Name: chemical energy and reaction types
Uploaded: 2023-06-23T15:38:43.000Z
Duration: 1 min 16 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

north-carolina-k-12-science-standard-course-of-study

NC K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Chemistry

Matter and its Interactions

PS.Chm.4.1

Energy Transfer in Chemical Reactions

Alle chemischen Bindungen enthalten gespeicherte chemische Energie, die freigesetzt wird, wenn Bindungen während einer chemischen Reaktion aufgebrochen werden.
Wenn Gesamtreaktionen zu einer Nettofreisetzung von Energie führen, werden sie als exergonische Reaktionen bezeichnet, und solche, die mehr Energie absorbieren, als sie abgeben, werden als endergonisch bezeichnet.
Im Stoffwechsel werden exergonische und endergonische Reaktionen in der Regel gekoppelt, so dass die durch die eine Reaktion freigesetzte Energie für den Antrieb der anderen genutzt werden kann.
Die gesamte Energie, die vor und nach einer Reaktion vorhanden ist, bleibt erhalten, kann aber von einer Energieform in eine andere umgewandelt werden.
Zum Beispiel kann die chemische Energie, die in den kovalenten Bindungen von ATP eingefangen ist, in mechanische Energie umgewandelt werden, um Muskelbewegungen anzutreiben, oder in elektrische Energie, um Nervenimpulse durch den Körper zu übertragen.
Aber Energieumwandlungen sind in der Regel ineffizient, und ein Teil der Energie wird als Wärme freigesetzt, wie bei der Umwandlung chemischer Energie von einer Batterie in Licht.
Bei Säugetieren trägt die durch die Stoffwechselaktivität erzeugte Wärme zur Aufrechterhaltung der normalen Körpertemperatur bei.

energieübertragung bei chemischen reaktionen

Chemische Reaktionen erfordern ausreichend Energie, damit die Materie mit genügender Präzision und Kraft kollidieren kann, um alte chemische Bindungen zu lösen und neue zu bilden. Im Allgemeinen ist kinetische Energie die Form von Energie, die jegliche Art von Materie in Bewegung antreibt. Stellen Sie sich jemanden vor, der eine Ziegelmauer baut. Die Energie, die benötigt wird, um einen Ziegelstein auf einen anderen zu heben und zu platzieren, ist die kinetische Energie - die Energie, die Materie aufgrund ihrer Bewegung besitzt. Sobald die Mauer steht, speichert sie potenzielle Energie. Potenzielle Energie ist die Energie der Position oder die Energie, die Materie aufgrund der Lage oder Struktur ihrer Bestandteile besitzt. Wenn die Ziegelmauer zusammenbricht, wird die gespeicherte potenzielle Energie als kinetische Energie freigesetzt, wenn die Ziegelsteine fallen. 

 Chemische Energie ist die Form von potenzieller Energie, in der Energie in chemischen Bindungen gespeichert ist. Wenn diese Bindungen gebildet werden, wird chemische Energie investiert, und chemische Energie wird freigesetzt, wenn sie gelöst werden. Beachten Sie, dass chemische Energie, wie alle Energie, weder geschaffen noch zerstört wird; stattdessen wird sie von einer Form in eine andere umgewandelt. 

 Chemische Reaktionen, die mehr Energie freisetzen als sie aufnehmen, werden als exergonisch charakterisiert. Der Katabolismus von Lebensmitteln ist ein Beispiel für eine exergonische Reaktion. Die in den Lebensmitteln gespeicherte chemische Energie wird als Treibstoff für unseren Körper aufgenommen, aber es wird auch Energie freigesetzt, wie beispielsweise Wärme. Im Gegensatz dazu absorbieren endergonische chemische Reaktionen mehr Energie, als sie freisetzen. Diese Reaktionen erfordern Energiezufuhr, und das resultierende Molekül speichert die chemische Energie in den ursprünglichen Bestandteilen und der Energie, die die Reaktion angetrieben hat. Da Energie weder geschaffen noch zerstört wird, stammt die für endergonische Reaktionen benötigte Energie in vielen Fällen aus exergonischen Reaktionen. 

 Neben chemischer Energie sind mechanische, strahlende und elektrische Energie für die menschliche Funktionierung erforderlich. 
 <ul style="padding-left: 35px; list-style-type: disc;"
> 
 <li>Mechanische Energie, die in physischen Systemen wie Maschinen, Motoren oder dem menschlichen Körper gespeichert ist, treibt direkt die Bewegung von Materie an. Wenn Sie einen Ziegelstein an die Wand heben, liefert Ihre Muskulatur die mechanische Energie, die den Ziegelstein bewegt.</li> 
 <li>Strahlende Energie wird als Wellen statt als Materie abgegeben und übertragen. Diese Wellen reichen von langen Radiowellen und Mikrowellen bis hin zu kurzen Gamma-Wellen, die von zerfallenden Atomkernen emittiert werden. Das gesamte Spektrum der strahlenden Energie wird als elektromagnetisches Spektrum bezeichnet. Der menschliche Körper nutzt die ultraviolette Energie aus Sonnenlicht, um eine Verbindung in Hautzellen in Vitamin D umzuwandeln. Das menschliche Auge hat sich so entwickelt, dass es die Wellenlängen sehen kann, die die Farben des Regenbogens von Rot bis Violett umfassen. Dieser Bereich im Spektrum wird als „sichtbares Licht„ bezeichnet.</li> 
 <li>Elektrische Energie, die von Elektrolyten in Zellen und Körperflüssigkeiten bereitgestellt wird, trägt zu den Spannungsänderungen bei, die dazu beitragen, Impulse in Nerven- und Muskelzellen zu übertragen.</li> 
 </ul> 

 Dieser Text wurde angepasst von <a href="https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/2-3-chemical-reactions">Openstax, Anatomy and Physiology 2e, Section 2.3:Chemical Reactions</a>.

Energieübertragung bei chemischen Reaktionen

Chemische Reaktionen erfordern genügend Energie, um die Materie mit so viel Präzision und Kraft kollidieren zu lassen, dass alte chemische Bindungen aufgebrochen und neue ...

Education

Lehre

JoVE Core

Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomie und Physiologie

Unit 1

Einheit 1

Fundamentals of Chemistry

Grundlagen der Chemie

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

KERNBEGRIFFE UND KONZEPTE

chemical energy and reaction types

Chemical reactions depend on energy transfer, chemical bonds, and the way matter collides. A reaction needs enough energy for particles to meet with the right force and precision. That energy can break old bonds and help form new ones.

Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. A person lifting a brick uses kinetic energy to move the brick into place on a wall. Once the wall is built, it stores potential energy, which is the energy of position or structure. If the wall falls, that stored energy becomes kinetic energy as the bricks move downward.

Chemical energy is a form of potential energy stored in chemical bonds. Energy is invested when bonds form, and energy is released when bonds break. Like other energy forms, chemical energy is not created or destroyed. It is converted from one form to another.

Some chemical reactions release more energy than they absorb. These are exergonic reactions. The breakdown of food is one example. Food stores chemical energy, and when the body uses that fuel, some energy is released as heat.

Other reactions absorb more energy than they release. These are endergonic reactions. They need an energy input, and the new molecule stores both the chemical energy from the original parts and the energy that powered the reaction. In many cases, the energy needed for endergonic reactions comes from exergonic reactions.

Mechanical, radiant, and electrical energy also play important roles in human functioning. Mechanical energy powers movement, such as when muscles lift a brick. Radiant energy travels as waves and includes the electromagnetic spectrum, from radio waves and microwaves to gamma waves. The body uses ultraviolet light from sunlight to help make vitamin D, and visible light is the range the eye sees as rainbow colors from red to violet. Electrical energy, supplied by electrolytes in cells and body fluids, helps create voltage changes that carry impulses in nerve and muscle cells.

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Physics

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Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

Physical Science

Energy

3.2.9-12.Q

3.2.9-12.R

Forces and Interactions

3.2.9-12.M

Waves and Electromagnetic Radiation

3.2.9-12.X

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

Matter And Its Interactions

HS-PS1-4

HS-PS1-5

Motion And Stability: Forces And Interactions

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HS-PS3-3

HS-PS3-4

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Energy And Waves

Electricity

Electricity And Magnetism

DC circuits

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CHEM1.PS3.3

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PS.5

PS.5.b

PS.9

PS.9.c

Minnesota Academic Standards in Science

3.1.1 9C.2.2.1.1

Arizona Science Standards

HS+Phy.P4

HS+Phy.P4U1.8

Alabama Course of Study Science

Matter and Its Interactions: Energy

9-12.C.3.3.c

9-12.P.2.6.b

Next Generation Science Standards

Matter and Its Interactions

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

Chemistry and Physics

IPC.6

IPC.6.A

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South Carolina College and Career Ready Science Standards

C-PS3-4

P-PS3-3

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Waves and Their Applications in Technologies for Information Transfer

P-PS4-4

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New York State Science Learning Standards

Life Science

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Matter and Energy in Organisms and Ecosystems

HS-LS1-7.

Georgia Standards of Excellence

SPS7.

Types of Energy

SC2.

Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions

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PS.Chm.1.2

Analyze the structure of atoms and isotopes.

Chemical Energy and Reaction Types

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