Name: plant water transport pathways
Uploaded: 2026-08-26T08:20:31.373Z
Duration: 2 min 6 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Florida Department of Education

High School

Life Science

SC.912.L.14

SC.912.L.14.7

The Apoplast and Symplast

Las plantas absorben agua
y minerales disueltos

del suelo y transportan
estos recursos

a tejidos distantes.

Los recursos ingresan y se mueven
en dos compartimentos distintos:

el apoplasto y el simplasto.

El apoplasto es un sistema continuo
de espacios extracelulares,

como las paredes celulares
y los espacios de aire entre las c&#xE9;lulas.

El agua, los gases y los minerales
se mueven libremente y pasivamente

a trav&#xE9;s del apoplasto
sin cruzar las membranas plasm&#xE1;ticas.

Las c&#xE9;lulas vegetales tambi&#xE9;n
pueden excretar protones en exceso

en el apoplasto debido
a cambios en el pH.

Adem&#xE1;s, los productos qu&#xED;micos
que ingresan al apoplasto en la ra&#xED;z

pueden desencadenar
la secreci&#xF3;n de mol&#xE9;culas

que se unen y excretan toxinas.

El citoplasma de las
c&#xE9;lulas vegetales forma

otro sistema continuo,
llamado simplasto.

Las c&#xE9;lulas vegetales vecinas
est&#xE1;n conectadas

por canales que permiten que el agua
y las mol&#xE9;culas peque&#xF1;as se muevan

de una c&#xE9;lula a la siguiente.

El continuo de c&#xE9;lulas vegetales interconectadas

facilita el transporte de mol&#xE9;culas de se&#xF1;al,

como las hormonas.

Por ejemplo, la hormona citoquinina

se mueve libremente a trav&#xE9;s del simplasto

para regular la proliferaci&#xF3;n celular.

El simplasto tambi&#xE9;n es un
conducto para peque&#xF1;os ARN,

que activan las respuestas de defensa
contra los pat&#xF3;genos de las plantas.

Los recursos generalmente viajan
tanto en las v&#xED;as apopl&#xE1;sticas

como en las simpl&#xE1;sticas dentro de la planta.

Por ejemplo, los minerales que son
absorbidos por las ra&#xED;ces

deben cruzar una membrana
selectivamente permeable

al menos una vez para salir de la ra&#xED;z

y viajar a otros tejidos vegetales.

Martinoia, Enrico, Agnes Massonneau y Nathalie Frangne. "Procesos de transporte de solutos a través de la membrana vacuolar de plantas superiores". Fisiología Vegetal y Celular 41, no. 11 (2000): 1175-1186. [<a href="https://academic.oup.com/pcp/article/41/11/1175/1861104">Fuente</a>]

el apoplasto y el simplasto

El crecimiento de las plantas depende de su capacidad para absorber agua y minerales disueltos del suelo. El sistema radicular de toda planta est&#xE1; dotado de los tejidos necesarios para facilitar la entrada de agua y solutos. Los tejidos vegetales implicados en el transporte de agua y minerales tienen dos compartimentos principales: el apoplasto y el simplasto. El apoplasto incluye todo lo que se encuentra fuera de la membrana plasm&#xE1;tica de las c&#xE9;lulas vivas y est&#xE1; formada por paredes celulares, espacios extracelulares, xilema, floema y traqueidas. El simplasto, por el contrario, est&#xE1; formado por todo el citosol de todas las c&#xE9;lulas vegetales vivas y los plasmodesmos, que son los canales citoplasm&#xE1;ticos que interconectan las c&#xE9;lulas. Existen varias v&#xED;as potenciales para que las mol&#xE9;culas se muevan a trav&#xE9;s de los tejidos vegetales: las v&#xED;as apopl&#xE1;sticas, simpl&#xE1;sicas o transmembrana. La v&#xED;a apopl&#xE1;sica implica el movimiento de agua y minerales disueltos a lo largo de las paredes celulares y los espacios extracelulares. En la ruta simpl&#xE1;sica, el agua y los solutos se mueven a lo largo del citosol. Una vez en esta v&#xED;a, los materiales necesitan cruzar la membrana plasm&#xE1;tica cuando pasan de una c&#xE9;lula a otra, y lo hacen a trav&#xE9;s de los plasmodesmos. Alternativamente, en la ruta transmembrana, los minerales disueltos y el agua se mueven de una c&#xE9;lula a otra cruzando la pared celular para salir de una c&#xE9;lula y entrar en la siguiente. Estas tres v&#xED;as no son mutuamente excluyentes y algunos solutos pueden utilizar m&#xE1;s de una ruta en distintos grados. Otra ruta potencial es la v&#xED;a vacuolar, pero esta ruta se limita principalmente al movimiento de las mol&#xE9;culas de agua. Aqu&#xED;, el agua se mueve a trav&#xE9;s de las vacuolas de las c&#xE9;lulas vegetales mediante &#xF3;smosis. El mecanismo es similar a la ruta simpl&#xE1;sica, pero en lugar de limitar el transporte al citosol, el agua pasa a trav&#xE9;s de las vacuolas. Adem&#xE1;s, el transporte vacuolar se ve facilitado por dos bombas de protones, ATPasa y PPasa, que activan la absorci&#xF3;n del soluto. Las vacuolas tambi&#xE9;n forman parte de prote&#xED;nas de transporte especializadas, las acuaporinas, que participan en el transporte de agua y solutos como la glucosa y la sacarosa.

El apoplasto y el simplasto

Plant growth depends on its ability to take up water and dissolved minerals from the soil. The root system of every plant is equipped with the necessary ...

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Education

Educación

JoVE Core

Biology

Biología

Plant Biology

Biología Vegetal

Plant Structure, Growth and Function

Estructura, crecimiento y nutrición de las plantas

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TÉRMINOS Y CONCEPTOS CLAVE

plant water transport pathways

Plant water transport pathways help roots absorb water and dissolved minerals from the soil. These pathways move materials through plant tissues that support growth and nutrient uptake. The main tissue regions involved are the apoplast and the symplast.

The apoplast includes everything outside the plasma membrane of living cells. It contains cell walls, extracellular spaces, xylem, phloem, and tracheids. The symplast is the cytosol of all living plant cells, along with the plasmodesmata that connect one cell to the next.

Water and solutes can move through plants by the apoplastic, symplastic, or transmembrane pathway. In the apoplastic pathway, materials travel along cell walls and extracellular spaces. In the symplastic route, they move through the cytosol and pass between neighboring cells through plasmodesmata.

The transmembrane pathway moves dissolved minerals and water from cell to cell by crossing the cell wall as they leave one cell and enter the next. These pathways are not mutually exclusive, and some solutes may use more than one route to different degrees. A fourth option, the vacuolar pathway, is mostly used for water movement.

In the vacuolar pathway, water moves through plant cell vacuoles by osmosis. This route works in a way that is similar to the symplastic pathway, but the water passes through vacuoles instead of staying limited to the cytosol. Vacuolar transport is supported by two proton pumps, ATPase and PPase, and by aquaporins, which are specialized transport proteins that help move water and solutes such as glucose and sucrose.

Plant Water Transport Pathways

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xylem and transpiration-driven transport of resources

xylem-and-transpiration-driven-transport-of-resources

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the apoplast and symplast

Plant water transport pathways help roots absorb water and dissolved minerals from the soil. These pathways move materials through plant tissues that support growth and nutrient uptake. The main tissue regions involved are the apoplast and the symplast. The apoplast includes everything outside the plasma membrane of living cells. It contains cell walls, extracellular spaces, xylem, phloem, and tracheids. The symplast is the cytosol of all living plant cells, along with the plasmodesmata that...

key terms and concepts

Learn how plants move water and minerals through the apoplast, symplast, transmembrane route, and vacuolar pathway in roots and cells.

Plant Water Transport Pathways | JoVE K12

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SC.912.L.14.5

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Plant Water Transport Pathways

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