Name: plant growth and support tissues
Uploaded: 2026-06-01T06:27:49.402Z
Duration: 2 min 1 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

Life Science

LS.2

LS.2.c

Plant Cells and Tissues

Plant tissues carry out different functions such as growth, structural support, and nutrition. They are formed from specialized cells and are broadly categorized as either meristematic or permanent tissues.
 
 Meristematic tissues are considered regions of embryonic tissue, capable of self-renewal and indefinite cell division. Scientists distinguish two main types of meristems, based on their location inside the plant.
 
 Apical meristems are located at the tips of the roots and stems and enable elongation of these structures. Lateral meristems cause an increase in the thickness or girth of the growing plant, typically in woody plants.
 
 Cells that comprise permanent tissues are terminally differentiated and can no longer divide. Depending on the function, these are classified as dermal, vascular, or ground tissue.
 
 Dermal tissue is a complex, permanent tissue that is composed of various cell types. Dermal tissue promotes gas exchange and forms a protective plant surface. It is the first line of defense against pathogens and physical damage.
 
 In non-woody plants, dermal tissue is found as a layer of tightly packed cells called the epidermis. In aerial parts of the plant, the epidermis is covered by the cuticle, a waxy coating that prevents water loss.
 
 There are two types of vascular tissue: xylem and phloem. Water and minerals are transported in the xylem from roots to different parts of the plant. Phloem tissue conducts sugars from the site of photosynthesis to other parts of the plant.
 
 Ground tissue is a simple tissue that is responsible for most metabolic functions in plants. It is the site of photosynthesis, provides structural support to the stems, and offers a supportive matrix to the vascular tissue.

pflanzenzellen und gewebe

Pflanzengewebe sind Ansammlungen von &#xE4;hnlichen Zellen, die &#xE4;hnliche Funktionen erf&#xFC;llen. Verschiedene Pflanzengewebe haben ihre eigenen speziellen Aufgaben und k&#xF6;nnen mit anderen Geweben kombiniert werden, um Organe wie Blumen, Fr&#xFC;chte, Sprossachsen und Bl&#xE4;tter zu bilden. Zwei Haupttypen der Pflanzengewebe sind das Bildungsgewebe und das Dauergewebe.
 
 Das Bildungsgewebe Gewebe ist das prim&#xE4;re Wachstumsgewebe der Pflanzen. Es kann sich selbsterneuern und kann eine unbegrenzte Anzahl an Zellteilungen durchf&#xFC;hren. Jede Zelle in der Pflanze stammt von dem Bildungsgewebe. Bildungsgewebe (Meristem) wird abh&#xE4;ngig von der Lage in der Pflanze in eine der drei folgenden Arten klassifiziert - Apikalmeristem, Lateralmeristem und Restmeristem. Apikalmeristeme sind Bildungsgewebe, die sich an Spitze der Wurzel und der Sprossachse befinden, wo sie die Verl&#xE4;ngerung der Pflanzenl&#xE4;nge erm&#xF6;glichen. Lateralmeristeme sind im radialen Teil der Sprossachse und der Wurzel vorhanden und erh&#xF6;hen die Dicke des Umfangs der reifenden Pflanze. Das Restmeristem kommt nur in Einkeimbl&#xE4;ttrigen an der Basis des Internodien und Blattspreiten vor. Die Restmeristems erh&#xF6;hen die L&#xE4;nge der Blattspreiten.
 
 Dauergewebe sind entweder einfach (bestehend aus &#xE4;hnlichen Zelltypen) oder komplex (bestehend aus verschiedenen Arten von Zellen). Zum Beispiel ist das Abschlussgewebe ein einfaches Dauergewebe, das die &#xE4;u&#xDF;ere Schutzh&#xFC;lle bildet. Es sch&#xFC;tzt die Pflanze vor physischen Sch&#xE4;den und erm&#xF6;glicht den Gasaustausch. Bei krautigen Pflanzen ist das Abschlussgewebe eine Schicht aus gepackten Zellen, die Epidermis genannt wird. Die Kutikula, eine wachsartige epidermale Beschichtung, ist auf Bl&#xE4;ttern und Sprossachsen vorhanden, um den Wasserverlust zu verhindern. Die Epidermis hat spezifische Funktionen in verschiedenen Pflanzenorganen. Zum Beispiel nehmen Wurzeln Wasser und Mineralien durch die Epidermis aus dem Boden auf.
 
 Das Leitgewebe hingegen ist ein Beispiel f&#xFC;r komplexes Gewebe, das den Transport von Wasser und Mineralien durch die Pflanze erm&#xF6;glicht. Das Gef&#xE4;&#xDF;system besteht aus zwei spezialisierten Leitgef&#xE4;&#xDF;en: Xylem und Phloem. Xylem leitet Wasser und Mineralien von den Wurzeln zu verschiedenen Teilen der Pflanze und besteht selbst aus drei Zellarten: Tracheen, Tracheiden (beide halten Wasser) und Parenchymzellen. Phloem leitet organische Verbindungen von den Orten der Photosynthese zu verschiedenen Pflanzenteilen. Es umfasst vier verschiedene Zellarten: Siebelemente (die Photosynthese durchf&#xFC;hren), Parenchymzellen, Gegleitzellen und Sklerenchymzellen. In der Sprossachse bilden Xylem und Phloem zusammen eine Struktur, die Leitb&#xFC;ndel genannt wird, w&#xE4;hrend es in den Wurzeln Leitb&#xFC;ndelzylinder oder Leitzylinder genannt wird.
 
 Parenchym, Kollenchym und Sklerenchym
 
 Die Pflanzenanatomie unterteilt den Organismus in vier Hauptorgane - Wurzel, Sprossachse, Blatt und Bl&#xFC;te. Diese k&#xF6;nnen anschlie&#xDF;end in drei Gewebetypen unterteilt werden. Zum Beispiel bestehen Bl&#xE4;tter aus drei verschiedenen Geweben - Dauergewebe, Leitgewebe und Grundgewebe (Parenchym). Dar&#xFC;ber hinaus bestehen diese Gewebe jeweils aus bis zu drei Zelltypen Parenchym, Sklerenchym oder Kollenchym.
 
 Parenchymzellen sind lebend, metabolisch aktiv und werden in der Regel durch eine d&#xFC;nne und flexible prim&#xE4;re Zellwand abgrenzt. Im Allgemeinen bilden die Parenchymzellen 90 Prozent aller Zellen der krautigen Samenpflanzen. Diese treten oft in dem Mark oder der Rinde des Sprosses oder den Wurzeln auf, und dem fleischigen Gewebe von vielen Fr&#xFC;chten. Die meisten Parenchymzellen behalten die F&#xE4;higkeit sich zu teilen, so dass sie wichtig f&#xFC;r die Wundheilung und Geweberegeneration sind. Dar&#xFC;ber hinaus erf&#xFC;llen Parenchymzellen spezielle Funktionen der Pflanzen wie zum Beispiel, die Photosynthese, Lagerung oder Transport und unterst&#xFC;tzen das Leitgewebe, indem sie einen Weg f&#xFC;r den Austausch von N&#xE4;hrstoffen innerhalb oder zwischen Xylem und Phloem bilden.
 
 Kollenchymzellen sind auch lebend und besitzen eine langgestreckte Struktur, bestehend aus einer unregelm&#xE4;&#xDF;igen dicken Zellwand, die die Pflanze unterst&#xFC;tzt und strukturiert. Diese sind die seltensten Zelltypen und haben Zellw&#xE4;nde, die aus Zellulose und Pektin bestehen. Das epidermale Gewebe junger Sprossachsen und Blattadern besteht aus Kollenchymzellen. Es gibt drei allgemeine Klassifikationen der Kollenchymzellen, je nach Lage und Muster der Zellwandverdickungen &#x2013; einfaches Kollenchym, Eckenkollenchym, Plattenkollenchym und L&#xFC;ckenkollenchym.
 
 Sklerenchymzellen bilden in h&#xF6;heren Pflanzen das sch&#xFC;tzende oder unterst&#xFC;tzende Gewebe. Bei der Reife haben diese Zellen eine begrenzte physiologische Aktivit&#xE4;t und sind in der Regel tot. Sklerenchymzellen haben eine Zellwand mit einer verdickten Sekund&#xE4;rschicht, die aus Zellulose, Hemicellulose und Lignin besteht. Die jeweilige Ausrichtung der Zellulose bietet eine vielf&#xE4;ltige Kombination der Festigkeit, Flexibilit&#xE4;t und Steifheit der Pflanzenorgane, die unterschiedlichen Druck- und Zugkr&#xE4;ften ausgesetzt sind. Das Sklerenchym kommt in drei verschiedenen Formen vor - Sklerenchymfasern, Sklereiden und das wasserleitende Sklerenchym.

Pflanzenzellen und Gewebe

Plant tissues are collections of similar cells performing related functions. Different plant tissues will have their own specialized roles and can be ...

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Education

Lehre

JoVE Core

Biology

Biologie

Plant Biology

Pflanzenbiologie

Plant Structure, Growth and Function

Pflanzenstruktur, Wachstum und Ernährung

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

KERNBEGRIFFE UND KONZEPTE

plant growth and support tissues

Plant growth and support tissues help plants grow, protect themselves, and move materials through the body. Plant tissues are groups of similar cells that do related jobs. These tissues combine to form organs such as flowers, fruit, stems, and leaves.

Two major kinds of plant tissue are meristematic tissue and permanent tissue. Meristematic tissue is the main growth tissue in plants. It can keep dividing and renewing itself, and every plant cell begins in a meristem.

Meristematic tissue is grouped by location into apical, lateral, and intercalary meristems. Apical meristems are found at the tips of roots and stems, where they help the plant grow longer. Lateral meristems are found in the radial part of stems and roots, where they increase girth. Intercalary meristems occur only in monocots at the base of the internode and leaf blade, where they increase leaf blade length.

Permanent plant tissue can be simple or complex. Simple permanent tissue has similar cell types, while complex tissue contains different kinds of cells. Dermal tissue is a simple permanent tissue that forms the outer protective covering. It helps protect the plant from physical damage and also allows gas exchange.

In non-woody plants, the dermal tissue is a tightly packed layer called the epidermis. The cuticle is a waxy coating on leaves and stems that helps prevent water loss. The epidermis also has special jobs in different organs. In roots, water and minerals from the soil enter through the epidermis.

Vascular tissue is a complex tissue that moves water and minerals through the plant. It has two conducting vessels, xylem and phloem. Xylem carries water and minerals from the roots to other parts of the plant. It includes xylem vessels, tracheids, and xylem parenchyma. Phloem carries organic compounds from the site of photosynthesis to other parts of the plant. It includes sieve cells, phloem parenchyma, companion cells, and phloem fibers.

In stems, xylem and phloem together form a vascular bundle. In roots, the same tissue arrangement is called the vascular cylinder or vascular stele. Plant anatomy also divides the plant into four primary organs: root, stem, leaf, and flower. Leaves contain dermal, vascular, and ground tissues, and these tissues can include parenchyma, sclerenchyma, or collenchyma cells.

Parenchyma cells are living and metabolically active. They usually have a thin, flexible primary cell wall. These cells make up about 90 percent of the cells in herbaceous seed plants. They are often found in the cortex or pith of stems or roots and in the fleshy tissue of many fruits. Many parenchyma cells can still divide, so they help with wound healing and tissue regeneration. They also support photosynthesis, storage, transport, and nutrient exchange between xylem and phloem.

Collenchyma cells are also living and are elongated. They have irregularly thick cell walls that provide support and structure. They are the least common cell type and have walls made of cellulose and pectin. In young stems and leaf veins, the epidermal tissue can include collenchyma cells. Collenchyma may be described as angular, annular, lamellar, or lacunar, depending on where the wall thickening occurs.

Sclerenchyma cells form protective and supportive tissue in higher plants. At maturity, they usually have limited physiological activity and are often dead. Their secondary cell wall is thickened with cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. The direction of the cellulose helps give plant organs strength, flexibility, and stiffness under compressive and tensile forces. Sclerenchyma occurs as fibers, sclereids, and water-conducting sclerenchyma.

Plant Growth and Support Tissues

introduction to plant diversity

Plant Adaptations for Life on Land

Plant adaptations for life on land explain how Kingdom Plantae moved from water to land about 410 million years ago. This shift happened when green algae began colonizing a new environment that had not been widely occupied. Land offered more light and carbon dioxide for growth, but it also created major challenges for early plants. One key adaptation was the cuticle, a waxy outer layer that helps prevent water loss. It traps moisture inside the plant. But it also limited direct gas exchange...

non-vascular seedless plants

Nonvascular Plants and Their Life Cycle

Nonvascular plants include some of the earliest plants on Earth. Today, this group includes liverworts, mosses, and hornworts. These plants are also called bryophytes. They have no true roots, leaves, or stems because they lack extensive vascular tissue. Bryophytes reproduce with spores instead of seeds. Their life cycle is dominated by the haploid gametophyte stage, which produces eggs and sperm. The sporophyte stage makes haploid spores that can grow by mitosis into new gametophytes. In many...

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Seedless vascular plants include ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns, and lycophytes. Ferns are the most common example. Whisk ferns and their relatives, along with horsetails, are monilophytes. Lycophytes include club mosses, spikemosses, and quillworts, and none of these are true mosses. Seedless vascular plants differ from nonvascular plants because they have vascular tissue. This tissue includes xylem and phloem, which move water and nutrients through the plant. Most seedless vascular plants...

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Seed Plants: Cones, Flowers, and Fruits

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basic plant anatomy: roots, stems, and leaves

basic-plant-anatomy-roots-stems-and-leaves

Plant Organs and Their Specialized Roles

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plant cells and tissues

Plant growth and support tissues help plants grow, protect themselves, and move materials through the body. Plant tissues are groups of similar cells that do related jobs. These tissues combine to form organs such as flowers, fruit, stems, and leaves. Two major kinds of plant tissue are meristematic tissue and permanent tissue. Meristematic tissue is the main growth tissue in plants. It can keep dividing and renewing itself, and every plant cell begins in a meristem. Meristematic tissue is...

meristems and plant growth

Plant Growth from Root and Shoot Tips

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primary and secondary growth in roots and shoots

primary-and-secondary-growth-in-roots-and-shoots

Root and Shoot Growth: Length vs. Width

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morphogenesis

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light acquisition

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water and mineral acquisition

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short-distance transport of resources

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xylem and transpiration-driven transport of resources

xylem-and-transpiration-driven-transport-of-resources

How Xylem Moves Water in Plants

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regulation of transpiration by stomata

How Guard Cells Open Plant Stomata

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adaptations that reduce water loss

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phloem and sugar transport

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the soil ecosystem

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the roles of bacteria and fungi in plant nutrition

the-roles-of-bacteria-and-fungi-in-plant-nutrition

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the apoplast and symplast

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key terms and concepts

Explore meristematic, dermal, vascular, parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma tissues, and learn how plants grow, protect themselves, and transport materials.

Plant Growth and Support Tissues | JoVE K12

JoVE Core series brings biology to life through over 300 concise and easy-to-understand animated video lessons that explain key concepts in biology, plus more than 150 scientist-in-action videos that show actual research experiments conducted in today’s laboratories.

biology

Die JoVE-Serie erweckt die Biologie durch über 300 prägnante und leicht verständliche animierte Video-Lektionen zum Leben, die Schlüsselkonzepte der Biologie erklären, sowie durch mehr als 150 Videos von Wissenschaftlern in der Praxis, die aktuelle Forschungsexperimente in den Labors von heute zeigen.

Arizona Science Standards

High School

HS+B.L1

HS+B.L1U1.7

Florida Department of Education

SC.912.L.14

SC.912.L.14.7

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

Structure and Function

HS-LS1-2.

Georgia Standards of Excellence

9-12

Botany

SBO1.

basic-plant-structures-major-organs-tissues-cells-relation-to-their

Basic plant structures (major organs, tissues, and cells) in relation to their functions.

Cell Structure

Background
Cells represent the most basic biological units of all organisms, whether it be simple, single-celled organisms like bacteria, or large, ...

What are Cells?

Cells are the smallest and basic units of life, whether it is a single cell that forms the entire organism, e.g., in a bacterium, or trillions of them, ...

Animal and Plant Cell Structure

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Cell Diversity

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An Introduction to Cell Division

Cell division is the process by which a parent cell divides and gives rise to two or more daughter cells. It is a means of reproduction for single-cell ...

The student will investigate and understand that all living things are composed of one or more cells that support life processes, as described by the cell theory. Key ideas include the development of the cell theory demonstrates the nature of science;

LS.2.a

Cytoplasm

The Nucleus

The Nucleosome

Human DNA is almost two meters long. However, it is compressed inside a tiny nucleus measuring only a few microns in diameter. To make this degree of ...

The Nucleosome Core Particle

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Chromatin Packaging

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The Endoplasmic Reticulum

Golgi Apparatus

Lysosomes

Mitochondria

Mitochondrial Membranes

Peroxisomes

Ribosomes

Introduction to Cytoskeleton

Centrioles and Centrosomes

Most animal cells comprise a pair of centrioles together called a centrosome. The cell duplicates its centrosome and contains two centrosomes ...

Functions of Life

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Requirements for Human Life

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The student will investigate and understand that all living things are composed of one or more cells that support life processes, as described by the cell theory. Key ideas include cell structure and organelles support life processes;

LS.2.b

Visualizing Onion and Cheek Cells
ExpandImmediately before the experiment, wash and peel onion bulbs for the class.
Remove the entire brown outer skin and ...

Visualizing Onion and Human Cells
ExpandIn this experiment you will prepare different types of cells from a plant and animal, onion and human ...

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells represent two fundamental types of cellular organization, differing significantly in structure, complexity, and function. ...

Tissues

Cells with similar structure and function are grouped into tissues. A group of tissues with a specialized function is called an organ. There are four main ...

The student will investigate and understand that all living things are composed of one or more cells that support life processes, as described by the cell theory. Key ideas include similarities and differences between plant and animal cells determine how they support life processes;

Mitosis and Cytokinesis

In eukaryotes, the cell division cycle is divided into distinct, coordinated cellular processes that include cell growth, DNA replication/chromosome ...

What is the Cell Cycle?

The cell cycle refers to the sequence of events occurring throughout a typical cell&#8217;s life. In eukaryotic cells, the somatic cell cycle has two ...

Binary Fission

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Live Cell Imaging of Mitosis

Mitosis is a form of cell division in which a cell&#8217;s genetic material is divided equally between two daughter cells. Mitosis can be broken down into ...

The Cell Cycle Control System

The cell cycle is an organized set of events that leads the cell to divide into two daughter cells, each containing chromosomes identical to the parent ...

Cell Division

Cell division is fundamental to all living organisms and required for growth and development. As an essential means of reproduction for all living things, ...

Preparation of Onion Root Tips and Solutions
ExpandFor the cell cycle experiment using root tips, first, leave an onion suspended over a beaker of water ...

Observing the Cell Cycle in a Root Tip
ExpandHypotheses: The experimental hypothesis is that in root tips slices that have been treated with nocodazole, a ...

The student will investigate and understand that all living things are composed of one or more cells that support life processes, as described by the cell theory. Key ideas include cell division is the mechanism for growth and reproduction; and

LS.2.d

What are Membranes?

A key characteristic of life is the ability to separate the external environment from the internal space. To do this, cells have evolved semi-permeable ...

Membrane Fluidity

Cell membranes are composed of phospholipids, proteins, and carbohydrates loosely attached to one another through chemical interactions. Molecules are ...

Fluid Mosaic Model

The fluid mosaic model was first proposed as a visual representation of research observations. The model comprises the composition and dynamics of ...

What is an Electrochemical Gradient?

Adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, is considered the primary energy source in cells. However, energy can also be stored in the electrochemical gradient of an ...

Diffusion

Diffusion is the passive movement of substances down their concentration gradients&#x2014;requiring no expenditure of cellular energy. Substances, such as ...

Osmosis

Approximately 60% to 95% of the weight of living organisms is attributed to water. Therefore, maintaining appropriate water balance within cells is of ...

Tonicity in Animals

The tonicity of a solution determines if a cell gains or loses water in that solution. The tonicity depends on the permeability of the cell membrane for ...

Tonicity in Plants

Tonicity describes the capacity of a cell to lose or gain water. It depends on the quantity of solute that does not penetrate the membrane. Tonicity ...

Introduction to Membrane Proteins

The cell membrane, or plasma membrane, is an ever-changing landscape. It is described as a fluid mosaic where various macromolecules are embedded in the ...

Facilitated Transport

The chemical and physical properties of plasma membranes cause them to be selectively permeable. Since plasma membranes have both hydrophobic and ...

Primary Active Transport

In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or ...

Secondary Active Transport

One example of how cells use the energy contained in electrochemical gradients is demonstrated by glucose transport into cells. The ion vital to this ...

Receptor-mediated Endocytosis

Overview

Receptor-mediated endocytosis is a process through which bulk amounts of specific molecules can be imported into a cell after binding to cell ...

The student will investigate and understand that all living things are composed of one or more cells that support life processes, as described by the cell theory. Key ideas include cellular transport (osmosis and diffusion) is important for life processes.

LS.2.e

Plant Growth and Support Tissues

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