Name: how guard cells open plant stomata
Uploaded: 2026-08-26T08:19:56.906Z
Duration: 2 min 19 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Florida Department of Education

High School

Life Science

SC.912.L.14

SC.912.L.14.7

Regulation of Transpiration by Stomata

Las plantas requieren una abundante
cantidad de di&#xF3;xido de carbono

de la atm&#xF3;sfera para realizar
la fotos&#xED;ntesis.

Las superficies de las hojas
de las plantas contienen aberturas

que facilitan el intercambio de ox&#xED;geno.

Estas aberturas se llaman
estomas.

La luz de sol dispara
la apertura de los estomas,

permitiendo que el di&#xF3;xido
de carbono entre a la hoja cuando

la fotos&#xED;ntesis lo requiere.

El ox&#xED;geno es un derivado de
la fotos&#xED;ntesis

y sale a la atm&#xF3;sfera a trav&#xE9;s
de los estomas.

Un par de c&#xE9;lulas guardianas regula
cada apertura de los estomas.

Estas c&#xE9;lulas especializadas
se hinchan cuando

incorporan agua de
c&#xE9;lulas vecinas mediante la &#xF3;smosis,

creando una apertura que permite
el intercambio gaseoso.

Cuando el agua deja las c&#xE9;lulas guardianas,

se contraen y el estoma se cierra.

La concentraci&#xF3;n de iones
influye en la cantidad

de agua en las c&#xE9;lulas guardianas.

La luz solar estimula a las c&#xE9;lulas
guardianas para que incorporen iones de potasio.

Un incremento en la concentraci&#xF3;n de potasio

conduce agua hacia las c&#xE9;lulas,
consigui&#xE9;ndose as&#xED; una apertura del estoma.

Cuando el potasio deja las c&#xE9;lulas guardianas,

el agua sigue mediante la &#xF3;smosis.

Las c&#xE9;lulas guardianas, ahora fl&#xE1;ccidas,
cierran el estoma.

As&#xED; como los estomas abiertos
facilitan el intercambio gaseoso,

tambi&#xE9;n permiten que el agua
abandone las hojas

por medio de la evaporaci&#xF3;n.

Esta p&#xE9;rdida de agua evaporada,
o transpiraci&#xF3;n, permite

el movimiento de larga distancia
de agua por la planta.

La transpiraci&#xF3;n es
t&#xED;picamente mayor

en d&#xED;as c&#xE1;lidos y soleados.

Sin embargo, si una planta no puede
adquirir suficiente agua,

sus estomas se cierran r&#xE1;pidamente
para evitar que se marchite.

Es interesante notar que
incluso en la oscuridad

las plantas abren y cierran sus estomas

de manera regular, en un ciclo
de 24 horas, gracias a un reloj interno.

La apertura y cierre de los estomas

est&#xE1;n estr&#xED;ctamente regulados,
lo que permite a las plantas

responder a condiciones
ambientales espec&#xED;ficas.

En su funci&#xF3;n como porteros,
los estomas

equilibran eficientemente
el intercambio gaseoso y la transpiraci&#xF3;n.

Daszkowska-Golec, Agata e Iwona Szarejko. "Abrir o cerrar la puerta: acción de los estomas bajo el control de las fitohormonas en condiciones de estrés por sequía". Frontiers in Plant Science 4 (2013). [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2013.00138" target="_blank">Fuente</a>]

Inoue, Shin-ichiro y Toshinori Kinoshita. "Regulación de la luz azul de la apertura estomática y la membrana plasmática H+-ATPasa1[OPEN]". Fisiología Vegetal 174, no. 2 (junio de 2017): 531–38. [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5462062/" target="_blank">Fuente</a>].

regulación de la transpiración por los estomas.

Durante la fotos&#xED;ntesis, las plantas adquieren el di&#xF3;xido de carbono necesario y liberan el ox&#xED;geno producido a la atm&#xF3;sfera. Los orificios de la epidermis de las hojas de las plantas son el lugar de este intercambio de gases. Una &#xFA;nica abertura se llama estoma, que deriva de la palabra griega que significa &#x201C;boca&#x201D;. Los estomas se abren y cierran en respuesta a una variedad de se&#xF1;ales ambientales. Cada estoma est&#xE1; flanqueado por dos c&#xE9;lulas protectoras especializadas que crean una abertura cuando estas c&#xE9;lulas absorben agua. El transporte de iones regula la cantidad de agua en las c&#xE9;lulas de guardia. Cuando se activan, las bombas trasladan los iones de hidr&#xF3;geno fuera de la celda protectora. Esta hiperpolarizaci&#xF3;n de la membrana hace que los canales de potasio dependientes de voltaje se abran y permitan que los solutos, como los iones de potasio y la sacarosa, entren en las c&#xE9;lulas protectoras. El aumento de la concentraci&#xF3;n de solutos impulsa el agua hacia las c&#xE9;lulas protectoras, que se acumula en la vacuola. Como resultado, las c&#xE9;lulas protectoras se arquean y deforman hasta adoptar la forma de un ri&#xF1;&#xF3;n, creando la abertura del estoma. Cuando los solutos salen de las c&#xE9;lulas protectoras, les sigue agua, lo que provoca la contracci&#xF3;n de las c&#xE9;lulas protectoras y el cierre de la abertura. Una variedad de se&#xF1;ales ambientales e internas desencadenan la apertura de los estomas. Por ejemplo, la luz azul activa receptores sensibles a la luz en la superficie celular que inician una cascada molecular que conduce a la apertura de los estomas. Adem&#xE1;s, cuando la concentraci&#xF3;n de di&#xF3;xido de carbono cae dentro del tejido de la hoja, se induce la apertura de los estomas para que las c&#xE9;lulas puedan acceder a este reactivo cr&#xED;tico de la fotos&#xED;ntesis. La p&#xE9;rdida de vapor de agua es cr&#xED;tica para el establecimiento de la atracci&#xF3;n transpiracional: el agua se evapora en la superficie de las c&#xE9;lulas del mes&#xF3;filo y escapa a la atm&#xF3;sfera a trav&#xE9;s de estomas abiertos. La p&#xE9;rdida de agua crea una atracci&#xF3;n transpiracional que atrae agua adicional del suelo hacia las ra&#xED;ces y hasta las hojas. Cuando no hay suficiente agua disponible, como en condiciones de sequ&#xED;a, los estomas se cierran. La hormona &#xE1;cido absc&#xED;sico (ABA) es importante en este proceso, ya que se une a los receptores de las membranas de las c&#xE9;lulas protectoras y aumenta la concentraci&#xF3;n de soluto intracelular. ABA tambi&#xE9;n es importante en el control circadiano de la apertura de los estomas, lo que hace que m&#xE1;s estomas se abran durante el d&#xED;a y se cierren en la oscuridad.

Regulación de la transpiración por los estomas.

During photosynthesis, plants acquire the necessary carbon dioxide and release the produced oxygen back into the atmosphere. Openings in the epidermis of ...

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Education

Educación

JoVE Core

Biology

Biología

Plant Biology

Biología Vegetal

Plant Structure, Growth and Function

Estructura, crecimiento y nutrición de las plantas

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TÉRMINOS Y CONCEPTOS CLAVE

how guard cells open plant stomata

How guard cells open and close plant stomata controls gas exchange in leaves. A stoma is a tiny opening in the leaf epidermis. The word comes from the Greek word for “mouth.” These openings let plants take in carbon dioxide for photosynthesis and release oxygen into the air.

Each stoma is surrounded by two guard cells. When these cells take up water, they create an opening. Ion transport controls how much water stays in the guard cells. A trigger causes pumps to move hydrogen ions out of the guard cell. This changes the membrane voltage and opens voltage-gated potassium channels. Potassium ions and sucrose then enter the guard cells. As solute levels rise, water moves in and collects in the vacuole. The guard cells swell, bend, and take on a kidney shape, which opens the stoma.

Stomata also close when solutes leave the guard cells. Water follows the solutes out, so the guard cells shrink and the opening closes. Blue light can start this process of opening. Light-sensitive receptors on the cell surface begin a molecular cascade. Low carbon dioxide inside the leaf can also trigger opening so cells can keep using this key photosynthesis reactant.

Water loss through open stomata helps create transpirational pull. Water evaporates from the surface of mesophyll cells and escapes into the atmosphere through the stomata. This pull draws more water from the soil, through the roots, and up into the leaves. When water is scarce, such as during drought, stomata close. The hormone abscisic acid, or ABA, helps drive this response by binding to receptors on guard cell membranes and increasing intracellular solute concentration. ABA also supports circadian control, so more stomata are open in daylight and closed in the dark.

How Guard Cells Open Plant Stomata

introduction to plant diversity

Plant Adaptations for Life on Land

Plant adaptations for life on land explain how Kingdom Plantae moved from water to land about 410 million years ago. This shift happened when green algae began colonizing a new environment that had not been widely occupied. Land offered more light and carbon dioxide for growth, but it also created major challenges for early plants. One key adaptation was the cuticle, a waxy outer layer that helps prevent water loss. It traps moisture inside the plant. But it also limited direct gas exchange...

non-vascular seedless plants

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seedless vascular plants

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basic plant anatomy: roots, stems, and leaves

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Plant Organs and Their Specialized Roles

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plant cells and tissues

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meristems and plant growth

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primary and secondary growth in roots and shoots

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morphogenesis

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water and mineral acquisition

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xylem and transpiration-driven transport of resources

xylem-and-transpiration-driven-transport-of-resources

How Xylem Moves Water in Plants

Xylem moves water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant. The cells that carry xylem sap are dead when mature, so the flow is passive. Xylem transport depends on special tracheary elements, which connect directly with the extracellular space in the apoplast. There are two main tracheary elements: tracheids and vessel elements. Tracheids are long cells with lignified walls and small pits. These pits let xylem sap move from one cell to the next where the walls overlap.

regulation of transpiration by stomata

How guard cells open and close plant stomata controls gas exchange in leaves. A stoma is a tiny opening in the leaf epidermis. The word comes from the Greek word for “mouth.” These openings let plants take in carbon dioxide for photosynthesis and release oxygen into the air. Each stoma is surrounded by two guard cells. When these cells take up water, they create an opening. Ion transport controls how much water stays in the guard cells. A trigger causes pumps to move hydrogen ions out of the...

adaptations that reduce water loss

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phloem and sugar transport

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the soil ecosystem

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the roles of bacteria and fungi in plant nutrition

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epiphytes, parasites, and carnivores

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Plant nutritional adaptations help some species survive by using fungi, bacteria, or other plants and animals. Many plants also rely on mutualistic partners in the soil. Root-colonizing fungi, such as mycorrhizae, increase root surface area and improve nutrient absorption. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria, such as rhizobia, convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into ammonia (NH3), which plants can use to build essential molecules like chlorophyll. These relationships benefit both sides. The plant gets...

the apoplast and symplast

Plant Water Transport Pathways

Plant water transport pathways help roots absorb water and dissolved minerals from the soil. These pathways move materials through plant tissues that support growth and nutrient uptake. The main tissue regions involved are the apoplast and the symplast. The apoplast includes everything outside the plasma membrane of living cells. It contains cell walls, extracellular spaces, xylem, phloem, and tracheids. The symplast is the cytosol of all living plant cells, along with the plasmodesmata that...

key terms and concepts

Explore how guard cells control stomata, gas exchange, and transpiration in leaves. Learn how light, CO2, and ABA affect opening and closing.

How Guard Cells Open Plant Stomata | JoVE K12

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biology

JoVE Core Biología da vida a la biología a través de una serie con más de 300 lecciones de vídeo animadas, concisas y fáciles de entender, que explican conceptos clave de la biología, incluyendo también más de 150 vídeos de científicos en acción, que muestran experimentos reales realizados en laboratorios actuales de investigación.

Georgia Standards of Excellence

9-12

Botany

SBO1.

Transport

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How Guard Cells Open Plant Stomata

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