Name: how xylem moves water in plants
Uploaded: 2026-08-26T08:20:58.626Z
Duration: 2 min 21 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Florida Department of Education

High School

Life Science

SC.912.L.14

SC.912.L.14.7

xylem-and-transpiration-driven-transport-of-resources

Xylem and Transpiration-driven Transport of Resources

Las plantas adquieren agua
y nutrientes del suelo

pero requieren estas sustancias
incluso en tejidos lejanos.

supere la fuerza de gravedad?

El agua y los minerales disueltos
entran a la planta

y viajan hasta el xilema,
donde al fluido se lo conoce

como savia del xilema.

especializadas en el xilema.

Las traqueidas y los elementos
de los vasos funcionan como

un sistema flexible de conductos.

y tienen paredes celulares
impermeables, lignificadas,

las cuales evitan
que la savia se filtre.

se satura con vapor de agua

dentro de las hojas.

Cuando se abren los estomas,
el vapor de agua

Cuando el vapor de agua
sale de los estomas

hasta las hojas,
transportando agua y minerales

por toda la planta.

Hae Koo Kim, Parque Joonghyuk, Ildoo Hwang. Investigación del transporte de agua a través de la red de xilema en plantas vasculares. Revista de Botánica Experimental. Volumen 65, Número 7. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eru075" target="_blank">Fuente</a>]

transporte de recursos impulsado por el xilema y la transpiración

El xilema de las plantas vasculares distribuye agua y minerales disueltos que las ra&#xED;ces absorben al resto de la planta. Las c&#xE9;lulas que transportan la savia del xilema mueren al alcanzar la madurez y el movimiento de la savia del xilema es un proceso pasivo. Las traqueidas y los elementos vasculares transportan la savia del xilema. Los elementos traqueales son las c&#xE9;lulas de transporte del xilema. Carecen de citoplasma y org&#xE1;nulos cuando est&#xE1;n maduros y se consideran parte del apoplasto de la planta porque conectan directamente con el espacio extracelular. Hay dos tipos de elementos traqueales: traqueidas y elementos vasculares. Las traqueidas son c&#xE9;lulas alargadas con paredes lignificadas que contienen peque&#xF1;os espacios llamados fosas, que conducen la savia del xilema de una c&#xE9;lula a la siguiente en los lugares donde sus paredes se superponen. Las plantas vasculares sin semillas y la mayor&#xED;a de las gimnospermas, o plantas con conos, solo tienen traqueidas, que se cree que evolucionaron antes que los elementos vasculares. Los elementos vasculares son c&#xE9;lulas lignificadas m&#xE1;s anchas que se apilan verticalmente para formar vasos. Est&#xE1;n conectados por placas de perforaci&#xF3;n, estructuras terminales celulares especializadas que tienen espacios a trav&#xE9;s de los cuales puede fluir la savia del xilema. El mayor di&#xE1;metro y la estructura m&#xE1;s eficiente de las placas de perforaci&#xF3;n significan que los vasos formados por elementos vasculares pueden mover un volumen de savia mucho mayor. La mayor&#xED;a de las angiospermas, o plantas con flores, tienen traqueidas y elementos vasculares. El transporte activo de minerales crea un gradiente de presi&#xF3;n del agua desde las ra&#xED;ces hasta las hojas. aunque el agua ingresa pasivamente a una planta a trav&#xE9;s de c&#xE9;lulas radiculares permeables, se requiere transporte activo para mover los minerales al xilema. La alta concentraci&#xF3;n resultante de solutos en las ra&#xED;ces crea un gradiente en el potencial de presi&#xF3;n del agua dentro del xilema, con una presi&#xF3;n m&#xE1;s alta en las ra&#xED;ces y una presi&#xF3;n m&#xE1;s baja en otras partes de la planta, donde los solutos est&#xE1;n menos concentrados. Luego, el agua se mover&#xE1; hacia las &#xE1;reas de menor presi&#xF3;n; sin embargo, este gradiente contribuye s&#xF3;lo en menor medida al transporte general de savia a trav&#xE9;s del xilema. Las fuerzas f&#xED;sicas sobre las mol&#xE9;culas de agua retienen el l&#xED;quido dentro del xilema. El transporte de la savia del xilema a trav&#xE9;s de una planta es posible en parte gracias a algunas de las propiedades f&#xED;sicas del agua misma. La hip&#xF3;tesis de cohesi&#xF3;n-tensi&#xF3;n para el transporte de savia a trav&#xE9;s del xilema se propuso por primera vez en la d&#xE9;cada de 1890. La cohesi&#xF3;n entre las mol&#xE9;culas de agua es relativamente fuerte porque los tres &#xE1;tomos de una mol&#xE9;cula de agua pueden participar en enlaces de hidr&#xF3;geno con otras mol&#xE9;culas de agua. Esto significa que la atracci&#xF3;n transpiracional en las hojas puede afectar las mol&#xE9;culas de agua a lo largo del xilema, como eslabones de una cadena, hasta las ra&#xED;ces. Otra fuerza, la adhesi&#xF3;n, permite que las mol&#xE9;culas de agua se adhieran a las superficies dentro de la planta, como las paredes celulares de las c&#xE9;lulas mes&#xF3;filas de la hoja, donde la tensi&#xF3;n superficial del agua es esencial para extraer la savia de los vasos de las hojas cuando el vapor de agua transpira de las hojas. La adhesi&#xF3;n de las mol&#xE9;culas de agua a las paredes de los vasos del xilema evita que la savia se filtre hacia abajo y fuera de la planta a trav&#xE9;s de las ra&#xED;ces cuando los estomas se cierran y cesa la tensi&#xF3;n producida por la transpiraci&#xF3;n.

Transporte de recursos impulsado por el xilema y la transpiración

The xylem of vascular plants distributes water and dissolved minerals that are taken up by the roots to the rest of the plant. The cells that transport ...

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Education

Educación

JoVE Core

Biology

Biología

Plant Biology

Biología Vegetal

Plant Structure, Growth and Function

Estructura, crecimiento y nutrición de las plantas

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TÉRMINOS Y CONCEPTOS CLAVE

how xylem moves water in plants

Xylem moves water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant. The cells that carry xylem sap are dead when mature, so the flow is passive. Xylem transport depends on special tracheary elements, which connect directly with the extracellular space in the apoplast.

There are two main tracheary elements: tracheids and vessel elements. Tracheids are long cells with lignified walls and small pits. These pits let xylem sap move from one cell to the next where the walls overlap. Seedless vascular plants and most gymnosperms have only tracheids, which are thought to have evolved first.

Vessel elements are wider lignified cells that stack to form vessels. Their ends have perforation plates, which contain openings for sap flow. Because of their larger diameter and efficient perforation plates, vessels can move a much larger volume of sap. Most angiosperms have both tracheids and vessel elements.

Water enters the plant passively through permeable root cells, but minerals must be moved into the xylem by active transport. This builds a high solute concentration in the roots. That difference creates a water pressure gradient, with higher pressure in the roots and lower pressure elsewhere in the plant. Water moves toward the lower pressure areas, but this is only a minor part of xylem transport.

Water also moves because of its physical properties. The cohesion-tension hypothesis explains how transpiration in the leaves can pull water through the xylem. Cohesion between water molecules is strong because hydrogen bonding links them together. Adhesion helps water stick to cell walls in the leaf and along the xylem, which supports the pull of sap upward and helps prevent sap from leaking downward when stomata close.

How Xylem Moves Water in Plants

introduction to plant diversity

Plant Adaptations for Life on Land

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seedless vascular plants

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basic plant anatomy: roots, stems, and leaves

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Plant Growth from Root and Shoot Tips

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primary and secondary growth in roots and shoots

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xylem and transpiration-driven transport of resources

Xylem moves water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant. The cells that carry xylem sap are dead when mature, so the flow is passive. Xylem transport depends on special tracheary elements, which connect directly with the extracellular space in the apoplast. There are two main tracheary elements: tracheids and vessel elements. Tracheids are long cells with lignified walls and small pits. These pits let xylem sap move from one cell to the next where the walls overlap.

regulation of transpiration by stomata

How Guard Cells Open Plant Stomata

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adaptations that reduce water loss

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phloem and sugar transport

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the roles of bacteria and fungi in plant nutrition

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epiphytes, parasites, and carnivores

Plant Nutritional Adaptations in Nature

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the apoplast and symplast

Plant Water Transport Pathways

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key terms and concepts

Learn how xylem transports water and minerals in plants, from tracheids and vessel elements to transpiration pull, cohesion, and adhesion.

How Xylem Moves Water in Plants | JoVE K12

JoVE Core series brings biology to life through over 300 concise and easy-to-understand animated video lessons that explain key concepts in biology, plus more than 150 scientist-in-action videos that show actual research experiments conducted in today’s laboratories.

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JoVE Core Biología da vida a la biología a través de una serie con más de 300 lecciones de vídeo animadas, concisas y fáciles de entender, que explican conceptos clave de la biología, incluyendo también más de 150 vídeos de científicos en acción, que muestran experimentos reales realizados en laboratorios actuales de investigación.

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

BIO.12

BIO.12.B

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

Structure and Function

HS-LS1-2.

Georgia Standards of Excellence

9-12

Botany

SBO1.

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How Xylem Moves Water in Plants

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