attitudes, like racial prejudice, because people are often motivated to self-report unprejudiced, egalitarian beliefs (despite...
FAQs
The interval and sequence between peripheral sensory input and the TMS pulse determine whether cortical excitability changes and how those changes develop. This timing dependence resembles spike-timing-dependent plasticity, in which the relative order of neural events influences synaptic modification. Consequently, cPAS protocols can examine how precisely coordinated sensory and cortical activity alters corticospinal responses.
A controlled interval links activity generated by the peripheral stimulus with activity produced by TMS at the cortex. Changing that interval changes the relationship between the two events, allowing researchers to test timing-dependent plasticity rather than merely the effects of either stimulus alone. This makes temporal coordination a central experimental variable when studying cortical adaptation.
A change in corticospinal excitability indicates that the paired stimulation produced a lasting alteration in the responsiveness of cortical pathways that influence the spinal cord. Researchers commonly estimate this change with motor-evoked potentials, or MEPs, elicited by TMS. Comparing responses before and after stimulation helps reveal whether the protocol modified motor-system output.
Motor-evoked potentials provide an experimental readout of corticospinal excitability. Researchers obtain responses generated by TMS and compare their size across measurements associated with the stimulation protocol. This outcome helps determine whether cPAS produced a lasting change in cortical responsiveness and supplies a quantitative basis for examining plasticity in sensorimotor research.
A study typically delivers peripheral sensory stimulation and TMS in repeated pairs, with the interval and order specified in advance. Researchers then assess corticospinal excitability, commonly through motor-evoked potentials, to evaluate changes associated with the protocol. This workflow connects controlled stimulation timing with measurable effects on cortical output and supports comparisons across experimental conditions.
Researchers use cPAS to examine sensorimotor integration, cortical connectivity, and mechanisms of learning. Its ability to produce lasting, timing-dependent changes in corticospinal excitability also makes it useful for investigating activity-dependent plasticity. In translational work, the approach supports research on rehabilitation strategies relevant to neurological injury and disease, while preserving a focus on underlying cortical mechanisms.