Name: how phloem moves sugars in plants
Uploaded: 2026-08-26T08:21:05.159Z
Duration: 2 min 10 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Florida Department of Education

High School

Life Science

SC.912.L.14

SC.912.L.14.7

Phloem and Sugar Transport

La fotos&#xED;ntesis genera
az&#xFA;car en las hojas de las plantas.

Sin embargo, el az&#xFA;car
a menudo es necesaria

en partes lejanas de la planta.

la translocaci&#xF3;n es
el proceso que

distribuye los productos
de la fotos&#xED;ntesis

a otros tejidos de las plantas.

A las hojas se las llama
fuentes de az&#xFA;car, ya que

producen m&#xE1;s az&#xFA;car
de la que pueden consumir.

En contraste, las ra&#xED;ces, tallos
y frutos son por lo general

consumidores de az&#xFA;car,
llamados sumideros de az&#xFA;car.

El transporte de az&#xFA;cares
de la fuente a los sumideros

sucede en el tejido de la planta
llamado floema.

En los angiospermas, el floema
se compone de c&#xE9;lulas especializadas

llamadas tubos cribosos,
que forman

largos pasajes.

C&#xE9;lulas de compa&#xF1;ia se ubican
a lo largo de cada

tubo criboso.

El az&#xFA;car puede alcanzar
el floema por diversos caminos.

Puede viajar a trav&#xE9;s del espacio
extracelular y las paredes

de las c&#xE9;lulas o a trav&#xE9;s de
los poros que conectan el citoplasma

de las c&#xE9;lulas vecinas.

Una vez que el &#xE1;zucar alcanza
las c&#xE9;lulas de compa&#xF1;&#xED;a,

el hidr&#xF3;geno sacaroso
se carga

en los tubos cribosos.

Una soluci&#xF3;n acuosa
llamada savia de floema,

compuesta de az&#xFA;car, aminoacidos,
hormonas y minerales,

fluyen a trav&#xE9;s del tubo.

Seg&#xFA;n la hip&#xF3;tesis del flujo
de presi&#xF3;n,

el agua sigue al az&#xFA;car
en el floema por &#xF3;smosis,

al aumentar la presi&#xF3;n
dentro del floema

y por lo tanto provoca
el movimiento de la savia del floema.

Luego la savia del floema fluye
hac&#xED;a el pr&#xF3;ximo tejido que tenga

una baja concentraci&#xF3;n de az&#xFA;car.

El az&#xFA;car se difumina o
se transporta hacia

afuera del floema.

Como el az&#xFA;car se descarga, el agua
sigue por &#xF3;smosis y alivia

la presi&#xF3;n dentro del floema.

Al usar la translocaci&#xF3;n
a trav&#xE9;s del floema,

las plantas pueden distribuir
recursos a los tejidos

en los cuales se necesitan en
una &#xE9;poca o estaci&#xF3;n en particular.

Heo JO, Roszak P, Furuta KM, Helariutta Y. Desarrollo del floema: conocimiento actual y perspectivas futuras. Am J Bot. septiembre de 2014; 101(9):1393-402. [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25253700" target="_blank">Fuente</a>]

Liesche J, Patrick J. Una actualización sobre el transporte de floema: un flujo a granel simple bajo una regulación compleja. F1000Res. 6 de diciembre de 2017;6:2096. [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29259777" target="_blank">Fuente</a>]

floema y transporte de azúcares

Al igual que muchos organismos vivos, las plantas poseen tejidos especializados en funciones vegetales espec&#xED;ficas. Por ejemplo, los brotes est&#xE1;n bien adaptados al crecimiento r&#xE1;pido, mientras que las ra&#xED;ces est&#xE1;n estructuradas para adquirir recursos de forma eficiente. Sin embargo, la producci&#xF3;n de az&#xFA;cares se restringe principalmente a los tejidos fotosint&#xE9;ticos presentes en las hojas de las plantas angiospermas. Los az&#xFA;cares y otros recursos son transportados desde las c&#xE9;lulas fotosint&#xE9;ticas hasta otros tejidos especializados mediante un proceso denominado translocaci&#xF3;n.
Dentro de una planta, los tejidos que producen m&#xE1;s az&#xFA;cares de los que consumen son fuentes de az&#xFA;cares; las hojas constituyen el principal ejemplo. Las ra&#xED;ces, los brotes, las flores y los frutos suelen considerarse sumideros de az&#xFA;cares, ya que necesitan m&#xE1;s az&#xFA;cares de los que pueden producir. La translocaci&#xF3;n distribuye az&#xFA;cares, hormonas, amino&#xE1;cidos y algunas mol&#xE9;culas de se&#xF1;alizaci&#xF3;n desde las fuentes de az&#xFA;cares hasta los sumideros de az&#xFA;cares a trav&#xE9;s de una estructura tubular de las plantas vasculares denominada floema. El flujo puede ser bidireccional en el floema, que est&#xE1; compuesto por c&#xE9;lulas unidas extremo con extremo mediante placas cribosas para formar los elementos de los tubos cribosos. Estas c&#xE9;lulas presentan paredes celulares engrosadas, que les proporcionan soporte mec&#xE1;nico, y est&#xE1;n acompa&#xF1;adas por c&#xE9;lulas acompa&#xF1;antes vecinas que favorecen el mantenimiento del floema y la carga de soluciones en el floema desde los tejidos circundantes.
La carga del floema puede producirse mediante la ruta apopl&#xE1;stica o la ruta simpl&#xE1;stica y puede ser pasiva o activa. Estas v&#xED;as de acceso al floema pueden funcionar de manera simult&#xE1;nea o secuencial, y existen indicios de que las plantas pueden cambiar entre modalidades de carga en funci&#xF3;n de las necesidades h&#xED;dricas y energ&#xE9;ticas de la planta. En muchos casos, el simportador de sacarosa/H+ acopla la carga de sacarosa en el floema al transporte de un ion de hidr&#xF3;geno.
Seg&#xFA;n la hip&#xF3;tesis del flujo por presi&#xF3;n, el gradiente de concentraci&#xF3;n de az&#xFA;cares favorece el flujo de agua hacia el floema, lo que da lugar a la generaci&#xF3;n de presi&#xF3;n. Como resultado, la savia del floema se desplaza hacia zonas de menor presi&#xF3;n, en direcci&#xF3;n al sumidero de az&#xFA;cares m&#xE1;s pr&#xF3;ximo. En el sumidero de az&#xFA;cares, la sacarosa es transportada hacia la zona con menor concentraci&#xF3;n de az&#xFA;cares, lo que impulsa su salida del floema. El agua sigue a la sacarosa, aliviando la presi&#xF3;n en el floema.

Floema y transporte de azúcares

Like many living organisms, plants have tissues that specialize in specific plant functions. For example, shoots are well adapted to rapid growth, while ...

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Education

Educación

JoVE Core

Biology

Biología

Plant Biology

Biología Vegetal

Plant Structure, Growth and Function

Estructura, crecimiento y nutrición de las plantas

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TÉRMINOS Y CONCEPTOS CLAVE

how phloem moves sugars in plants

Phloem moves sugars and other materials through plants. In angiosperms, sugar production is mostly limited to photosynthetic cells in the leaves. These leaves act as sugar sources because they make more sugar than they use. Roots, shoots, flowers, and fruits are usually sugar sinks because they need more sugar than they can make.

This movement is called translocation. It carries sugar, hormones, amino acids, and some signaling molecules from source tissues to sink tissues. The transport pathway is a tube-like part of the vascular system called phloem. Flow in the phloem can move in both directions, depending on where the plant needs resources.

Phloem is built from sieve-tube elements that are joined end to end by plasmodesmata. These cells have thickened cell walls, which help support the tissue. Companion cells sit next to them and help keep the phloem healthy. They also help load solutions into the phloem from nearby tissues.

Phloem loading can happen through the apoplastic route or the symplastic route. It may be passive or active. These pathways can work at the same time or one after the other. Some evidence suggests that plants can switch loading modes based on water needs and energy demands. In many cases, a sucrose/H+ symporter helps move sucrose into the phloem together with a hydrogen ion.

The pressure-flow hypothesis explains how sap moves through phloem. As sugar builds up, water moves into the phloem by osmosis and creates pressure. The sap then flows toward the nearest sugar sink, where pressure is lower. At the sink, sucrose moves out into the area with lower sugar concentration. Water follows the sucrose, and pressure in the phloem is reduced.

How Phloem Moves Sugars in Plants

introduction to plant diversity

Plant Adaptations for Life on Land

Plant adaptations for life on land explain how Kingdom Plantae moved from water to land about 410 million years ago. This shift happened when green algae began colonizing a new environment that had not been widely occupied. Land offered more light and carbon dioxide for growth, but it also created major challenges for early plants. One key adaptation was the cuticle, a waxy outer layer that helps prevent water loss. It traps moisture inside the plant. But it also limited direct gas exchange...

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Seed Plants: Cones, Flowers, and Fruits

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basic plant anatomy: roots, stems, and leaves

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Plant Organs and Their Specialized Roles

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Plant Growth and Support Tissues

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meristems and plant growth

Plant Growth from Root and Shoot Tips

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primary and secondary growth in roots and shoots

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Root and Shoot Growth: Length vs. Width

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short-distance transport of resources

Plant Cell Membranes and Water Balance

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xylem and transpiration-driven transport of resources

xylem-and-transpiration-driven-transport-of-resources

How Xylem Moves Water in Plants

Xylem moves water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant. The cells that carry xylem sap are dead when mature, so the flow is passive. Xylem transport depends on special tracheary elements, which connect directly with the extracellular space in the apoplast. There are two main tracheary elements: tracheids and vessel elements. Tracheids are long cells with lignified walls and small pits. These pits let xylem sap move from one cell to the next where the walls overlap.

regulation of transpiration by stomata

How Guard Cells Open Plant Stomata

How guard cells open and close plant stomata controls gas exchange in leaves. A stoma is a tiny opening in the leaf epidermis. The word comes from the Greek word for “mouth.” These openings let plants take in carbon dioxide for photosynthesis and release oxygen into the air. Each stoma is surrounded by two guard cells. When these cells take up water, they create an opening. Ion transport controls how much water stays in the guard cells. A trigger causes pumps to move hydrogen ions out of the...

adaptations that reduce water loss

Plant Features That Limit Water Loss

Plant features that limit water loss help plants survive in dry or hot environments. Water is needed for photosynthesis and other cell processes, so plants have evolved several ways to slow evaporation from their leaves. One major barrier is the cuticle, a waxy layer on the leaf epidermis. The epidermis is the outer cell layer, and it makes cutin and other plant waxes that form this hydrophobic coating. The cuticle helps stop water from escaping and also keeps out unwanted solutes. Its...

phloem and sugar transport

Phloem moves sugars and other materials through plants. In angiosperms, sugar production is mostly limited to photosynthetic cells in the leaves. These leaves act as sugar sources because they make more sugar than they use. Roots, shoots, flowers, and fruits are usually sugar sinks because they need more sugar than they can make. This movement is called translocation. It carries sugar, hormones, amino acids, and some signaling molecules from source tissues to sink tissues. The transport...

the soil ecosystem

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Soil supplies plants with water and inorganic minerals. It is the natural medium for land plants, and its quality depends on both chemical makeup and living organisms in the soil. Healthy soil contains enough air, water, minerals, and organic matter to support plant growth. Soil is made of three major components. Inorganic mineral matter makes up about 40 to 45 percent of soil volume. Organic matter, also called humus, makes up about 5 percent. Water and air fill about 50 percent of the volume.

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the roles of bacteria and fungi in plant nutrition

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How Soil Microbes Help Plants Get Nutrients

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epiphytes, parasites, and carnivores

Plant Nutritional Adaptations in Nature

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the apoplast and symplast

Plant Water Transport Pathways

Plant water transport pathways help roots absorb water and dissolved minerals from the soil. These pathways move materials through plant tissues that support growth and nutrient uptake. The main tissue regions involved are the apoplast and the symplast. The apoplast includes everything outside the plasma membrane of living cells. It contains cell walls, extracellular spaces, xylem, phloem, and tracheids. The symplast is the cytosol of all living plant cells, along with the plasmodesmata that...

key terms and concepts

Learn how phloem carries sugar, hormones, and amino acids from leaves to sink tissues using sieve tubes, companion cells, and pressure-flow transport.

How Phloem Moves Sugars in Plants | JoVE K12

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biology

JoVE Core Biología da vida a la biología a través de una serie con más de 300 lecciones de vídeo animadas, concisas y fáciles de entender, que explican conceptos clave de la biología, incluyendo también más de 150 vídeos de científicos en acción, que muestran experimentos reales realizados en laboratorios actuales de investigación.

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

Structure and Function

HS-LS1-2.

Georgia Standards of Excellence

9-12

Botany

SBO1.

Transport

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How Phloem Moves Sugars in Plants

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