Neurotherapeutics

Begin with an anesthetized human patient with an exposed skull. The patient is diagnosed with an intracranial tumor.Drill into the exposed skull to create a hole, generating an access point.Using stereotactic guidance, insert a laser diffusing fiber or LDF along the predetermined path and secure it in place.Transfer the patient to an MRI scanner and connect the LDF to a laser source.Capture MRI images from multiple angles to visualize the fiber path and the tumor.This confirms the LDF’s...

Begin with an anesthetized human patient diagnosed with recurrent glioblastoma, an invasive tumor characterized by tumor cell infiltration into the surrounding peritumoral region.The peritumoral region retains an intact blood-brain barrier (BBB), where tight junctions between endothelial cells restrict drug penetration.Make an incision in the scalp, create an opening in the skull, and insert a laser probe into the tumor core using MRI guidance.Deliver laser light through the probe.Tissue...

Source: Tadokoro, T., et al. Subpial Adeno-associated Virus 9 (AAV9) Vector Delivery in Adult Mice. J. Vis. Exp. (2017)This video demonstrates a subpial injection technique for gene delivery to the spinal cord in mice. The procedure involves exposing the dura mater, puncturing the pia mater, and injecting a recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) carrying a fluorescent protein-expressing gene into the subpial space. Following injection and recovery, the virus facilitates gene expression in...

Source: Pietruczyk, E. A., et al. Laminectomy and Spinal Cord Window Implantation in the Mouse. J. Vis. Exp. (2019)This video demonstrates the implantation of a spinal cord window in an anesthetized mouse for in vivo imaging. The protocol stabilizes the exposed spinal cord using a borosilicate cover glass and a 3D-printed backplate. This method enables high-resolution two-photon microscopy to study blood-brain barrier dynamics and neurovascular interactions.

Source: Dalkin, W., et al. The Fibular Nerve Injury Method: A Reliable Assay to Identify and Test Factors That Repair Neuromuscular Junctions. J. Vis. Exp. (2016)This video demonstrates a surgical procedure to induce fibular nerve injury in a mouse to study neuromuscular junction (NMJ) regeneration. The procedure involves exposing the fibular nerve, applying controlled pressure to induce injury, and ensuring the epineurium remains intact to support axonal regeneration. Over time, macrophages...

Source: Brandli, A. Remote Limb Ischemic Preconditioning: A Neuroprotective Technique in Rodents. J. Vis. Exp. (2015)This video demonstrates a non-invasive limb ischemic preconditioning protocol in rats to induce systemic neuroprotection. The procedure involves controlled arterial occlusion and reperfusion, triggering cellular stress pathways that release protective factors. These factors enhance resistance to ischemic and metabolic injuries in distant organs such as the brain and retina.

Source: Schregel, K., et al. Optimized Management of Endovascular Treatment for Acute Ischemic Stroke. J. Vis. Exp. (2018).This video demonstrates the endovascular treatment of acute ischemic stroke using the stent retriever-assisted vacuum-locked extraction technique. A guiding sheath is introduced through the femoral artery to reach the clot. A catheter with a stent retriever secures and extracts the clot. Vascular imaging is done to confirm successful reperfusion.

Source: Alomari, S., et al. Implementation of Minimally Invasive Brain Tumor Resection in Rodents for High Viability Tissue Collection. J. Vis. Exp. (2022)This video demonstrates the use of a minimally invasive resection system (MIRS) to excise tumor tissue from an anesthetized mouse implanted with a tumor. The procedure involves securing the mouse onto a stereotactic frame, reopening the previous surgical site to access the brain, and inserting a specialized cannula that utilizes suction and a...

Source: Lefevre, M. C., et al., Flexible Organic Electronic Devices for Pulsed Electric Field Therapy of Glioblastoma. J. Vis. Exp. (2022)This video demonstrates the implantation of a flexible, biocompatible probe in a glioblastoma mouse model to deliver targeted pulsed electric field therapy for neurotherapeutic applications.

Source: Paro, M. R., et.al. A Model for Encephalomyosynangiosis Treatment after Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion-Induced Stroke in Mice. J. Vis. Exp. (2022).This video demonstrates a surgical procedure to graft a vascularized muscle onto the brain surface following transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. The graft promotes new blood vessel formation in the ischemic region, enhancing oxygen and nutrient supply. Over time, the integrated muscle supports neuronal survival and aids in...

Source: Pan, J. et. al., Minimally Invasive Endoscopic Intracerebral Hemorrhage Evacuation. J. Vis. Exp. (2021)This video demonstrates minimally invasive endoscopic hematoma removal, using a navigation-guided sheath and endoscopic aspiration with saline irrigation to preserve brain structure.

Source: Li, Q., et al. Investigating Mammalian Axon Regeneration: In Vivo Electroporation of Adult Mouse Dorsal Root Ganglion. J. Vis. Exp. (2018)This video demonstrates the process of axonal regeneration in a mouse sciatic nerve following a crush injury. The isolated nerve is fixed and prepared for imaging, with fluorescent proteins expressed in neurons to visualize axon growth. Using an epifluorescence microscope, axon regeneration is traced from the injury site to assess the extent of...

Source: Rennert, R. C., et al. Comprehensive Endovascular and Open Surgical Management of Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations. J. Vis. Exp. (2017).This video demonstrates the open surgical resection of a cerebral arteriovenous malformation (AVM) in a human brain. The procedure involves creating a bone flap, accessing the subarachnoid space, identifying and occluding feeding arteries and draining veins, and carefully removing the AVM. Intraoperative angiography confirms complete resection,...

Source: Wang, L., et.al. Full-Endoscopic Isolation Zone Technique for the Treatment of Lumbar Disc Herniation. J. Vis. Exp.(2023)This video demonstrates a minimally invasive endoscopic procedure to treat lumbar disc herniation by removing the protruded nucleus pulposus and ruptured annulus fibrosus. The technique decompresses the affected nerve root, alleviates pain, and restores nerve function through targeted tissue resection and radiofrequency modulation.

Source: Gao, Z., et al. A Mouse Model of Direct Anastomosis via the Prespinal Route for Crossing Nerve Transfer Surgery. J. Vis. Exp. (2021).This video demonstrates restoring forelimb movement in a mouse via direct cervical nerve reconnection. It begins with a mouse with a paralyzed right forelimb due to a transected right C7 nerve at its nerve root. The left C7 nerve is severed, guided to the right via the prespinal route, and sutured with the right C7 nerve. The surgical site is then cleaned...

Source: Svientek, S. R., et al. Fabrication of the Composite Regenerative Peripheral Nerve Interface (C-RPNI) in the Adult Rat. J. Vis. Exp. (2020).This video demonstrates the surgical construction of a composite regenerative peripheral nerve interface (C-RPNI) in a rat model of peripheral nerve injury. The procedure involves attaching a transected peroneal nerve to a muscle graft and overlaying it with a dermal skin graft to promote nerve regeneration. Over time, motor and sensory neurons...

Place an anesthetized neonatal pup on a heating pad.Disinfect the scalp with ethanol.Fill a syringe with a viral solution containing adeno-associated viruses carrying the gene for a drug-activated inhibitory receptor and a tracking dye.Align the syringe tip with the pup’s head and slowly inject the virus into the brain for even distribution.Allow the pup to recover.During incubation, viral particles enter neurons and release their genetic material into the nucleus.It leads to inhibitory...

Source: Jain, R. W., et al. Simple and Efficient Production and Purification of Mouse Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein for Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Studies. J. Vis. Exp. (2016)This video demonstrates the isolation and purification of MOGtag, a recombinant Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein (MOG) used in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) studies. The protocol involves bacterial lysis, sonication, centrifugation, and nickel affinity chromatography to obtain...

Source: Chen, S., et al., Stereotaxic Surgery for Genetic Manipulation in Striatal Cells of Neonatal Mouse Brains. J. Vis. Exp. (2018)This video demonstrates the stereotaxic injection of a viral vector encoding Cre recombinase and green fluorescence protein or GFP into the striatum of a genetically modified mouse pup to achieve gene manipulation by excising a loxP-flanked STOP cassette, activating red fluorescence protein or RFP as a reporter.

Source: Pereira, M. et. al., In Vivo Direct Reprogramming of Resident Glial Cells into Interneurons by Intracerebral Injection of Viral Vectors. J. Vis. Exp. (2019)This video demonstrates stereotaxic injection of an adeno-associated virus into the cerebral cortex of a transgenic mouse to deliver Cre-dependent neuronal reprogramming and fluorescent reporter genes into glial cells.

Source: Fricano-Kugler, C. J., et al. Designing, Packaging, and Delivery of High Titer CRISPR Retro and Lentiviruses via Stereotaxic Injection. J. Vis. Exp. (2016)This video demonstrates stereotaxic viral injection for precise neuronal gene editing in the mouse brain. The protocol ensures accurate virus delivery to the dentate gyrus, enabling fluorescent labeling and CRISPR-mediated gene knockout to study neural circuits, gene function, and disease mechanisms in vivo.

Source: Ullah, I., et.al. A Positioning Device for the Placement of Mice During Intranasal siRNA Delivery to the Central Nervous System. J. Vis. Exp. (2019)This video demonstrates a precise intranasal administration technique for delivering neuron-targeting peptide-siRNA complexes to the mouse brain using a specialized positioning device. Anesthetized mice are secured in a head-down-and-forward position to optimize siRNA inhalation while preventing lung drainage. The targeting peptide...

Source: Keefe, K. M., et al. Direct Injection of a Lentiviral Vector Highlights Multiple Motor Pathways in the Rat Spinal Cord. J. Vis. Exp. (2019).This video demonstrates the injection of a highly efficient retrograde transport (HiRet) viral vector into the rat spinal cord to trace neuronal pathways. The virus has glycoproteins for synaptic entry and a fluorescent protein coding gene. The needle is inserted into the spinal cord, and the virus suspension is administered at a controlled rate.

Source: Li, Q. et al. Investigating Mammalian Axon Regeneration: In Vivo Electroporation of Adult Mouse Dorsal Root Ganglion. J. Vis. Exp. (2018)This video demonstrates electroporation-mediated transfection of mouse DRG neurons to study axon regeneration. It outlines the steps for delivering nucleic acid constructs to DRG neurons, inducing sciatic nerve injury, and assessing axonal regeneration.

Source: Li, D., et al. Direct Intrathecal Injection of Recombinant Adeno-associated Viruses in Adult Mice. J. Vis. Exp. (2019)This video demonstrates the procedure for the intrathecal injection of adeno-associated viruses (AAV) into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of an awake mouse, covering syringe preparation, spinal alignment, and precise needle insertion. This method validates targeted gene delivery, supporting its potential for CNS therapies.

Source: Park, S. W., et al. Limbal Approach-Subretinal Injection of Viral Vectors for Gene Therapy in Mice Retinal Pigment Epithelium. J. Vis. Exp. (2015)The video describes the method for subretinal injection of viral vectors into the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) in a mouse model. It details the procedure from anesthesia and eye preparation to precise lentiviral vector delivery, ensuring gene integration and expression in the RPE.

Source: Bender, H. R., et.al. Delivery of Therapeutic siRNA to the CNS Using Cationic and Anionic Liposomes. J. Vis. Exp. (2016)This video demonstrates the targeted delivery of prion protein (PrP) siRNA to neurons using liposomal siRNA-peptide complexes (LSPCs). Cationic liposomes electrostatically bind PrP-targeting siRNA, which is further stabilized by the RVG-9r peptide for receptor-mediated transport across the blood-brain barrier. Once inside the brain, LSPCs undergo endocytosis in...

Source: Grames, M. S., et al. Methods and Tips for Intravenous Administration of Adeno-associated Virus to Rats and Evaluation of Central Nervous System Transduction. J. Vis. Exp. (2017)This video demonstrates the tail vein injection of recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) in rats. After injection into the lateral tail vein, the virus enters the bloodstream, circulates through the heart, and reaches the brain, where it enters neurons and facilitates target protein production for...

Source: Denaxa, M., el al., Transplantation of Chemogenetically Engineered Cortical Interneuron Progenitors into Early Postnatal Mouse Brains. J. Vis. Exp. (2019)This video demonstrates the procedure for injecting a plasmid vector carrying the gene of interest into interneuron progenitors in an embryonic brain slice, followed by electroporation for plasmid entry and gene expression. These modified progenitors can later be used for treating brain disorders.

Source:Pourshafie, N., et al. Systemic Delivery of MicroRNA Using Recombinant Adeno-associated Virus Serotype 9 to Treat Neuromuscular Diseases in Rodents. J. Vis. Exp. (2018).In this video, a spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy or SBMA-affected mouse undergoes tail vein injection of recombinant AAV (Adeno-associated vectors) vectors carrying a plasmid encoding therapeutic microRNA. The vector produces microRNA that binds to mutant AR (Androgen receptor)-mRNA (messenger ribonucleic acid),...

Source: Smit, R. D., et al. Targeting the Corticospinal Tract in Neonatal Rats with a Double-Viral Vector using Combined Brain and Spine Surgery. J. Vis. Exp. (2021)This video demonstrates the targeted delivery of viral vectors to corticospinal neurons in a neonatal rat. The protocol enables precise gene expression using anterograde and retrograde viral injections, facilitating research on neural regeneration and plasticity following spinal cord injury.

Source: Porlan, E., et al. Stable and Efficient Genetic Modification of Cells in the Adult Mouse V-SVZ for the Analysis of Neural Stem Cell Autonomous and Non-autonomous Effects. J. Vis. Exp. (2016)This video demonstrates stable genetic modification of neural stem cells (NSCs) in the ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ) through stereotaxic injection of a virus-carrying therapeutic gene in a mouse model. The virus enters NSCs, undergoes reverse transcription, integrates into the genome, and...

Source: Mangold, K., H el. al., Murine Neural Plate Targeting by In Utero Nano-Injection (NEPTUNE) at Embryonic Day 7.5. J. Vis. Exp. (2022)This video demonstrates the in-utero nano-injection method for neural plate targeting in an embryonic mouse model. A high-titer lentiviral solution is injected into the amniotic cavity, where it integrates into neural plate cells, enabling stable gene manipulation for neurodevelopmental research and therapeutic applications.

Source: Ino, D. et. al., In Vivo Gene Transfer to Schwann Cells in the Rodent Sciatic Nerve by Electroporation. J. Vis. Exp. (2016)This video demonstrates in vivo gene transfer to Schwann cells of the rodent sciatic nerve using electroporation. A plasmid DNA–dye solution is injected into the nerve, and electric pulses facilitate DNA entry. The DNA later integrates into the cell’s genome, enabling successful gene transfer in Schwann cells.

Source: Keener, D. G., et al. Single-Cell Electroporation across Different Organotypic Slice Culture of Mouse Hippocampal Excitatory and Class-Specific Inhibitory Neurons. J. Vis. Exp. (2020).This video demonstrates the process of single-cell electroporation to introduce plasmid DNA into neurons within mouse hippocampal slice cultures. The procedure involves precise pipette positioning, pressure adjustments, and electroporation pulses to transiently permeabilize the neuronal membrane,...

Source: Kozin, E. D., et.al. Direct Visualization of the Murine Dorsal Cochlear Nucleus for Optogenetic Stimulation of the Auditory Pathway. J. Vis. Exp. (2015)This video demonstrates virus-mediated gene transfer into the mouse dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) to enable light-induced auditory stimulation. A viral vector encoding opsin, a light-sensitive ion channel, is injected into the DCN following a craniotomy and cerebellar aspiration for direct access. The expressed opsins allow neurons to be...

Source: Tagliafierro, L., et al. Lentiviral Vector Platform for the Efficient Delivery of Epigenome-editing Tools into Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Disease Models. J. Vis. Exp. (2019)This video demonstrates the lentiviral transduction of neural progenitor cells (NPCs) for targeted epigenetic modification of alpha-synuclein, a key protein in Parkinson’s disease. The protocol enables methyltransferase-mediated DNA methylation, reducing SNCA expression for studying gene regulation...

Source: Lutz, D., et al. Assessment of Ultrastructural Neuroplasticity Parameters After In Utero Transduction of the Developing Mouse Brain and Spinal Cord. J. Vis. Exp. (2019).This video demonstrates viral transduction via in-utero injection in mouse embryos. A pregnant mouse is prepared for the surgery, and a midline incision is made to expose the uterine horns. A mixture of a virus containing the desired gene and a tracking dye is injected into the embryos within the uterine sacs at the...

Take an anesthetized rat with an exposed intact right sciatic nerve, which controls leg movement and sensation.Excise a nerve segment, creating a gap, severing the neuronal axons, and disrupting signal transmission.The severed distal axons deteriorate, detaching specialized nerve-repair or Schwann cells.Suture a bionic conductive nerve scaffold, a soft tube with microchannels, to the epineurium, the nerve’s outer layer, at both cut ends.Implant paired electrodes near the nerve ends, passing...

Take a mouse subjected to laser-induced damage to the optic nerve head in the eye.The damage causes endothelial cell injury and blood clot formation in the blood vessels supplying the nerve, reducing blood flow and causing ischemia.Ischemia deprives the retinal ganglion cell axons in the optic nerve head of oxygen.In the RGC cell bodies, this disruption impairs mitochondrial function and increases reactive oxygen species production.The resulting oxidative stress activates apoptotic signaling...

Take adhered murine microglial cells in a multiwell plate.Add polyacrylic acid-coated magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) to the test well, leaving another well untreated as a control.Incubate the cells to allow MNP uptake via endocytosis, enabling their internalization.Wash with buffer to remove unbound MNPs.Add an enzyme solution to detach the cells.Transfer the detached cells to tubes and centrifuge to pellet them.Discard the supernatant, resuspend the pellet in basal media, and transfer the...

Divide the transwell system into five groups that undergo various treatments.The first group serves as the control and consists of a co-culture of neuroblastoma and microglia cells.In the second group, treat the co-culturer with fibrillar β-amyloid (fAβ) alone. fAβ induces damage in neuroblastoma cells.In the third group, treat neuroblastoma cells with an 808-nanometer laser, then co-culture them with untreated microglia.The laser reduces oxidative stress, improving neuronal survival.In the...

Source: Han, J., et.al. Regulating Schwann Cell Growth by Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field for Peripheral Nerve Regeneration In Vitro. J. Vis. Exp. (2024)This video demonstrates the application of the nanosecond pulsed electric field (nsPEF) technique to modulate Schwann cell (SC) growth. The rapid electric pulses induce transient nanopores in SC membranes, facilitating calcium influx that activates signaling pathways driving SC proliferation, dedifferentiation, and neurotrophic factor...

Source: Shionoya, Y., et al. Ethanol-Induced Cervical Sympathetic Ganglion Block Applications for Promoting Canine Inferior Alveolar Nerve Regeneration Using an Artificial Nerve. J. Vis. Exp. (2018)This video demonstrates a canine model for inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) regeneration using a biodegradable scaffold and ethanol-induced sympathetic blockade. The procedure involves surgically accessing the cervical sympathetic ganglion and injecting ethanol to induce vasodilation. The resulting...

Source: Lai, J., et al. Simultaneous Electrophysiological Recording and Micro-injections of Inhibitory Agents in the Rodent Brain. J. Vis. Exp. (2015)This video demonstrates a microinjection-based technique for simultaneous neuronal recording and inhibition in the rat superior colliculus. The procedure involves stereotaxic targeting, skull drilling, and the insertion of an injectrode, which delivers an inhibitory neurotransmitter while recording neuronal activity. Light stimulation evokes...

Source: Poinsatte, K., et al., Quantification of Neurovascular Protection Following Repetitive Hypoxic Preconditioning and Transient Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Mice. J. Vis. Exp. (2015)This video demonstrates the method of repetitive hypoxic preconditioning (RHP) by exposing a mouse to controlled hypoxia cycles before inducing an ischemic stroke. The experiment evaluates its effects on blood-brain barrier stability, neuronal adaptation, and inflammation.

Source: Lee, Y. F., et al. An Ultrasonic Tool for Nerve Conduction Block in Diabetic Rat Models. J. Vis. Exp. (2017)This video demonstrates the use of high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) to block action potentials from the sciatic nerve to the gastrocnemius muscle in a diabetic rat model. Upon delivering the HIFU beam to the nerve, a decrease in muscle signal confirms HIFU's potential as a non-invasive therapy for diabetic neuropathic pain relief.

Source: Yan, X., et. al., New Application of an Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet as a Neuro-protective Agent Against Glucose Deprivation-induced Injury of SH-SY5Y Cells. J. Vis. Exp. (2017)The video demonstrates the neuroprotective activity of low-dose atmospheric pressure plasma treatment in glucose-deprived neuroblastoma cells by modulating oxidative stress and enhancing cell viability.

Source: Casquero-Veiga, M. et al. In vivo Positron Emission Tomography to Reveal Activity Patterns Induced by Deep Brain Stimulation in Rats. J. Vis. Exp. (2022).This video demonstrates the metabolic effects of deep brain stimulation (DBS) using FDG-PET imaging in a rat model. It outlines the steps involved in FDG administration, DBS application, and PET/CT imaging to map brain regions with increased or suppressed metabolic activity.

Source: Batra, V., et al. A General Method for Evaluating Deep Brain Stimulation Effects on Intravenous Methamphetamine Self-Administration. J. Vis. Exp. (2016).This video demonstrates a rat model of drug addiction in which the animal self-administers intravenous methamphetamine by pressing a lever, leading to compulsive drug-seeking behavior driven by dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens. To counteract this, the rat undergoes deep brain stimulation (DBS) via an implanted bipolar...

Source: Selvakumar, T., et al., Analysis of Gene Expression Changes in the Rat Hippocampus After Deep Brain Stimulation of the Anterior Thalamic Nucleus. J. Vis. Exp. (2015)This video demonstrates the procedure for implanting electrodes into the rat brain to apply deep brain stimulation (DBS), which modulates neuronal activity and enhances communication with the hippocampus, supporting neuronal survival and neurogenesis.

Source: Zhang, L., et al. Near Infrared (NIr) Light Increases Expression of a Marker of Mitochondrial Function in the Mouse Vestibular Sensory Epithelium. J. Vis. Exp. (2015)This video demonstrates the process of applying NIr light to a shaved mouse scalp to activate vestibular neurons and stimulate superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD-1) production, supporting neuronal function. The procedure highlights NIr therapy as a neuroprotective strategy.

Source: Kuhn, Y. et al. Intracortical Inhibition Within the Primary Motor Cortex Can Be Modulated by Changing the Focus of Attention. J. Vis. Exp. (2017)This video demonstrates the use of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to modulate motor neuron activity and measure muscle responses via electromyography (EMG). It outlines the steps for locating the motor hotspot, determining stimulation thresholds, and assessing the effects of subthreshold TMS (subTMS) on cortical inhibition.

Source: Zhao, Z. et al. An Invasive Method for the Activation of the Mouse Dentate Gyrus by High-frequency Stimulation. J. Vis. Exp. (2018)This video demonstrates the protocol for delivering high-frequency deep brain stimulation to a mouse hippocampal dentate gyrus, detailing its effects on neuronal activation, synaptic plasticity, and neurogenesis.

Source: Taube, W., et.al., Non-invasive Assessment of Changes in Corticomotoneuronal Transmission in Humans. J. Vis. Exp. (2017)This video demonstrates a non-invasive method to assess changes in corticomotoneuronal transmission in humans following repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). The study introduces an electrophysiological technique that differentiates fast, direct corticospinal pathways from polysynaptic connections.

Source: Kodani, S., et.al. Optogenetic Manipulation of Neural Circuits During Monitoring Sleep/wakefulness States in Mice. J. Vis. Exp. (2019)This video demonstrates the optogenetic manipulation of neural circuits involved in the sleep-to-wakefulness transition in mice. The procedure involves surgically implanting an optic fiber and electrodes into the brain and muscles to enable light stimulation and electrophysiological recording. By delivering light to activate light-sensitive cation...

Source: Sanchez, C. A., et al. Preparation of Peripheral Nerve Stimulation Electrodes for Chronic Implantation in Rats. J. Vis. Exp. (2020).This video demonstrates vagus nerve stimulation in an awake rat. A rat with an implanted chronic peripheral nerve cuff electrode and trained in a lever press task is connected to a stimulus generator via an implanted head cap. The vagus nerve is stimulated immediately after each successful lever press, resulting in the expansion of the motor map.

Source: Childs, J. E., et al. Vagus Nerve Stimulation as a Tool to Induce Plasticity in Pathways Relevant for Extinction Learning. J. Vis. Exp. (2015)This video demonstrates the method of vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) in a rat model to reduce freezing behavior. Fear-conditioned rats receive VNS during sound re-exposure, leading to reduced freezing and revealing its therapeutic potential.

Source: Remacle, T., et al. Treating Low Back Pain in Failed Back Surgery Patients with Multicolumn-lead Spinal Cord Stimulation. J. Vis. Exp. (2018)This video demonstrates the method of using multicolumn paddle lead spinal cord stimulation to manage chronic lower back pain in Failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS) patients. The pre-implanted lead delivers targeted electrical pulses that activate non-painful sensory pathways, interrupting pain signals and reducing pain perception.

Source: Moeller, S., et al., Vagus Nerve Stimulation As an Adjunctive Neurostimulation Tool in Treatment-resistant Depression. J. Vis. Exp. (2019)This video demonstrates a clinical protocol for Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS) as an adjunctive neurostimulation therapy for treatment-resistant depression (TRD).

Source: Charalambos, C. C., et al. Bilateral Assessment of the Corticospinal Pathways of the Ankle Muscles Using Navigated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. J. Vis. Exp. (2019)This video demonstrates the method to assess corticospinal pathways of the leg muscles using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Rest and active muscle responses are recorded from one brain hemisphere to evaluate the contralateral corticomotor function of leg muscles.

Take bioprinted skeletal muscle constructs.These constructs contain fibrin hydrogel pillars with embedded muscle fibers and microspheres.The microsphere is a porous polymer structure enclosing neurotrophic factors.Take dorsal root ganglia isolated from chick embryos.Place one ganglion on each construct and incubate.The neurotrophic factors are released from the microspheres at a controlled physiological concentration, facilitating the sprouting of projections from the neurons called...

Begin with an anesthetized tumor-bearing mouse and shave its head.Place it in an MRI scanner integrated with the focused ultrasound system.The initial MRI scan locates the brain tumor and nearby blood vessels.Inject a contrast agent intravenously, then administer fluorescently labeled nanoparticles coated onto gas-filled microbubbles.The contrast agent and microbubbles circulate and reach the brain.Apply focused ultrasound waves to the tumor site.The ultrasound causes the microbubbles to expand...

Begin with a mouse model of glioblastoma, an invasive brain tumor.At the tumor periphery, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) remains intact, with endothelial cells forming tight junctions that regulate molecular entry.The mouse is fitted with a head-mounted optical fiber to deliver laser light.Administer a low-intensity infrared laser, which penetrates the skin and skull to reach the brain.The laser excites molecular oxygen in brain cells, generating reactive oxygen species (ROS).The resulting...

Begin with a harvested rat brain submerged in artificial cerebrospinal fluid in a petri dish.Deposit the magnetic millirobot onto the brain cortex.The millirobot, termed MANiAC, consists of magnetically aligned nickel nanorods embedded within a microcapsule composed of the biocompatible hydrogel alginate and loaded with a dye as a model drug.Position an external magnetic field generator beneath the petri dish to generate a uniform rotating magnetic field.The nickel nanorods align and rotate...

Take cultures of human monocyte-derived microglia-like cells.Introduce nanoparticles containing an anti-inflammatory drug into the experimental culture and the free drug into the control.The nanoparticles feature a hydrophilic shell and a hydrophobic core encapsulating the lipophilic drug.The cells endocytose the nanoparticles, which release the drug intracellularly, enhancing its delivery.The free drug enters by passive diffusion, a process constrained by the concentration gradient, which...

Start with a primary midbrain culture from rat embryos, containing dopaminergic neurons that overexpress mutated alpha-synuclein.Replace the media in the treatment wells with fresh media containing the test compound, and that in the control wells with plain media. Then incubate.In the control, alpha-synuclein forms toxic aggregates in dopaminergic neurons, causing neurite retraction and leading to neuronal death.In the treatment, the test compound interacts with alpha-synuclein, prevents its...

Begin with an anesthetized rat bearing a brain tumor composed of proliferating tumor cells.Expose the rat’s skull and create a hole to reveal the brain region with the tumor.Take a thermally responsive biopolymer fused with a cell-penetrating peptide and an inhibitor of c-myc, an oncogenic protein.Inject the biopolymer into the femoral vein of the hind limb for delivery to the brain.Apply infrared light through the skull hole to heat the tumor site, which induces biopolymer aggregation along...

Take a transgenic Drosophila.The brain of the Drosophila expresses the human amyloid peptide protein or APP and a cleaving enzyme.The enzyme cleaves APP, enabling the formation of beta-amyloid plaque, which leads toAlzheimer's disease or AD pathology in Drosophila.Feed the Drosophila AD model a diet containing a synbiotic formulation.The formulation contains a combination of three bioactive probiotic bacteria and a prebiotic.Inside the fly's gut, the prebiotic supports the growth and survival...

Begin with a rat subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion, a surgical procedure that temporarily blocks blood flow to the brain tissue.This induces an ischemic stroke, leading to brain tissue damage.Next, remove the blockage to restore blood flow.Select rats that exhibit neurological deficits to ensure study relevance.Then, administer the test drug to the experimental group while injecting saline into the other group.Repeat the drug and saline administration.The test drug promotes...

Source: Slezia, A. et al. Electrophoretic Delivery of γ-aminobutyric Acid (GABA) into Epileptic Focus Prevents Seizures in Mice. J. Vis. Exp. (2019)This video demonstrates the electrophoretic delivery of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) to inhibit seizure activity in an anesthetized mouse. It outlines the steps involved in probe implantation, neural activity recording, seizure induction, and controlled GABA delivery via a microfluidic ion pump to assess its therapeutic efficacy.

Source: Chen, Y., et al. Intrathecal Delivery of Antisense Oligonucleotides in the Rat Central Nervous System. J. Vis. Exp. (2019)This video demonstrates the delivery of a test compound into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) through a catheter implanted in the lumbar spinal column of a rat model. The compound circulates along the CSF to the brain and spinal cord, enters neurons, and offers therapeutic potential.

Source: Leda, A. R., et al. Mouse Microsurgery Infusion Technique for Targeted Substance Delivery into the CNS via the Internal Carotid Artery. J. Vis. Exp. (2017)This video demonstrates a microsurgical procedure designed to facilitate the targeted infusion of a test substance into the brain via the internal carotid artery (ICA). The procedure involves precise suturing and vascular manipulation to temporarily restrict blood flow, ensuring controlled delivery. A capillary tube is inserted into...

Source: Kanazawa, T., et al. Novel Methods for Intranasal Administration Under Inhalation Anesthesia to Evaluate Nose-to-Brain Drug Delivery. J. Vis. Exp. (2018)This video demonstrates the intranasal administration of radiolabeled drugs in an anesthetized mouse to achieve nose-to-brain drug delivery. It explains how drugs cross the nasal epithelium and travel via neuronal pathways to reach the brain, as well as how ciliary motion influences drug retention and clearance. Additionally, the video...

Source: Wang, X. et. al., Osmotic Pump-based Drug-delivery for In Vivo Remyelination Research on the Central Nervous System. J. Vis. Exp. (2021)This video demonstrates the method for delivering neurotherapeutic drugs using an osmotic pump in a demyelinated mouse model. The controlled drug release promotes remyelination by activating myelin-producing cells in the corpus callosum.

Source: Paolone, G., et al. Personalized Needles for Microinjections in the Rodent Brain. J. Vis. Exp. (2018).This video demonstrates a rodent brain microneedle injection using a quartz microneedle with holes. The microneedle is attached to a syringe and micropump to control the delivery rate. The needle with the injection solution is inserted into the brain with the delivery speed set at low. Once positioned, the delivery speed is increased. The needle is withdrawn after a brief pause.

Source: Akil, O., et al., Surgical Method for Virally Mediated Gene Delivery to the Mouse Inner Ear through the Round Window Membrane. J. Vis. Exp. (2015)This video demonstrates the procedure of delivering a therapeutic gene into the inner ear of a mouse pup with genetically induced hearing loss. Using an adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector, the gene is injected through the round window membrane, allowing viral particles to enter hair cells, restore glutamate transporter production, and...

Source: Yavuz, B., et al. Formulating and Characterizing an Exosome-based Dopamine Carrier System. J. Vis. Exp. (2022)This video demonstrates the formulation of dopamine-loaded exosomes, focusing on saponin-induced membrane permeabilization to enhance dopamine encapsulation within exosomes.

Source: Zeynalov, E. et. al., Continuous IV Infusion is the Choice Treatment Route for Arginine-vasopressin Receptor Blocker Conivaptan in Mice to Study Stroke-evoked Brain Edema. J. Vis. Exp. (2016)This video demonstrates the intravenous delivery of an arginine-vasopressin (AVP) receptor antagonist in a mouse model. Transient middle cerebral artery occlusion induces brain edema. An AVP receptor antagonist is administered through a catheter in the left jugular vein, alleviating edema.

Source: Martinez, E., et al. Intracranial Pharmacotherapy and Pain Assays in Rodents. J. Vis. Exp. (2019).This video demonstrates the intracranial administration of an analgesic drug in an anesthetized rat with a pre-implanted guide cannula in the prefrontal cortex. An additional analgesic drug is co-administered intraperitoneally. Following recovery, the rat’s thermal pain response is assessed using Hargreave’s apparatus, where paw withdrawal latency is measured to evaluate the analgesic...

Source: Vanegas, M. I., et al. Microinjectrode System for Combined Drug Infusion and Electrophysiology. J. Vis. Exp. (2019)This video demonstrates a microelectrode-based microfluidic device that delivers drug solution through a capillary tube, using an oil-based marker solution for precise volume tracking and enabling simultaneous neural recording and drug infusion.

Source: Mohan, R., et al. Intramuscular Injections Along the Motor End Plates: A Minimally Invasive Approach to Shuttle Tracers Directly into Motor Neurons. J. Vis. Exp. (2015)This video demonstrates the targeted delivery of a fluorescent neuronal tracer into motor neurons via intramuscular injection at the motor end plates (MEPs). It outlines the steps involved in preparing the rat, injecting the tracer, and assessing labeled motor neurons for neurotherapeutic potential.

Source: Parikh, S., et al. An Alternative and Validated Injection Method for Accessing the Subretinal Space via a Transcleral Posterior Approach. J. Vis. Exp. (2016)This video demonstrates the procedure for delivering a fluorescent dye into the subretinal space of a mouse. The process involves anesthetizing the mouse, preparing the eye, making precise incisions to access the subretinal space, and injecting the dye to create a controlled retinal detachment. This technique allows for targeted...

Source: Zhu, J., et. al., Preparation and Characterization of Novel HDL-mimicking Nanoparticles for Nerve Growth Factor Encapsulation. J. Vis. Exp. (2017)This video demonstrates the stepwise assembly of NGF-loaded HDL-mimicking nanoparticles using protamine-assisted encapsulation and lipid-based self-assembly for potential neurotrophic delivery applications.

Source: Fukushima, A., et al. Intracerebroventricular Treatment with Resiniferatoxin and Pain Tests in Mice. J. Vis. Exp. (2020)This video demonstrates the procedure for intracerebroventricular injection of resiniferatoxin in mice to desensitize the TRPV1 receptors in the brain.

Source: Zheng, Y., et al. Experimental Models to Study the Neuroprotection of Acidic Postconditioning Against Cerebral Ischemia. J. Vis. Exp. (2017)This video demonstrates the application of acidic postconditioning (APC) to evaluate its neuroprotective effects against ischemic injury in a mouse model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). It outlines the steps involved in reperfusion in the MCAO model and the application of APC during reperfusion to mitigate excitotoxicity, oxidative...

Source: Lee, S. E., et al. Assessing Neuroprotective Effects of Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma Extract Using a Transient Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Mouse Model. J. Vis. Exp. (2018)This video demonstrates the procedure to assess the neuroprotective effect of a test compound in a middle cerebral artery occlusion mouse model. The compound enters the brain, prevents neuronal death, and reduces infarct volume, confirming its neuroprotective effect compared to an untreated mouse.

Source: Andreatta, R. D. et. al., Subcutaneous Neurotrophin 4 Infusion Using Osmotic Pumps or Direct Muscular Injection Enhances Aging Rat Laryngeal Muscles. J. Vis. Exp. (2017)This video demonstrates neurotrophin 4 (NTF4) infusion in an aged rat model to restore laryngeal muscle function affected by aging-related denervation and reduced neuromuscular junctions. NTF4 triggers nerve regeneration and promotes neuromuscular junction formation, highlighting its therapeutic potential for laryngeal...

Source: Liou, C. et al. Intracerebroventricular Delivery of Gut-Derived Microbial Metabolites in Freely Moving Mice. J. Vis. Exp. (2022).This video demonstrates the intracranial injection of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in a freely moving mouse to study their effects on brain-mediated behavior. An injector cannula is inserted into a guide cannula implanted in the mouse brain. After recovery, the mouse acclimates in a novel cage. SCFAs are then administered, and locomotor behavior is recorded.

Source: Joshi, K., et al. Stereotaxic Surgical Approach to Microinject the Caudal Brainstem and Upper Cervical Spinal Cord via the Cisterna Magna in Mice. J. Vis. Exp. (2022)This video demonstrates the cisterna magna stereotaxic approach for targeted delivery to the brainstem and upper spinal cord. By accessing the cerebrospinal fluid-filled cisterna magna, this approach enables precise injections into areas that are difficult to reach using standard stereotaxic methods.

Source: Poland, R. et al. Rodent Brain Microinjection to Study Molecular Substrates of Motivated Behavior. J. Vis. Exp. (2015)In this video, a water-filled microinjection setup consisting of a syringe and microinjector tubing is used for precise drug delivery. A rat with a pre-implanted guide cannula undergoes targeted brain microinjection, enabling accurate administration of therapeutic agents in awake animals with minimal tissue damage.

Source: Silva, C. et al. Unraveling the Role of Discrete Areas of the Rat Brain in the Regulation of Ovulation through Reversible Inactivation by Tetrodotoxin Microinjections. J. Vis. Exp. (2020)This video demonstrates the protocol for microinjection of tetrodotoxin (TTX) into the hypothalamus of a freely moving rat to transiently inhibit neuronal activity, suppress gonadotropin-releasing hormone secretion, and prevent ovulation.

Source: Rosenberg, M., et al. Designing Porous Silicon Films as Carriers of Nerve Growth Factor. J. Vis. Exp. (2019).This video demonstrates the use of a degradable nanostructured porous silicon (PSi) film for the sustained release of nerve growth factor (NGF) to support PC12 cell differentiation. NGF is adsorbed onto the film’s pores through electrostatic interactions and is gradually released into the media by diffusion and scaffold degradation. This controlled delivery promotes PC12 cell...

Source: Zhan, J., et al. Non-invasive Strategies for Chronic Manipulation of DREADD-controlled Neuronal Activity. J. Vis. Exp. (2019)This video demonstrates a non-invasive ophthalmic drug delivery method for targeted neuromodulation. The drug is delivered via eye drops, absorbed into the circulation, crosses the blood-brain barrier, and activates specific neuronal receptors.

Source: Zamboni, M., et al., Induction of Leptomeningeal Cells Modification Via Intracisternal Injection. J. Vis. Exp. (2020)This video demonstrates the procedure of delivering an inducer drug into the cisterna magna of an anesthetized mouse. The injection selectively induces fluorescent marker expression in brain surface cells accessible via cerebrospinal fluid, confirmed by fluorescence imaging.

Source: Wilson, K.L., et al. Injection of Hydrogel Biomaterial Scaffolds to The Brain After Stroke. J. Vis. Exp. (2020)This video demonstrates the stereotaxic injection of a hydrogel into the stroke core of a post-stroke mouse, highlighting its role in scaffold formation that mimics the extracellular matrix, promotes cellular infiltration, and supports angiogenesis, underscoring its neurotherapeutic potential in stroke recovery.

Source: Xavier, A. L. R., et al. Cannula Implantation into the Cisterna Magna of Rodents. J. Vis. Exp. (2018)This video demonstrates the procedure for implanting a cannula into the cisterna magna of an anesthetized mouse. The technique involves guiding a needle-mounted cannula through the dura into the inverted triangular cisterna magna and securing it for targeted delivery into the cerebrospinal fluid.

Source: Unger, M. D., et al., Laminotomy for Lumbar Dorsal Root Ganglion Access and Injection in Swine. J. Vis. Exp. (2017)This video demonstrates a laminotomy procedure in an anesthetized pig to access the lumbar dorsal root ganglion for targeted neurotherapeutic delivery using convection-enhanced delivery.

Source: Mess, G., et al. Sonodynamic Therapy for the Treatment of Glioblastoma Multiforme in a Mouse Model Using a Portable Benchtop Focused Ultrasound System. J. Vis. Exp. (2023)This video demonstrates a protocol for performing sonodynamic therapy on a brain tumor in a mouse model using magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS). A sonosensitizer precursor is administered prior to treatment, which accumulates in tumor cells and is activated by focused ultrasound to produce reactive...

Source: Kim, B. D., et al. Nanoparticle Delivery of an Oligonucleotide Payload in a Glioblastoma Multiforme Animal Model. J. Vis. Exp. (2024)This video demonstrates the intravenous injection of therapeutic nanoparticles in a glioblastoma-bearing mouse. The method enables targeted delivery across the blood-brain barrier and supports non-invasive imaging for evaluating nanoparticle biodistribution and therapeutic efficacy in brain tumors.

Begin with a patient diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease, wearing a gamma therapy stimulation device.The device consists of an eye-set and headphones.Using the controller, activate the device to deliver auditory and visual stimulation.The visual component emits flickering light at a gamma frequency, while the auditory component produces synchronized sound pulses.Gamma oscillations are brain waves generated by synchronized neuronal firing, crucial for cognition and memory.In AD, these...

Take a rat with a focal ischemic stroke in the brain cortex, resulting in a compromised BBB, reduced blood flow, and excessive neuronal activity.Stroke also induces astrocyte activation, leading to the formation of neurotoxic astrocytes that release pro-inflammatory cytokines.This triggers neuroinflammation, leading to neuronal and endothelial cell degeneration.Restrain the rat and position the rTMS coil over the ischemic region.Administer theta-burst rTMS for several days.The electromagnetic...

Begin with a genetically modified (GM) mouse with disrupted downstream signaling of mGluR5, a neurotransmitter receptor.In the hippocampus of a regular mouse, mGluR5 regulates endocytosis of fast-acting excitatory receptors from existing synapses, weakening them.Internalized receptors are recycled to newly formed synapses, strengthening them for memory formation.In the GM mouse, impaired mGluR5 signaling reduces receptor redistribution, disrupting new memory formation.Expose the mouse to a...

Source: Jang, S., et al, Electroconvulsive Seizures in Rats and Fractionation of Their Hippocampi to Examine Seizure-induced Changes in Postsynaptic Density Proteins. J. Vis. Exp. (2017)This video demonstrates the induction of an acute electroconvulsive seizure (ECS) in a rat model to study seizure-induced neuroplasticity. Researchers apply electrical stimulation via ear-clip electrodes, triggering neuronal hyperexcitability and clonus. This model helps investigate synaptic plasticity, seizure...

Source: Sellers, K. K. et al. Closed-Loop Neurostimulation for Biomarker-Driven, Personalized Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder. J. Vis. Exp. (2023)This video demonstrates the procedure for system setup and data recording to support patient-specific biomarker detection and neurostimulation delivery for treating major depressive disorder.

Source: Fritsch, B. et al. Transcranial Electrical Brain Stimulation in Alert Rodents. J. Vis. Exp. (2017)This video demonstrates the implantation of electrodes and the application of transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) to the motor cortex of alert rats. It outlines the steps involved in electrode placement, stimulation delivery, and the resulting neuronal and microglial activation, highlighting its neurotherapeutic potential.

Source: Beom, J., et al. Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to the Unilateral Hemisphere of Rat Brain. J. Vis. Exp. (2016)This video demonstrates the application of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in anesthetized rats to modulate cortical excitability. The procedure involves determining the motor threshold (MT) to establish baseline stimulation, followed by applying rTMS at an intensity above the MT to induce neuronal depolarization. This stimulation triggers...

Source: Shafi, M. M., et al. A Multimodal Imaging- and Stimulation-based Method of Evaluating Connectivity-related Brain Excitability in Patients with Epilepsy. J. Vis. Exp. (2016)The video demonstrates the procedure for using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and electroencephalography (EEG) to assess neuronal excitability in patients with epilepsy. It details the steps for aligning the patient’s head with a pre-recorded brain scan, positioning the TMS coil over a functionally connected...

Source: Badran, B. W., et al. Laboratory Administration of Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation (taVNS): Technique, Targeting, and Considerations. J. Vis. Exp. (2019)This video demonstrates transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS), a noninvasive method for modulating brain activity. Electrodes are placed on the anterior wall of the outer ear canal and the tragus, targeting the auricular branch of the vagus nerve (ABVN). When stimulated, the resulting nerve impulse...

Source: Dunlop, K., et al. MRI-guided dmPFC-rTMS as a Treatment for Treatment-resistant Major Depressive Disorder. J. Vis. Exp. (2015)This video demonstrates the procedure for MRI-guided repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) targeting the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) to treat depression.

Source: Rich, M. T., et al. Using Optogenetics to Reverse Neuroplasticity and Inhibit Cocaine Seeking in Rats. J. Vis. Exp. (2021)This video demonstrates the use of optogenetics to induce long-term depression (LTD) at medial geniculate nucleus to lateral amygdala (MGN-LA) synapses, weakening cue-induced narcotic-seeking behavior in a rat model. The rat, surgically implanted with optical fibers and virally transduced to express light-sensitive ion channels, undergoes optogenetic stimulation with...

Source: Jakobs, M., et al. Subcutaneous Trigeminal Nerve Field Stimulation for Refractory Facial Pain. J. Vis. Exp. (2017)This procedure demonstrates the implantation of subcutaneous electrodes for trigeminal nerve stimulation to treat neuropathic facial pain. The electrodes are tunneled subcutaneously from the affected facial region to an infraclavicular pocket, where they are connected to an internal pulse generator (IPG). The IPG delivers electrical stimulation, activating mechanoreceptor...

Source: Stefanou, M., et.al. Brain State-dependent Brain Stimulation with Real-time Electroencephalography-Triggered Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. J. Vis. Exp. (2019)This video demonstrates the process of real-time EEG-triggered transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to study cortical excitability. The procedure involves positioning the TMS coil over the motor cortex, synchronizing stimulation with specific phases of the EEG signal, and recording motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) to explore...

Source: Holbrook, C., et al. Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation of the Posterior Medial Frontal Cortex to Experimentally Reduce Ideological Threat Responses. J. Vis. Exp. (2018)This video demonstrates the application of continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS) to modulate responses to ideological threats. Electromyography (EMG) electrodes record motor signals, while a magnetic coil stimulates the primary motor cortex to determine the active motor threshold (aMT). The coil is then repositioned...

Source: Pope, P. A. Modulating Cognition Using Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation of the Cerebellum. J. Vis. Exp. (2015)This video demonstrates the effects of cathodal tDCS on cognitive function by modulating neural activity in the cerebellum. It outlines the steps for administering tDCS, conducting cognitive tasks, and analyzing its impact on working memory.

Source: Shirozu, K., et al. Pupillary Response as Assessment of Effective Seizure Induction by Electroconvulsive Therapy. J. Vis. Exp. (2019)This video demonstrates the procedure for performing electroconvulsive therapy in a human patient, highlighting the stimulation process and assessing seizure activity through pupillary response.

Source: Curado, M. et. al., Non-Invasive Electrical Brain Stimulation Montages for Modulation of Human Motor Function. J. Vis. Exp. (2016)This video demonstrates the setup and mechanism of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) for modulating human motor function. By placing the anode over the primary motor cortex and the cathode over the contralateral supraorbital area, the targeted electrical stimulation increases cortical excitability, enhancing motor neuron activity and improving...

Source: Shaw, M. T. et al. Remotely Supervised Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation: An Update on Safety and Tolerability. J. Vis. Exp. (2017)This video demonstrates the process of self-administering transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) for cognitive enhancement. It outlines the steps for electrode placement, stimulation setup, tolerability assessment, and the neuroplastic effects induced by tDCS.

Source: Fehér, K. D. et. al., Concurrent Electroencephalography Recording During Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS). J. Vis. Exp. (2016)This video demonstrates the setup of concurrent transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) and electroencephalography (EEG) experiments to deliver rhythmic electrical signals to the brain while recording brain activity. The procedure ensures electrode isolation and prevents gel bridging for accurate stimulation and clean EEG signals.

Source: Tendler, A., et al. How to Use the H1 Deep Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Coil for Conditions Other than Depression. J. Vis. Exp. (2017)This video demonstrates the use of deep transcranial magnetic stimulation (dTMS) to alleviate symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder, or PTSD. It begins by identifying reduced activity in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) as a key factor contributing to the overactivation of the amygdala and heightened fear responses. By applying targeted...

Source: Chen, W., et al. Stimulation Location Determination using a 3D Digitizer with High-Definition Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation. J. Vis. Exp. (2019)This video demonstrates the procedure for delivering high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) by accurately positioning electrodes using the 10–10 system, mapping their locations with a 3D digitizer, and applying stimulation to modulate neuronal activity in a targeted brain region.

Source: Lioumis, P. et al. Combined Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Electroencephalography of the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex. J. Vis. Exp. (2018)This video demonstrates a protocol for combining transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroencephalography to assess cortical excitability and the balance between excitation and inhibition in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.

Begin with a contact-free co-culture of neurons and oligodendrocytes.A permeable membrane separates the neurons in the transwell insert from the oligodendrocytes at the bottom well.Add potassium to the insert to raise extracellular potassium levels, which inhibits the efflux of intracellular potassium.The potassium accumulation depolarizes the neurons, triggering the opening of voltage-gated calcium channels and allowing calcium influx.The influx stimulates the release of excitatory...

Source: Shahror, R. A. et. al., Tracking Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide-labeled Mesenchymal Stem Cells using MRI after Intranasal Delivery in a Traumatic Brain Injury Murine Model. J. Vis. Exp. (2019)This video demonstrates intranasal mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) delivery in a mouse model. MSCs absorb into nasal tissue, migrate to the brain via cytokine signals, and secrete neurotrophic factors at the injury site, offering neurotherapeutic potential for neuronal repair.

Source: Quattrocolo, G., et al. Homochronic Transplantation of Interneuron Precursors into Early Postnatal Mouse Brains. J. Vis. Exp. (2018)This video demonstrates the transplantation of interneuron precursor cells into the neonatal mouse brain using either a homotopic or heterotopic approach. The procedure involves securing an anesthetized recipient pup, identifying the target brain region, and injecting a suspension of precursor cells derived from a donor pup at the same developmental stage.

Source: Parajuli, B., et.al. Transplantation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Microglia in Immunocompetent Mice Brain via Non-Invasive Transnasal Route. J. Vis. Exp. (2022).This video demonstrates the trans-nasal transplantation of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived human microglia (iPSMG) cells into a mouse brain. Hyaluronidase is applied to the nostrils of a microglial-depleted mouse to enhance permeability. iPSMG suspension is administered intranasally, and the mouse is...

Source: Gonzalez-Ramos, A., et. al., Transplantation of Human Stem Cell-Derived GABAergic Neurons into the Early Postnatal Mouse Hippocampus to Mitigate Neurodevelopmental Disorders. J. Vis. Exp. (2022)This video demonstrates the stereotaxic injection of human-derived interneuron precursor cells into the hippocampus of a genetically modified mouse pup with reduced inhibitory interneurons, aiming to restore excitatory-inhibitory balance.

Source: Struzyna, L. A. et. al., Anatomically Inspired Three-dimensional Micro-tissue Engineered Neural Networks for Nervous System Reconstruction, Modulation, and Modeling. J. Vis. Exp. (2017)This video demonstrates the development of micro-tissue-engineered neural networks using a hydrogel micro-column with an extracellular matrix core. Seeded neuronal aggregates adhere, extend projections, and form structured neural networks, contributing to advancements in neurodevelopment and...

Source: Sharma, A. D., et.al. High Throughput Characterization of Adult Stem Cells Engineered for Delivery of Therapeutic Factors for Neuroprotective Strategies. J. Vis. Exp. (2015)This video demonstrates the process of characterizing transgenic mesenchymal stem cells engineered to express therapeutic neurotrophic factors. It outlines the steps involved in fixing, permeabilizing, and staining the cells with primary and secondary antibodies targeting a cell proliferation marker, followed by...

Source: Zimmermann, S., et.al. Stromal Vascular Fraction-enriched Fat Grafting for the Treatment of Symptomatic End-neuromata. J. Vis. Exp. (2017)This video demonstrates the surgical procedure for neurolysis and stromal vascular fraction (SVF)-enriched fat grafting in the management of symptomatic neuroma. Neurolysis removes adhesion tissue to restore nerve gliding, while SVF-enriched fat grafting is applied around the nerve to create a protective barrier, support nerve healing, and enhance...

Source: Lee, Y., et.al. Transplantation of Schwann Cells Inside PVDF-TrFE Conduits to Bridge Transected Rat Spinal Cord Stumps to Promote Axon Regeneration Across the Gap. J. Vis. Exp. (2017)This video demonstrates the use of a piezoelectric polymer conduit seeded with Schwann cells to promote axon regeneration in a transected rat spinal cord. The conduit provides structural guidance, while its bioelectric properties stimulate neurite outgrowth. Schwann cells within the conduit secrete...

Source: Palma-Tortosa, S., et.al. Organotypic Cultures of Adult Human Cortex as an Ex vivo Model for Human Stem Cell Transplantation and Validation. J. Vis. Exp. (2022)This video demonstrates the transplantation of stem cell-derived neuronal progenitor cells into human cortical tissue slices. The procedure involves isolating and resuspending progenitor cells in a basement membrane matrix, followed by their injection into a cortical slice placed on a transwell assembly. After incubation to allow...

Source: Weber, R. Z., et al. Intracerebral Transplantation and In Vivo Bioluminescence Tracking of Human Neural Progenitor Cells in the Mouse Brain. J. Vis. Exp. (2022)This video demonstrates the stereotaxic transplantation of genetically modified human neural progenitor cells (NPCs) into the mouse brain. Researchers inject NPCs expressing luciferase and fluorescent proteins, enabling in vivo bioluminescence imaging and post-mortem fluorescence microscopy to study cell survival, migration, and...

Source: Zweckberger, K., et al. Synergetic Use of Neural Precursor Cells and Self-assembling Peptides in Experimental Cervical Spinal Cord Injury. J. Vis. Exp. (2015).This protocol demonstrates a targeted injection approach for spinal cord injury repair in a rat model. It involves delivering self-assembling peptides (SAPs) into the lesion core to create a supportive scaffold, followed by neural precursor cell (NPC) injections around the lesion to remodel the tissue.

Source: Furmanski, O., et al. Controlled Cortical Impact Model of Mouse Brain Injury with Therapeutic Transplantation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neural Cells. J. Vis. Exp. (2019)In this video, human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neural cells are stereotaxically injected into the gray matter-white matter border of the deep cortex in a mouse model of traumatic brain injury. The transplanted cells integrate into the tissue, promoting functional recovery and circuit...

Source: Ibanez-Rios, M.I., et al., A Human Cerebral Organoid Model of Neural Cell Transplantation. J. Vis. Exp. (2023)This video demonstrates the injection of fluorescently labeled neural progenitor cells (NPCs) into human cerebral organoids using a cell-matrix mixture. The method is reproducible and animal-free, enabling transplantation with minimal organoid disruption. It offers a valuable platform for modeling neural transplants and central nervous system (CNS) diseases.