Análisis y calcio monocanal Imaging en los podocitos de los glomérulos recién aisladas
Summary
Changes in the intracellular calcium levels in the podocytes are one of the most important means to control the filtration function of glomeruli. Here we explain a high-throughput approach that allows detection of real-time calcium handling and single ion channels activity in the podocytes of the freshly isolated glomeruli.
Abstract
Podocytes (renal glomerular epithelial cells) are known to regulate glomerular permeability and maintain glomerular structure; a key role for these cells in the pathogenesis of various renal diseases has been established since podocyte injury leads to proteinuria and foot process effacement. It was previously reported that various endogenous agents may cause a dramatic overload in intracellular Ca2+ concentration in podocytes, presumably leading to albuminuria, and this likely occurs via calcium-conducting ion channels. Therefore, it appeared important to study calcium handling in the podocytes both under normal conditions and in various pathological states. However, available experimental approaches have remained somewhat limited to cultured and transfected cells. Although they represent a good basic model for such studies, they are essentially extracted from the native environment of the glomerulus. Here we describe the methodology of studying podocytes as a part of the freshly isolated whole glomerulus. This preparation retains the functional potential of the podocytes, which are still attached to the capillaries; therefore, podocytes remain in the environment that conserves the major parts of the glomeruli filtration apparatus. The present manuscript elaborates on two experimental approaches that allow 1) real-time detection of calcium concentration changes with the help of ratiometric confocal fluorescence microscopy, and 2) the recording of the single ion channels activity in the podocytes of the freshly isolated glomeruli. These methodologies utilize the advantages of the native environment of the glomerulus that enable researchers to resolve acute changes in the intracellular calcium handling in response to applications of various agents, measure basal concentration of calcium within the cells (for instance, to evaluate disease progression), and assess and manipulate calcium conductance at the level of single ion channels.
Introduction
Los riñones mantienen el equilibrio homeostático para diversas sustancias y regulan el volumen de sangre en una forma que determina la presión de la sangre total. Las perturbaciones en la filtración renal, reabsorción o plomo secreción o acompañar a los estados patológicos, que van desde la hiper o hipotensión que terminan enfermedad renal que eventualmente requiere un trasplante de riñón. La unidad de filtración renal (glomérulo) consiste en tres capas – el endotelio capilar, la membrana basal y una capa de una sola célula de las células epiteliales – podocitos, que desempeñan un papel importante en el mantenimiento de la integridad y la función 1-rendija de diafragma. Disfunción en el filtro glomerular de permeabilidad selectiva provoca la pérdida urinaria de macromoléculas, tales como proteinuria. Varios agentes pueden afectar a la estructura de los podocitos y sus procesos de pie, que determinan la integridad de la barrera de filtración glomérulos.
Los podocitos están involucrados en el mantenimiento de la Glomfunción de filtración eruli. Se ha establecido que el manejo inadecuado de calcio por el podocitos conduce a la lesión de las células y juega un papel importante en la progresión de diversas formas de nefropatías 2,3. Por lo tanto, el desarrollo de un modelo que permite la medición directa de los cambios de concentración de calcio intracelular será fundamental para el estudio de la función de podocitos. Glomérulos aislados se utilizaron previamente en un numerosos estudios incluyendo la medición del coeficiente de reflexión albúmina cambia 4 y la evaluación de las corrientes celulares integrales en las mediciones electrofisiológicas de patch-clamp de células enteras 5,6. En el presente trabajo se describe el protocolo que permite al investigador para medir cambios en la concentración de calcio intracelular en respuesta a las solicitudes de los agentes farmacológicos, estimar los niveles basales de calcio dentro de las células, y evaluar la actividad de los canales de calcio individual. Mediciones de la concentración de calcio y Ratometric electrop patch-clamphysiology se utilizaron para determinar los cambios en la concentración de calcio intracelular dentro de la actividad de podocitos y el canal, respectivamente.
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
El enfoque descrito aquí permite el análisis de manejo del calcio por los podocitos de los glomérulos de roedores. Esta técnica permite la aplicación de patch-clamp electrofisiología solo canal y de fluorescencia de imagen confocal radiométrica. Sin embargo, ambos enfoques pueden ser utilizados por separado, por su propia cuenta. El protocolo propuesto tiene varios pasos relativamente simples, incluyendo ras 1) del riñón; 2) el aislamiento de los glomérulos por tamizado diferencial; 3) la realización de patch…
Disclosures
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
Los autores desean agradecer a Glen Slocum (Colegio Médico de Wisconsin) y Colleen A. Lavin (Nikon Instruments, Inc.) para una excelente asistencia técnica con los experimentos de microscopía. Gregory Blass es reconocido por corrección crítica del manuscrito. Esta investigación fue financiada por los Institutos Nacionales de Salud de subvención HL108880 y la Asociación Americana de Diabetes conceder 1-15-BS-172 (AS), y el Ben J. Lipps de Becas de Investigación de la Sociedad Americana de Nefrología (DVI).
Materials
| Fluo4 AM | Life Technologies | F14217 | 500µl in DMSO |
| FuraRed AM | Life Technologies | F-3020 | |
| Poly-L-lysine | Sigma-Aldrich | P4707 | |
| Pluronic acid | Sigma-Aldrich | F-68 | solution |
| Ionomycin | Sigma-Aldrich | I3909-1ML | |
| Tube rotator | Miltenyi Biotec GmbH | 130-090-753 | Germany |
| Nikon confocal microscope (inverted) | Nikon | Nikon A1R | Laser exitation 488nm. Emission filters 500-550nm and 570-620nm |
| Objective | Nikon | Plan Apo 60x/NA 1.4 Oil | |
| Cover Glass | Thermo Scientific | 6661B52 | |
| High vacuum grease | Dow Corning | Silicone Compound | |
| Software | Nikon | Nikon NIS-Elements | |
| Recording/perfusion chamber | Warner Instruments | RC-26 | |
| Patch Clamp amplifier | Molecular Devices | MultiClamp 700B | |
| Data Acquisition System | Molecular Devices | Digidata 1440A | Axon Digidata® System |
| Low Pass Filter | Warner Instruments | LPF-8 | 8 pole Bessel |
| Borosilicate glass capillaries | World Precision Instruments | 1B150F-4 | |
| Micropipette Puller | Sutter Instrument Co | P-97 | Flaming/Brown type micropipette puller |
| Microforge | Narishige | MF-830 | Japan |
| Motorized Micromanipulator | Sutter Instrument Co | MP-225 | |
| Inverted microscope | Nikon | Eclipse Ti | |
| Microvibration isolation table | TMC | equipped with Faraday cage | |
| Multichannel valve perfusion system | AutoMake Scientific | Valve Bank II | |
| Recording/perfusion chamber | Warner Instruments | RC-26 | |
| Software | Molecular Devices | pClamp 10 . 2 | |
| Nicardipine | Sigma-Aldrich | N7510 | |
| Iberiotoxin | Sigma | I5904-5UG | |
| Niflumic acid | Sigma-Aldrich | N0630 | |
| DIDS | Sigma-Aldrich | D3514-25MG | |
| TEA chloride | Tocris | T2265 | |
| RPMI 1640 | Life Technologies | 11835030 | without antibiotics |
| BSA | Sigma-Aldrich | A8327 | 30% albumin solution |
| Temperature controlled surgical table | MCW core | for rodents | |
| Steel sieves: | #100 (150 μm), 140 (106 μm) | ||
| Gilson, Inc SIEVE 3 SS FH NO200 | Fisher Sci | 50-871-316 | |
| Gilson, Inc SIEVE 3 SS FH NO270 | Fisher Sci | 50-871-318 | |
| Gilson, Inc SIEVE 3 SS FH NO400 | Fisher Sci | 50-871-320 | |
| mesh 200 | Sigma-Aldrich | s4145 | screen for CD-1 |
| Binocular microscope | Nikon | Eclipse TS100 | |
| Binocular microscope | Nikon | SMZ745 | |
| Syringe pump-based perfusion system | Harvard Apparatus | ||
| polyethylene tubing | Sigma-Aldrich | PE50 | |
| Isofluorane anesthesia | http://www.vetequip.com/ | 911103 | |
| Other basic reagents | Sigma-Aldrich |
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