Name: plant nutrients: macro and micro needs
Uploaded: 2026-08-26T08:19:40.867Z
Duration: 3 min 12 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Alabama Course of Study Science

9-12

Environmental Science

Earth and Human Activity

9-12.EVS.4.11

Key Elements for Plant Nutrition

When a house plant has not been repotted or fertilized for many years, you might find signs of distress, such as leaf yellowing. Like all living things, plants require specific nutrients to reproduce, photosynthesize, and maintain homeostasis. Which nutrients do plants require to thrive?

Healthy plants need organic, carbon-based compounds as well as inorganic nutrients, commonly called minerals.&#xA0;

There are about 17 nutrients that support all of a plant&#x2019;s biochemical needs. These elements are called essential nutrients; no other elements can substitute for essential elements, and without them, a plant cannot complete its life cycle.

Among the essential nutrients are carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, which are derived from the atmosphere and water. Most plants acquire all other essential nutrients from the soil in which they are rooted.&#xA0;

The two groups of essential nutrients are macronutrients and micronutrients. Macronutrients include carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sulfur. Plants require these elements in relatively large amounts.&#xA0;

Carbon makes up about 45 percent of the dry mass of plants, and is a key component of proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates. Nitrogen is likewise a critical constituent of nucleic acids, proteins, and the photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll. Potassium is vital for regulating gas exchange, a process critical for photosynthesis.&#xA0;

Essential plant nutrients needed in smaller amounts are called micronutrients; the micronutrients chlorine, iron, manganese, boron, zinc, copper, nickel, and molybdenum are required for proper plant functioning.&#xA0;

Some micronutrients function as cofactors, which are substances that help enzymes work properly. For example, iron is a cofactor for enzymes in the mitochondria and chloroplasts.&#xA0;

If a plant is deficient in an essential nutrient, it begins to show symptoms like chlorosis or yellowing leaves. The particular nutrient deficiency can often be determined by examining the plant&#x2019;s appearance and the soil nutrient content.&#xA0;

Though essential nutrients account for a relatively small amount of a plant&#x2019;s mass, they are crucial for plant growth and homeostasis.&#xA0;

Padilla FM、Gallardo M、Peña-Fleitas MT、de Souza R、Thompson RB。用于蔬菜作物氮管理的近端光学传感器:综述。传感器 （Basel）。2018 年 6 月 28 日;18(7).[<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29958482" target="_blank">来源</a>]

Rouached H 和 Phan Tran LS。植物矿物质营养的调节:运输、传感和信号传导。植物矿物质营养的调节:运输、传感和信号传导。国际分子科学杂志。2015 年 12 月;16（12）:29717–29719。[<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4691141/" target="_blank">来源</a>]

植物营养要素

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Like all living organisms, plants require organic and inorganic nutrients to survive, reproduce, grow and maintain homeostasis. To identify nutrients that ...

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Education

教育

JoVE Core

Biology

生物学

Plant Biology

植物生物学

Plant Structure, Growth and Function

植物结构、生长与营养

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

关键术语与概念

plant nutrients: macro and micro needs

Plants need both organic and inorganic nutrients to survive, grow, reproduce, and keep normal cell function. Researchers use hydroponics to study these essential nutrients. In hydroponic culture, plants grow without soil in water-based nutrient solutions.

At least 17 nutrients are known to be essential for plants. Plants get these elements from the atmosphere, the soil around their roots, and water. Nine of them are macronutrients, which plants need in larger amounts. These macronutrients are carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, calcium, magnesium, and potassium.

Macronutrients are part of important plant molecules. Water, proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates all contain them. They also help control cell processes. For example, potassium helps regulate the opening and closing of stomata, the pores used for gas exchange.

Plants also need micronutrients, but only in small amounts. These include chlorine, iron, manganese, boron, zinc, copper, nickel, and molybdenum. Many micronutrients act as cofactors, which are helper molecules that allow enzymes to work. Without them, plants cannot carry out critical functions.

A plant with an essential nutrient deficiency may show drying or yellowing leaves. Old leaves and young leaves can be affected in different ways. For instance, iron deficiency often affects younger leaves more than older leaves. Finding and treating nutrient shortages is important in farming and environmental work.

Optical sensors can measure nitrogen levels in soil. Nitrogen is important for plant growth, but too much nitrogen fertilizer can be harmful. When soil nitrogen exceeds what plants can absorb, it can disrupt ecosystems and may contribute to global warming.

Plant Nutrients: Macro and Micro Needs

introduction to plant diversity

Plant Adaptations for Life on Land

Plant adaptations for life on land explain how Kingdom Plantae moved from water to land about 410 million years ago. This shift happened when green algae began colonizing a new environment that had not been widely occupied. Land offered more light and carbon dioxide for growth, but it also created major challenges for early plants. One key adaptation was the cuticle, a waxy outer layer that helps prevent water loss. It traps moisture inside the plant. But it also limited direct gas exchange...

non-vascular seedless plants

Nonvascular Plants and Their Life Cycle

Nonvascular plants include some of the earliest plants on Earth. Today, this group includes liverworts, mosses, and hornworts. These plants are also called bryophytes. They have no true roots, leaves, or stems because they lack extensive vascular tissue. Bryophytes reproduce with spores instead of seeds. Their life cycle is dominated by the haploid gametophyte stage, which produces eggs and sperm. The sporophyte stage makes haploid spores that can grow by mitosis into new gametophytes. In many...

seedless vascular plants

Fern Life Cycles and Vascular Tissue

Seedless vascular plants include ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns, and lycophytes. Ferns are the most common example. Whisk ferns and their relatives, along with horsetails, are monilophytes. Lycophytes include club mosses, spikemosses, and quillworts, and none of these are true mosses. Seedless vascular plants differ from nonvascular plants because they have vascular tissue. This tissue includes xylem and phloem, which move water and nutrients through the plant. Most seedless vascular plants...

introduction to seed plants

Seed Plants: Cones, Flowers, and Fruits

Seed plants are land plants that make seeds, use pollen, and have reduced gametophytes. This group includes gymnosperms and angiosperms. Gymnosperms include cycads, Ginkgo biloba, gnetophytes, and conifers. Gymnosperms usually form cones. Pollen cones contain the male gametophytes. Ovulate cones contain the female gametophytes and produce exposed seeds after fertilization. Angiosperms are the most diverse and widespread land plants. They form flowers and fruit, and both structures support...

basic plant anatomy: roots, stems, and leaves

basic-plant-anatomy-roots-stems-and-leaves

Plant Organs and Their Specialized Roles

Plants are built from roots, stems, and leaves, but each organ can change to fit a plant’s environment. These structures may look very different from one species to another. They still carry out the main jobs needed for growth and survival. Roots are usually underground, but that is not always true. Aerial roots grow aboveground. Epiphytic plants, such as orchids, can live without ever touching soil. In strangler figs and banyans, aerial roots begin aboveground, grow downward, and later reach...

plant cells and tissues

Plant Growth and Support Tissues

Plant growth and support tissues help plants grow, protect themselves, and move materials through the body. Plant tissues are groups of similar cells that do related jobs. These tissues combine to form organs such as flowers, fruit, stems, and leaves. Two major kinds of plant tissue are meristematic tissue and permanent tissue. Meristematic tissue is the main growth tissue in plants. It can keep dividing and renewing itself, and every plant cell begins in a meristem. Meristematic tissue is...

meristems and plant growth

Plant Growth from Root and Shoot Tips

Plants grow throughout their lives, and that pattern is called indeterminate growth. This trait sets plants apart from most animals. Some plant parts stop growing, such as leaves and flowers, but roots and stems can keep growing for a long time. Meristems make this ongoing growth possible. A meristem is a plant tissue that contains undifferentiated cells called meristematic cells. When these cells divide, some daughter cells stay in the meristem. That keeps a supply of cells that can keep...

primary and secondary growth in roots and shoots

primary-and-secondary-growth-in-roots-and-shoots

Root and Shoot Growth: Length vs. Width

Root and shoot growth in vascular plants happens in two main ways: primary growth and secondary growth. Primary growth makes roots and shoots longer. Secondary growth makes them thicker. Many woody plants show both kinds of growth, and the two can happen at the same time. Primary growth happens in newer parts of the plant. Secondary growth happens in regions that have already finished primary growth. In roots and shoots, the process starts in apical meristems, which are areas of actively...

morphogenesis

Plant Flowering and Organ Identity

Plant flowering and organ identity shape a plant’s form and structure. These changes depend on growth and cell differentiation, which work together during plant morphogenesis. Precursor cells become specialized cell types, and those cells are organized into tissues and organ systems that support the whole plant. Plant growth and cell differentiation are controlled by hormones. Plant hormones regulate gene expression, often in response to environmental stimuli. Temperature and day length are...

light acquisition

How Plants Maximize Sunlight Capture

Plants need light energy to make glucose, so leaf shape and plant structure help determine how well they capture sunlight. Many modern plants have evolved leaves that are specialized for light capture. Leaf size can vary from just a few millimeters wide to tens of meters wide, depending on the environment. Competition for sunlight has pushed evolution toward larger leaves and taller plants. These changes help plants avoid being shaded by nearby competitors. They also depend on root systems...

water and mineral acquisition

How Roots Absorb Water and Minerals

Roots absorb water and minerals from the soil using specialized tissues. Their branching patterns help them reach more soil, and root hairs on the outer cells increase surface area for contact with the ground. Water enters roots passively because the water concentration in the soil is higher than in root tissue. Minerals move in a different way. They are taken up actively by root cells, which requires energy and transport proteins. Soil particles carry a negative charge, so positive ions...

short-distance transport of resources

Plant Cell Membranes and Water Balance

Plant cell membranes control how water, ions, and other solutes move over short distances. This transport can happen across just 2 to 3 cells, and it begins at the plasma membrane. Small uncharged molecules, such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water, can diffuse through the membrane on their own. Ions and larger molecules need transport proteins because of their charge or size. Membrane transport also happens inside plant cells. The central vacuole stores resources and helps manage the cell’s...

xylem and transpiration-driven transport of resources

xylem-and-transpiration-driven-transport-of-resources

How Xylem Moves Water in Plants

Xylem moves water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant. The cells that carry xylem sap are dead when mature, so the flow is passive. Xylem transport depends on special tracheary elements, which connect directly with the extracellular space in the apoplast. There are two main tracheary elements: tracheids and vessel elements. Tracheids are long cells with lignified walls and small pits. These pits let xylem sap move from one cell to the next where the walls overlap.

regulation of transpiration by stomata

How Guard Cells Open Plant Stomata

How guard cells open and close plant stomata controls gas exchange in leaves. A stoma is a tiny opening in the leaf epidermis. The word comes from the Greek word for “mouth.” These openings let plants take in carbon dioxide for photosynthesis and release oxygen into the air. Each stoma is surrounded by two guard cells. When these cells take up water, they create an opening. Ion transport controls how much water stays in the guard cells. A trigger causes pumps to move hydrogen ions out of the...

adaptations that reduce water loss

Plant Features That Limit Water Loss

Plant features that limit water loss help plants survive in dry or hot environments. Water is needed for photosynthesis and other cell processes, so plants have evolved several ways to slow evaporation from their leaves. One major barrier is the cuticle, a waxy layer on the leaf epidermis. The epidermis is the outer cell layer, and it makes cutin and other plant waxes that form this hydrophobic coating. The cuticle helps stop water from escaping and also keeps out unwanted solutes. Its...

phloem and sugar transport

How Phloem Moves Sugars in Plants

Phloem moves sugars and other materials through plants. In angiosperms, sugar production is mostly limited to photosynthetic cells in the leaves. These leaves act as sugar sources because they make more sugar than they use. Roots, shoots, flowers, and fruits are usually sugar sinks because they need more sugar than they can make. This movement is called translocation. It carries sugar, hormones, amino acids, and some signaling molecules from source tissues to sink tissues. The transport...

the soil ecosystem

Soil Layers and How Soil Forms

Soil supplies plants with water and inorganic minerals. It is the natural medium for land plants, and its quality depends on both chemical makeup and living organisms in the soil. Healthy soil contains enough air, water, minerals, and organic matter to support plant growth. Soil is made of three major components. Inorganic mineral matter makes up about 40 to 45 percent of soil volume. Organic matter, also called humus, makes up about 5 percent. Water and air fill about 50 percent of the volume.

key elements for plant nutrition

Plants need both organic and inorganic nutrients to survive, grow, reproduce, and keep normal cell function. Researchers use hydroponics to study these essential nutrients. In hydroponic culture, plants grow without soil in water-based nutrient solutions. At least 17 nutrients are known to be essential for plants. Plants get these elements from the atmosphere, the soil around their roots, and water. Nine of them are macronutrients, which plants need in larger amounts. These macronutrients are...

the roles of bacteria and fungi in plant nutrition

the-roles-of-bacteria-and-fungi-in-plant-nutrition

How Soil Microbes Help Plants Get Nutrients

Soil microbes help plants get nutrients, water, and protection. Plants can make their own food by photosynthesis, but they still depend on organisms in the soil to get the nutrients they need to work properly. Bacteria and fungi form symbiotic relationships with plants, which helps both partners survive in many environments. The bacteria living in and around plant roots are called the rhizosphere. This community is very diverse. Some bacteria can cause disease, but most help plant health. In...

epiphytes, parasites, and carnivores

Plant Nutritional Adaptations in Nature

Plant nutritional adaptations help some species survive by using fungi, bacteria, or other plants and animals. Many plants also rely on mutualistic partners in the soil. Root-colonizing fungi, such as mycorrhizae, increase root surface area and improve nutrient absorption. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria, such as rhizobia, convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into ammonia (NH3), which plants can use to build essential molecules like chlorophyll. These relationships benefit both sides. The plant gets...

the apoplast and symplast

Plant Water Transport Pathways

Plant water transport pathways help roots absorb water and dissolved minerals from the soil. These pathways move materials through plant tissues that support growth and nutrient uptake. The main tissue regions involved are the apoplast and the symplast. The apoplast includes everything outside the plasma membrane of living cells. It contains cell walls, extracellular spaces, xylem, phloem, and tracheids. The symplast is the cytosol of all living plant cells, along with the plasmodesmata that...

key terms and concepts

Learn how plants use macronutrients and micronutrients, how deficiencies appear in leaves, and why nitrogen testing matters in agriculture and ecosystems.

Plant Nutrients: Macro and Micro Needs | JoVE K12

JoVE Core series brings biology to life through over 300 concise and easy-to-understand animated video lessons that explain key concepts in biology, plus more than 150 scientist-in-action videos that show actual research experiments conducted in today’s laboratories.

biology

JoVE Core系列通过300多节动画视频课简明易懂地讲解生物学中的关键概念，以及150余段视频展示科学家在现代实验室开展实际研究实验，让生物学变得平易近人。

Florida Department of Education

High School

Life Science

SC.912.L.14

SC.912.L.14.7

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Biofuels: Producing Ethanol from Cellulosic Material

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Enthalpies of Reaction

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Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells

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9-12.EVS.4.6

Dye-sensitized Solar Cells

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7. Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to describe the development, management, and recycling of mineral resources. Example: Research technologies used to mine and process rare Earth metals for electronics. Gather information and draw conclusions about the sustainability of plastics recycling.

9-12.EVS.4.7

Nutrients in Aquatic Ecosystems

Source: Laboratories of Margaret Workman and Kimberly Frye - Depaul University
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The Sulfur Cycle

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Pollination and Flower Structure

Flowers are the reproductive, seed-producing structures of angiosperms. Typically, flowers consist of sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels. Sepals and ...

8. Construct or revise a claim based on evidence of the effects of human activities on Earth's systems, natural resources, and ecosystem services. Examples: Construct a claim that excess nitrogen and phosphorus causes algal blooms, deforestation disrupts carbon storage, or excess atmospheric sulfur leads to acid rain. Construct a claim that changing rain patterns cause flooding or desertification. Construct a claim that temperature cycles affect the timing of migrations and the flowering of plants, causing a disjunction in pollination.

9-12.EVS.4.8

What is Photosynthesis?

All living organisms on Earth are directly or indirectly dependent on photosynthesis. It is the only biological process that can capture energy from ...

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determination-of-nox-in-automobile-exhaust-using-uv-vis-spectroscopy

Determination Of NOx in Automobile Exhaust Using UV-VIS Spectroscopy

Source: Laboratories of Margaret Workman and Kimberly Frye - Depaul University
In the troposphere, ozone is naturally formed when sunlight splits nitrogen ...

Bioremediation

Bioremediation is the use of prokaryotes, fungi, or plants to remove pollutants from the environment. This process has been used to remove harmful toxins ...

Microbial Bioremediation of Hydrocarbons

Bioremediation is an environmentally sustainable process that employs living organisms&#8212;primarily microorganisms&#8212;to degrade or neutralize ...

Microbial Bioremediation of Pesticides

Pesticides often feature structurally complex chemical architectures, incorporating halogen groups and multiple aromatic rings. These characteristics ...

b. Use engineering practices to evaluate and refine a current solution designed to protect natural resources from anthropogenic sources of atmospheric, terrestrial, or aquatic pollution. Example: Create mechanisms to remove plastic from the ocean or particulates from industrial exhaust.

9-12.EVS.4.8.b

applications-of-gis-disaster-management-and-emergency-response

Applications of GIS: Disaster Management and Emergency Response

Geographic Information System (GIS) technology is essential for risk identification, action prioritization, and resource optimization in critical ...

Ecological Disturbance

An ecological disturbance is a temporary disruption in the environment resulting from abiotic, biotic, or anthropogenic factors, causing a pronounced ...

What are Biogeochemical Cycles?

The most common elements in organic molecules, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus, are only available in the ecosystem in limited ...

9. Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information based on evidence to explain how key natural resources, natural hazards, and climate variability influence human activity and welfare.

9-12.EVS.4.9

Stratified Sampling Method

Sampling is a technique to select a portion (or subset) of the larger population and study that portion (the sample) to gain information about the ...

a. Communicate scientific information about how environmental change may disproportionately impact people in certain socioeconomic groups or geographic locations. Examples: People in lower socioeconomic groups or those who are unhoused are more affected by rising temperatures and heat islands than others. Populations living at lower sea levels are more impacted by sea level rise than those who live at higher elevations. People living in floodplains are more likely to experience seasonal flooding than those living on higher ground.

9-12.EVS.4.9.a

Genetic Drift

Natural selection&#x2014;probably the most well-known evolutionary mechanism&#x2014;increases the prevalence of traits that enhance survival and ...

Gene Flow

Gene flow is the transfer of genes among populations, resulting from either the dispersal of gametes or from the migration of individuals.

This ...

Conservation of Small Populations

Small population sizes put a species at extreme risk of extinction due to a lack of variation, and a consequent decrease in adaptability. This weakens ...

Conservation of Declining Populations

Conservation of declining population focuses on ways of detecting, diagnosing, and halting a population decline. The approach uses methods to prevent ...

10. Use mathematics and graphic models to communicate how human activity may affect genetic variation in organism populations, including threatened and endangered species.

9-12.EVS.4.10

Plant Nutrients: Macro and Micro Needs

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