Name: soap formation from triglycerides
Uploaded: 2020-03-26T07:22:28.000Z
Duration: 4 min 10 s
Channel: JoVE

Los aceites vegetales y las grasas animales son lípidos naturales de plantas o animales. Los aceites y las grasas suelen estar en forma de triglicéridos, que se forman a partir de una molécula de glicerol y tres ácidos grasos. Un ácido graso es un ácido carboxílico débil con una cadena de hidrocarburos como grupo funcional. En el triglicérido, los tres ácidos grasos están unidos a la molécula de glicerol por enlaces éster. Un triglicérido, por lo tanto, tiene tres grupos éster, lo que convierte a la molécula en un triéster.
Un éster es un tipo de molécula orgánica que es como un ácido carboxílico, con el hidrógeno del hidroxilo reemplazado por un grupo alquilo o arilo. Este grupo se etiqueta como R-primo para mostrar que puede ser diferente del grupo R del otro lado. En un triglicérido, R-prime es la columna vertebral de glicerol, y cada grupo R es la cadena de un ácido graso.
Los ácidos grasos con dobles enlaces en sus cadenas de carbono se conocen como ácidos grasos insaturados. Estos dobles enlaces tienden a estar en la conformación cis, lo que pone una curva en la cadena. Los triglicéridos con estas cadenas dobladas no pueden encajar muy juntos, por lo que las fuerzas de atracción entre ellos suelen ser de largo alcance y débiles.
Los ácidos grasos con enlaces simples entre los átomos de carbono están saturados. Estas cadenas no dobladas permiten que los triglicéridos se agrupen muy juntos, lo que permite interacciones intermoleculares más fuertes y de corto alcance. Esto le da a los triglicéridos saturados un punto de fusión más alto que los triglicéridos insaturados, que generalmente son líquidos a temperatura ambiente.
Los triglicéridos se pueden convertir de nuevo en ácidos grasos y glicerol hidrolizando los tres ésteres. La hidrólisis de éster es una reacción que rompe un enlace de éster con una molécula de agua o un ion hidróxido para formar un ácido carboxílico y un alcohol. Un uso común de la hidrólisis de ésteres es crear jabones, que son las sales de ácidos grasos de los triglicéridos. Este proceso se llama saponificación.
En esta reacción, los iones de hidróxido atacan a cada uno de los tres carbonilos éster del triglicérido, produciendo tres moléculas de ácidos grasos y una molécula de glicerol. Los carboxilatos de ácidos grasos se asocian con el contraión de la base, que suele ser sodio o potasio.
Pero, ¿cómo funciona el jabón? La larga cadena de carbono es lipofílica e hidrofóbica, lo que significa que es atraída por las grasas pero no por el agua. El grupo carboxilato es hidrófilo, lo que significa que es atraído por el agua. Cuando se mezcla agua y jabón, las largas cadenas de carbono tienden a interactuar entre sí y evitan la interacción con las moléculas de agua, mientras que los grupos carboxilato prefieren interactuar con el agua. En última instancia, las moléculas de jabón forman grupos llamados micelas, con los carboxilatos hidrofílicos hacia afuera.
Ahora, supongamos que hay grasa hidrofóbica en sus manos. Simplemente enjuagarse las manos con agua no eliminaría la grasa. Cuando se lava con jabón, la grasa interactúa con las cadenas de carbono del jabón. A medida que las moléculas de jabón forman micelas, llevan la grasa al núcleo hidrofóbico encerrándola en una capa hidrofílica que luego se puede enjuagar con agua.
En este laboratorio, se realizará una reacción de saponificación para crear jabón a partir de aceite de coco e hidróxido de sodio. A continuación, probará la tolerancia de su jabón al agua dura comparando la capacidad de formación de espuma en el agua desionizada, el agua del grifo y una solución de cloruro de calcio, que imita el agua extremadamente dura.

hidrólisis de un éster

<h4>triglicéridos</h4>
Los triglicéridos son moléculas de triéster compuestas por una columna vertebral de glicerol que se une a 3 ácidos grasos. Estos forman la base de muchos lípidos biológicos que se encuentran en los aceites y grasas vegetales. Los lípidos que se aíslan del material vegetal son la base de los aceites vegetales, mientras que los lípidos extraídos de animales se utilizan como manteca de cerdo o fuentes generales de grasas.
Una molécula de ácido graso tiene una cadena de carbono larga, entre 12 y 20 carbonos, con un ácido orgánico débil en un extremo. Algunos ácidos grasos tienen dobles enlaces en la cadena de carbono. Se trata de grasas "insaturadas". Debido al doble enlace en la cadena de carbono, estos ácidos grasos suelen tener una forma de cadena doblada, ya que el enlace tiende a adoptar la conformación cis en lugar de la conformación trans.
Las moléculas de triglicéridos en un ácido graso insaturado no pueden apilarse uniformemente, lo que lleva a fuerzas menos atractivas entre las moléculas. Así, las grasas insaturadas suelen ser líquidas a temperatura ambiente. Por el contrario, las grasas saturadas, es decir, las que tienen un solo enlace en su cadena de carbono, pueden apilarse porque su cadena tiene una forma más regular. Las grasas saturadas, por lo tanto, tienen fuerzas de atracción más fuertes entre las moléculas y, como resultado, puntos de fusión más altos. Por lo tanto, las grasas saturadas tienden a ser sólidas a temperatura ambiente.
<h4>Reacción de hidrólisis</h4>
Los triglicéridos, al igual que otras moléculas que poseen grupos éster, son capaces de someterse a hidrólisis. La hidrólisis es un tipo de reacción química en la que una molécula de agua rompe un enlace. En el caso de una hidrólisis de éster, el nucleófilo (agua o un ion hidróxido) ataca el carbono carbonilo del grupo éster para romper el enlace éster. Un fragmento de la molécula original obtiene el ion hidrógeno del agua para formar un alcohol, mientras que el otro fragmento obtiene el grupo hidróxido para formar una sal del ácido carboxílico.
En condiciones normales, solo se producen unas pocas reacciones de hidrólisis sin la adición de un ácido o base fuerte. El ácido o base fuerte actúa como catalizador para acelerar la reacción, y se recupera al final. La reacción de hidrólisis es reversible. Se llama reacción de condensación porque produce agua como producto secundario.
La hidrólisis de un triglicérido es uno de los ejemplos más antiguos de una reacción de hidrólisis, ya que se ha utilizado durante siglos para hacer jabón. La reacción se llama saponificación.
<h4>saponificación </h4>
Durante la saponificación, los iones de hidróxido atacan los grupos carbonilo en los tres ésteres del triglicérido. Por lo tanto, la adición estequiométrica de tres moles de hidróxido de sodio a un mol de triglicéridos dará como resultado la hidrólisis de los tres grupos éster. Esta reacción produce tres moles de moléculas de jabón y un mol de glicerol. A menudo, la reacción se realizará con hidróxido de sodio como reactivo limitante para minimizar la cantidad de triglicéridos sin reaccionar, lo que puede reducir el efecto de secado del jabón.
Una molécula de jabón tiene una larga cadena de carbono hidrofóbica con un anión carboxilato hidrofílico polar en el otro extremo. La diferencia de solubilidad a lo largo de la molécula permite su capacidad de limpieza. En el agua, las largas cadenas de carbono de las moléculas de jabón se atraerán entre sí y se reorganizarán para evitar las moléculas de agua polares. Esto orienta las cabezas de carboxilato polar hacia las moléculas de agua, formando una estructura esférica conocida como micela. El centro es hidrofóbico y el exterior es hidrófilo, lo que permite que las micelas sean solubles en soluciones acuosas.
Las propiedades micelales del jabón son esenciales para su capacidad de limpieza. El simple hecho de enjuagar la grasa o el aceite de una superficie no puede eliminarlo. Esto se debe a que la grasa es hidrofóbica y no soluble en agua. Sin embargo, cuando se utiliza jabón, la grasa entra en el interior de la micela. El exterior de la micela es hidrófilo, por lo que se puede enjuagar con agua.
Un inconveniente importante del jabón es su intolerancia al agua dura. El agua dura es una solución acuosa que contiene iones de magnesio, hierro y calcio en forma de minerales. La "dureza" del agua depende de la concentración de estos iones. En presencia de cationes metálicos, las moléculas de jabón interactuarán con las moléculas y harán que se caigan de la solución, formando un precipitado de sal más comúnmente conocido como espuma de jabón.
<h4>Referencias</h4>
<ol>
	<li style="font-size:17px">Kotz, J.C., Treichel Jr, P.M., Townsend, J.R. (2012). Química y reactividad química. Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning.</li>
	<li style="font-size:17px">Silberg, M.S. (2015). Química: La naturaleza molecular de la materia y el cambio. Boston, MA: McGraw Hill.</li>
	<li style="font-size:17px">Streiwiester, A., Heathcock, C.H., Kosower, E.M. (1998). Introducción a la Química Orgánica. Upper Saddle River, Nueva Jersey: Prentice Hall.</li>
</ol>

Hidrólisis de un éster

Triglicéridos
Los triglicéridos son moléculas de triéster compuestas por una columna vertebral de glicerol que se une a 3 ácidos grasos. Estos forman la base de muchos ...

Education

Educación

JoVE Lab Manual

Chemistry

Química

Hydrolysis of an Ester

soap formation from triglycerides

Triglycerides are lipids made of a glycerol backbone linked to three fatty acids. They are common in vegetable oils and animal fats. Plant lipids are the basis of vegetable oils, while animal lipids are used as lard or general sources of fats.

A fatty acid has a long carbon chain, usually between 12 and 20 carbons, with a weak organic acid at one end. Some fatty acids contain double bonds. These are unsaturated fats. The double bond usually gives the chain a bent, cis shape. As a result, unsaturated triglycerides do not stack evenly and have weaker attractions between molecules. They are usually liquid at room temperature. Saturated fats have only single bonds. Their chains are more regular, so they stack more easily. This gives them stronger attractions and higher melting points, which is why they are often solid at room temperature.

Triglycerides can also undergo hydrolysis because they contain ester groups. Hydrolysis is a reaction in which water breaks a bond. In ester hydrolysis, a nucleophile such as water or a hydroxide ion attacks the carbonyl carbon of the ester. One part of the molecule becomes an alcohol after gaining a hydrogen ion from water. The other part becomes a salt of a carboxylic acid after gaining the hydroxide group. Under normal conditions, only a few hydrolysis reactions occur without a strong acid or base. The acid or base acts as a catalyst and is recovered at the end. This reaction is reversible. It is also called a condensation reaction because water is formed as a side product.

The hydrolysis of triglycerides is one of the oldest examples of this chemistry and has been used for centuries to make soap. This reaction is called saponification. During saponification, hydroxide ions attack the carbonyl groups in the three ester bonds of the triglyceride. With three moles of sodium hydroxide for one mole of triglyceride, all three ester groups can be hydrolyzed. The products are three moles of soap molecules and one mole of glycerol. In practice, sodium hydroxide is often the limiting reagent so less triglyceride is left over. That helps reduce the drying effect of the soap.

Soap Formation from Triglycerides

lab techniques

Measuring with Accuracy in the Lab

Measuring with accuracy in the lab starts with careful records, the right tools, and correct reading of data. Scientists use lab notebooks to record how an experiment was done. These notes include the amounts of materials used and each step of the procedure. Without that record, an experiment cannot be repeated in the same way. Balances and glassware are used to measure solids and liquids for experiments. The precision of a measurement depends on the equipment used. Digital balances show the...

scientific measurement and lab skills

Graphs, Curve Fit, and Standard Deviation

Two-dimensional graphs help students compare an independent variable with a dependent variable in science data. In a chemistry example, temperature is the independent variable and volume is the dependent variable. After data are collected, the relationship between the two measurements must be quantified so it can be evaluated and compared with other relationships. A graph can also show when no relationship exists between the two variables. To make a two-dimensional graph, each data point needs...

stoichiometry, product yield, and limiting reactants

stoichiometry-product-yield-and-limiting-reactants

Balancing Equations and Reactant Limits

Chemical equations show how reactants change into products during a reaction. Stoichiometry is the study of the relative amounts of reactants and products. It is based on the Law of Conservation of Mass, which says matter is neither created nor destroyed. Because atoms are only rearranged, the number and identity of atoms must match on both sides of a reaction. That is why a chemical equation must be balanced. A balanced equation has the same number of atoms for each element in the reactants...

redox reactions

Oxidation States in Redox Reactions

Oxidation states help identify redox reactions. In a redox reaction, oxidation is the loss of one or more electrons, and reduction is the gain of one or more electrons. These reactions are often tracked by changes in oxidation state, also called oxidation number. Each atom in a molecule has an oxidation state. This number shows how oxidized an atom is compared with its free elemental form. It is written as the charge an atom would have if every bond were purely ionic. In that model, bonding...

ideal gas law

Gas Laws Behind the Ideal Gas Equation

The ideal gas equation brings together the main gas laws used in chemistry. Gases have molecules that are far apart, so their behavior is described with four measurable variables: pressure, volume, number of moles, and temperature. The ideal gas law links these variables with the gas constant, R, which equals 8.314 J·K−1 mol−1. Boyle’s law describes the link between pressure and volume. When temperature and the number of moles stay constant, pressure and volume change in opposite directions.

acid and base concentrations

Acids, Bases, and pH in Titration

Acids, bases, and pH explain how acidic or basic a solution is. An Arrhenius acid releases hydrogen ions when it dissolves in water, while an Arrhenius base releases hydroxide ions. These reactions also create conjugate partners: an acid forms a conjugate base after losing hydrogen, and a base forms a conjugate acid after losing hydroxyl. Every acid has a conjugate base, and every base has a conjugate acid. pH measures the amount of hydrogen ions in a solution. The pH scale runs from 0 to 14...

buffers

Buffer pH and the Common Ion Effect

Buffer solutions help keep pH steady when acids or bases are added. In water, an Arrhenius acid (HA) dissociates into hydrogen ions, H+, and a conjugate base, A-. More hydrogen ions make a solution more acidic and lower its pH. An Arrhenius base (BOH) dissociates into a conjugate acid, B+, and hydroxide ions, OH-. Strong acids and strong bases usually change pH a lot because they react completely in water and raise the amount of H+ or OH-. Buffers reduce those pH changes. A buffer usually...

enthalpy of reaction

Reaction Heat, Hess’s Law, and Calorimetry

Reaction heat is explained through enthalpy, Hess’s law, and calorimetry. These ideas show how heat moves during chemical reactions and how scientists measure it. Thermodynamics is the study of heat energy and other forms of energy, such as work. Its laws are used across science, from biology to physics. The first law says energy is conserved in an isolated system. Energy can change form, such as thermal energy becoming work, but it cannot be created or destroyed. The second law of...

solubility

Solubility in Water and Other Solvents

Solubility describes how much of a solute can dissolve in a specific solvent. It is usually reported as solute mass per solvent volume or as solute mass per solvent mass. For example, sodium chloride has a solubility of 36 g per 100 mL of water at room temperature. If solubility is given by solvent mass, that mass must be converted to volume for later calculations. Temperature changes solubility. Sodium carbonate dissolves at about 7 g per 100 mL of water at 0 °C, 22 g per 100 mL at room...

metal flame emission

Flame Test Metal Color Clues

Flame testing uses a metal sample and a flame to identify a substance by its color. Each element gives off a characteristic light emission in the flame, so the color can help distinguish one element from another. This same idea appears in fireworks, where different metal components create different colors. The color comes from energy absorbed by the metallic component. When a species absorbs energy, that energy can go into translation, vibration, rotation, or electron excitement. Electron...

balmer series

Hydrogen Emission Lines

Hydrogen emission lines show how electrons move between fixed energy levels in the Bohr model. Niels Bohr proposed this model for the hydrogen atom in 1913. In this model, an electron can only occupy certain orbits, and it cannot exist between them. These energy states are labeled with the quantum number n. The ground state is n = 1. Higher values, such as n = 2, 3, 4, and so on, are excited states. An electron changes state only by absorbing or emitting energy equal to the difference between...

beer's law

Absorbance Spectra and Beer-Lambert Analysis

Absorbance spectra and the Beer-Lambert Law show how light can be used to study molecules in solution. When light hits a substance, it may be absorbed, transmitted, or reflected. A substance often interacts with a range of wavelengths, and each wavelength can affect the molecules or atoms in a different way. When a molecule absorbs light, that energy can be used for translation, vibration, rotation, or electron excitement. Electron excitement is especially important in spectroscopy because it...

concentration dependence

Reaction Order and Rate Constants

Chemical kinetics describes the speed of a chemical reaction. The rate depends on the reaction mechanism, the complexity of the reaction, and the number of reactants involved. Reactant concentration also affects how fast a reaction happens. The rate law is the experimental relationship that connects these factors to reaction rate. In the rate law, each reactant contributes through a reaction order. The general form is r = k[A]^m[B]^n for aA + bB + ... → cC. Here, r is the reaction rate, k is...

temperature dependence

Reaction Rate, Arrhenius, and Catalysts

Chemical kinetics explains how fast a reaction happens and why that speed changes. The reaction rate is the speed of a chemical reaction. It is defined as the change in concentration of a reactant or product over time. Reaction speed depends on several factors, including the concentration of the reactants and the temperature of the reaction. Each reactant affects the rate in a specific way. That relationship is described by the rate law. The rate law is an equation that connects the...

galvanic cells

Battery Power from Redox Reactions

Electrochemistry studies how chemical change and electrical energy are linked. In this branch of chemistry, electrons move from one species to another. That movement can either produce current or be driven by an applied current. The main reaction in electrochemistry is the oxidation-reduction, or redox, reaction. A redox reaction has two half-reactions. Oxidation is the loss of electrons, and reduction is the gain of electrons. These changes also shift the oxidation state of each substance. The...

electrolytic cells

Electroplating with Electrolytic Cells

Electrochemistry links electrical energy with chemical change, and electrolytic cells show how electricity can drive a nonspontaneous reaction. In these reactions, electrons move from one species to another. The key chemistry is a redox reaction, or oxidation-reduction reaction, which happens in two half-reactions. Oxidation is the loss of electrons, and reduction is the gain of electrons. The substance that loses electrons is the reducing agent, and the substance that gains electrons is the...

proper lab notebook keeping

Recording a Reproducible Lab Experiment

Accurate lab notebook records are essential in science and organic chemistry labs. Without clear notes, descriptions, quantities, and observations, an experiment cannot be repeated or checked. Good record keeping supports reproducibility, which means other people can follow the same work and get similar results. A laboratory notebook is useful in school labs, research settings, and industry. It can also become a legal record when an idea, process, substance, or technique is patented and...

basic organic chemistry techniques

Organic Lab Glassware and Safe Handling

Organic chemistry labs use specific glassware, careful weighing steps, and controlled heating to keep reactions safe and accurate. Beakers and Erlenmeyer flasks are often used for mixing or holding solvents, but they are not meant for measuring volume unless only an approximate amount is needed. Volumetric glassware is used when a precise volume matters. This group includes graduated cylinders, volumetric pipettes, and volumetric flasks. A graduated cylinder is commonly used in the organic lab...

melting points

How Impurities Change Melting Points

Melting point helps identify an organic compound by showing the temperature where a solid turns into a liquid at 1 atmosphere of pressure. It is a physical property, like solubility, density, color, and electronegativity. Because the exact start of melting is hard to measure, the result is reported as a range. The lower end is when the first drops of liquid appear. The upper end is when the last solid has melted. Scientists compare this range with literature values to help identify a compound. <br...

boiling points

Boiling Point and Vapor Pressure

Boiling point and vapor pressure are key physical properties of a liquid. For a pure compound, the boiling point can help identify the substance. In experiments, the boiling point is usually recorded as a range because exact values are hard to measure and may differ by a few degrees from the literature value. Vapor pressure explains why a liquid boils. In a sealed container, some molecules at the liquid surface gain enough energy to escape into the gas phase. At the same time, some gas...

recrystallization

Purifying Crystals by Solubility

Purifying crystals by solubility is a key organic chemistry technique. Recrystallization uses differences in solubility to separate a desired solid product from starting materials, solvent, and impurities. It is one of the three standard purification methods, along with distillation and extraction. Solubility is the maximum amount of a substance that can dissolve in a fixed volume of solvent at a given temperature. Different solutes dissolve in different solvents, and their behavior can vary...

extraction

Separating Mixtures with Solvent Extraction

Solvent extraction is a common way to separate and isolate a target compound in organic chemistry. In this process, a solute moves from one phase to another so it can be separated from unreacted starting materials or impurities. Extraction is also useful when a product is dissolved in a reaction solvent that is hard to remove by evaporation, such as a solvent with a high boiling point. There are three main types of extraction. In solid-liquid extraction, the solute moves from a solid phase...

simple distillation

Separating Liquids by Boiling Point

Separating liquids by boiling point is the goal of distillation. A miscible mixture contains liquids that mix evenly, and it can be heated so that the more volatile liquid evaporates first. Volatility is a liquid’s tendency to vaporize, and boiling begins when bubbles form in the liquid phase. In a closed container, liquid and vapor can reach equilibrium, which means the rate of vaporization equals the rate of condensation. The pressure from the vapor above the liquid is called vapor pressure.

steam distillation

Steam Distillation and Low-Boiling Separation

Steam distillation is a separation method for temperature-sensitive organic compounds. It works best when the organic compound is immiscible in water, meaning the two liquids do not mix. The method helps remove the organic molecule from a non-volatile contaminant without using the higher temperatures needed for many other separations. In steam distillation, the immiscible mixture is heated until both water and the volatile organic compound distill together. The vapor rises to a condenser,...

thin-layer chromatography

TLC Separation by Polarity

Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) separates compounds in a mixture by polarity. It uses the same basic parts as other chromatography methods: a stationary phase, a mobile phase, and the solute. In TLC, the stationary phase is a thin coating on a plate instead of material packed into a column. The stationary phase in most TLC systems is polar silica gel, a form of silicon dioxide. Its surface has OH groups that can form hydrogen bonds. The sample is first spotted on a pencil start line with a...

column chromatography

Separating Mixtures by Polarity

Column chromatography separates compounds in an organic chemistry lab by using differences in physical properties. It is especially useful for microscale separations when less than 10 grams of material is available for analysis. The method can separate a mixture based on solubility, polarity, hydrophobicity, size, and charge. Any chromatography system has three main parts: the stationary phase, the mobile phase, and the sample mixture. In column chromatography, the stationary phase is usually...

hydrolysis of an ester

Triglycerides are lipids made of a glycerol backbone linked to three fatty acids. They are common in vegetable oils and animal fats. Plant lipids are the basis of vegetable oils, while animal lipids are used as lard or general sources of fats. A fatty acid has a long carbon chain, usually between 12 and 20 carbons, with a weak organic acid at one end. Some fatty acids contain double bonds. These are unsaturated fats. The double bond usually gives the chain a bent, cis shape. As a result,...

synthesis of luminol

Luminol Chemiluminescence in Forensics

Luminol chemiluminescence shows how a chemical reaction can produce light and help with blood detection. Chemical reactions may be endothermic or exothermic, depending on whether they absorb or release heat as reactants become products. The enthalpy of a reaction is the energy difference between reactants and products, or ΔH. A positive ΔH means the reaction is endothermic. A negative ΔH means it is exothermic. Many reactions do not happen in a single step. They can pass through intermediates...

esterification

Ester Formation and Everyday Fragrances

Esters are organic compounds with a carbonyl group attached to an oxygen that connects to another alkyl or aryl group. Their general formula is RCOOR'. They are often made by reacting a carboxylic acid with an alcohol in an esterification reaction. In this process, the hydroxyl group of the acid is replaced by an alkyl or aryl group. Many simple esters have familiar fruit and flower smells because their structures are small and less complex. Formic acid and methanol can combine to form methyl...

identification of unknown aldehydes and ketones

identification-of-unknown-aldehydes-and-ketones

Carbonyl Tests for Aldehydes and Ketones

Aldehydes and ketones are carbonyl compounds, which means they contain a C=O functional group. A ketone has two alkyl or aryl groups attached to the carbonyl carbon. Acetone is the simplest ketone, with two methyl groups. An aldehyde is similar, but it has at least one hydrogen attached to the carbonyl carbon. Formaldehyde is the simplest aldehyde, and acetaldehyde has one hydrogen and one methyl group. The carbonyl carbon in both aldehydes and ketones is electrophilic because the oxygen atom...

uv-vis spectroscopy of dyes

How Dyes Absorb Visible Light

Dyes absorb visible light because their molecular structure lets them interact with specific wavelengths. When light hits a substance, some light is absorbed and the rest is reflected or transmitted. The color we see depends on the wavelength that is reflected. A blue substance reflects blue light, around 430 to 480 nm, and absorbs the complementary orange region, around 590 to 630 nm. Compounds that do not absorb in the visible range appear colorless to the human eye. Light also has energy and...

identifying alcohols

Alcohol Tests for Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary

Alcohol tests can help sort alcohols by structure and reactivity. Alcohols are organic molecules with a hydroxyl group attached to an alkyl or aryl group, written as ROH. If the carbon with the hydroxyl group has one R group, the alcohol is primary. If it has two R groups, it is secondary. If it has three R groups, it is tertiary. Alcohols can also be aromatic when they contain a benzene ring. Phenol is the simplest aromatic alcohol. To identify an alcohol, chemists can use its chemical...

chemistry

Videos completos y enfocados en el plan de estudios, tanto para los instructores como para los estudiantes de los cursos de laboratorio de introducción a la química.

https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/banners/scicat/labbio.jpg

Explore how triglycerides break down during saponification to form soap and glycerol, and learn how soap cleans grease and reacts in hard water.

Soap Formation from Triglycerides | JoVE K12

Prepárese para enseñar Hidrólisis de un éster con esta guía para instructores de 3 minutos. Cubre los pasos clave de preparación para el laboratorio Chemistry en JoVE Lab Manual.

Preparación del instructor para Hidrólisis de un éster en Chemistry - Más de 6.8K visualizaciones | JoVE Lab Manual

Siga los procedimientos paso a paso de Hidrólisis de un éster en este video de protocolo estudiantil de 11 minutos. Parte de la colección Chemistry en JoVE Lab Manual.

Protocolo estudiantil de Hidrólisis de un éster en Chemistry - Más de 13K visualizaciones | JoVE Lab Manual

Soap Formation from Triglycerides

Description

Transcript

Tags