Name: solids, liquids, gases, and plasma
Uploaded: 2023-06-23T15:38:43.000Z
Duration: 1 min 20 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

Physics

PH.9

PH.9.e

States of Matter

La materia existe en tres formas físicas principales: sólida, líquida y gaseosa.
Todas las moléculas de la materia tienen una cantidad específica de energía cinética, que determina su estado físico.
Las moléculas de sólidos están densamente empaquetadas, con poco espacio a su alrededor y tienen un movimiento limitado. Esto le da a los sólidos una forma y un volumen definidos.
Las moléculas de los líquidos están unidas por fuertes fuerzas de atracción, lo que deja poco espacio a su alrededor. Sin embargo, tienen suficiente energía para moverse libremente, por lo que los líquidos pueden fluir.
En los gases, las moléculas tienen una alta energía cinética, se mueven rápidamente unas junto a otras y, como resultado, tienen fuerzas intermoleculares insignificantes. Con mucho espacio alrededor de las moléculas, los gases tienen densidades bajas, lo que los hace compresibles.
La materia puede pasar de un estado a otro a medida que cambian la temperatura y la presión.
Cuando la temperatura aumenta, las moléculas pueden ganar suficiente energía cinética para superar las fuerzas intermoleculares y pasar a un estado menos ordenado.
Cuando la presión aumenta, las moléculas se acercan unas a otras, aumentando las fuerzas intermoleculares y cambiando la materia a un estado más ordenado.

estados de la materia

Sólidos, líquidos y gases son los tres estados de la materia comúnmente encontrados en la Tierra. Un sólido es rígido y posee una forma definida. Un líquido fluye y adopta la forma de su recipiente, excepto que forma una superficie superior plana o ligeramente curvada cuando es afectado por la gravedad. Tanto las muestras líquidas como sólidas tienen volúmenes casi independientes de la presión. Un gas adopta tanto la forma como el volumen de su recipiente.

Los científicos han descubierto un cuarto estado de la materia, el plasma, que ocurre naturalmente en el interior de las estrellas. Un plasma es un estado gaseoso de la materia que contiene una cantidad apreciable de partículas cargadas eléctricamente. La presencia de estas partículas cargadas confiere propiedades únicas a los plasmas que justifican su clasificación como un estado de la materia distinto de los gases. Además de las estrellas, se encuentran plasmas en algunos otros entornos de alta temperatura (naturales y creados por el hombre), como los rayos, ciertas pantallas de televisión y instrumentos analíticos especializados utilizados para detectar cantidades mínimas de metales.

Algunas muestras de materia parecen tener una o más propiedades de sólidos, líquidos o gases simultáneamente. Esto puede ocurrir cuando la muestra está compuesta por muchas piezas pequeñas. Por ejemplo, podemos verter arena como si fuera líquido porque está compuesta por muchos granos pequeños de arena sólida. La materia también puede tener propiedades de más de un estado cuando es una mezcla, como ocurre con las nubes. Las nubes parecen comportarse de manera similar a los gases, pero son mezclas de aire (gas) y pequeñas partículas de agua (líquido o sólido).

Las diferencias en las propiedades de un sólido, líquido o gas reflejan la fortaleza de las fuerzas de atracción entre los átomos, moléculas o iones que componen cada fase. La fase en la que una sustancia existe depende de la extensión relativa de sus fuerzas intermoleculares (FIM) y las energías cinéticas (EC) de las moléculas. Las partículas en un sólido están fuertemente empaquetadas y a menudo dispuestas en un patrón regular. En un líquido, están cerca unas de otras sin una disposición regular. En un gas, están alejadas sin una disposición regular. Las partículas en un sólido vibran alrededor de posiciones fijas y generalmente no se mueven en relación entre sí. En un líquido, se desplazan unas junto a las otras pero permanecen en contacto constante. En un gas, se mueven independientemente unas de otras excepto cuando chocan.

Este texto es una adaptación de <a href="https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/1-2-phases-and-classification-of-matter">Openstax, Chemistry 2e, Section 1.2: Phases and Classification of Matter</a> and   <a href="https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/10-1-intermolecular-forces">Openstax, Chemistry 2e, Section 10.1: Intermolecular Forces</a>

Estados de la Materia

Sólidos, líquidos y gases son los tres estados de la materia que se encuentran comúnmente en la Tierra. Un sólido es rígido y posee una forma definida. Un líquido fluye y ...

Education

Educación

JoVE Core

Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomía y Fisiología

Unit 1

Unidad 1

Fundamentals of Chemistry

Fundamentos de Química

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TÉRMINOS Y CONCEPTOS CLAVE

solids, liquids, gases, and plasma

Solids, liquids, gases, and plasma are the main forms of matter described here. Solids are rigid and keep a definite shape. Liquids flow and take the shape of their container, although gravity gives the surface a flat or slightly curved top. Solids and liquids also have volumes that stay nearly the same even when pressure changes.

Gases behave differently from solids and liquids. A gas takes both the shape and the volume of its container. In matter with this behavior, the particles are far apart and do not stay in regular positions.

Plasma is a fourth state of matter. It is a gaseous state that contains many electrically charged particles. Because of these charges, plasma has properties that are different from ordinary gases. Plasma occurs naturally in the interiors of stars and can also be found in lightning strikes, some television screens, and special analytical instruments that detect trace metals.

Some materials can seem to show more than one state at once. Sand can be poured like a liquid because it is made of many small solid grains. Clouds also mix different states, since they contain air as a gas along with tiny water particles that may be liquid or solid.

The state of a substance depends on the balance between intermolecular forces and kinetic energy. Intermolecular forces are the attractions between atoms, molecules, or ions, and kinetic energy is the motion of the particles. In a solid, particles are tightly packed and often arranged in a regular pattern. They vibrate in fixed positions rather than moving past one another. In a liquid, particles stay close together with no regular arrangement. They move past each other while remaining in constant contact. In a gas, particles are far apart, move independently, and only interact when they collide.

Solids, Liquids, Gases, and Plasma

what is matter?

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the periodic table and organismal elements

the-periodic-table-and-organismal-elements

Organismal Elements in the Periodic Table

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atomic structure

From Atomos to the Modern Atom

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chemical symbols

Chemical Symbols and Element Names

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atomic number and mass number

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atomic weight

Atomic Mass and Mole Calculations

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isotopes and radioisotopes

Radioisotopes in Medicine and Imaging

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electron behavior

Electron Shells and Discovery

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introduction to chemical bonds

How Atoms Bond to Reach Stability

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ionic bonds

Ionic Bonds and Charge Transfer

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covalent bonds

Polar and Nonpolar Covalent Bonds

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hydrogen bonds

Hydrogen Bonding and DNA Stability

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ions, molecules, and compounds

Atomic Charges, Bonds, and Compounds

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states of matter

Solids, liquids, gases, and plasma are the main forms of matter described here. Solids are rigid and keep a definite shape. Liquids flow and take the shape of their container, although gravity gives the surface a flat or slightly curved top. Solids and liquids also have volumes that stay nearly the same even when pressure changes. Gases behave differently from solids and liquids. A gas takes both the shape and the volume of its container. In matter with this behavior, the particles are far...

colloids and suspensions

Suspensions, Sedimentation, and Colloids

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introduction to chemical reactions

Chemical Reaction Basics and Equilibrium

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types of chemical reactions: anabolic and catabolic

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Anabolism, Catabolism, and ATP Use

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types of chemical reactions: exchange and reversible

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Electron Transfer and Chemical Equilibrium

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energy transfer in chemical reactions

Chemical Energy and Reaction Types

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factors influencing the rate of chemical reactions

factors-influencing-the-rate-of-chemical-reactions

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acids, bases and neutralization reactions

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key terms and concepts

Explore how solids, liquids, gases, and plasma differ, plus how particle motion, intermolecular forces, and kinetic energy shape each state of matter.

Solids, Liquids, Gases, and Plasma | JoVE K12

anatomy and physiology

JoVE Core Anatomy and Physiology showcases the anatomical and physiological details of the human body in comprehensive, clear, and engaging video animations. This collection of lessons focuses on the structures, components, functions, and requirements of the human body. It is complemented by scientist-in-action videos that demonstrate the application of this knowledge in real-world medical and research settings.

Florida Department of Education

High School

Earth and Space Science

SC.912.E.5

SC.912.E.5.2

Physical Science

SC.912.P.8

SC.912.P.8.1

south-carolina-college-and-career-ready-science-standards

South Carolina College and Career Ready Science Standards

Chemistry

Matter and Its Interactions

C-PS1-1

C-PS1-3.

motion-and-stability-forces-and-interactions

Motion and Stability: Forces and Interactions

C-PS2-6.

Georgia Standards of Excellence

9-12

SPS5.

The de Broglie Wavelength

In the macroscopic world, objects that are large enough to be seen by the naked eye follow the rules of classical physics. A billiard ball moving on a ...

dual-nature-of-electromagnetic-em-radiation

Dual Nature of Electromagnetic (EM) Radiation

Electromagnetic (EM) radiation consists of electric and magnetic field components oscillating in planes perpendicular to each other and mutually ...

The student will investigate and understand that extremely large and extremely small quantities are not necessarily described by the same laws as those studied in Newtonian physics. Topics, such as these listed, may be included. wave/particle duality;

PH.9.a

The Uncertainty Principle

Werner Heisenberg considered the limits of how accurately one can measure properties of an electron or other microscopic particles. He determined that ...

The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom

Shortly after de Broglie published his ideas that the electron in a hydrogen atom could be better thought of as being a circular standing wave instead of ...

Quantum Numbers

It is said that the energy of an electron in an atom is quantized; that is, it can be equal only to certain specific values and can jump from one energy ...

The student will investigate and understand that extremely large and extremely small quantities are not necessarily described by the same laws as those studied in Newtonian physics. Topics, such as these listed, may be included. quantum mechanics and uncertainty;

PH.9.b

Principle of Equivalence

According to Albert Einstein (1897-1955), free-falling and feeling weightless are intrinsically linked. If a person were in free-fall under gravity, for ...

space-time-curvature-and-the-general-theory-of-relativity

Space-Time Curvature and the General Theory of Relativity

In 1905, Albert Einstein published his special theory of relativity. According to this theory, no matter in the universe can attain a speed greater than ...

The student will investigate and understand that extremely large and extremely small quantities are not necessarily described by the same laws as those studied in Newtonian physics. Topics, such as these listed, may be included. relativity;

PH.9.c

Nuclear Stability

Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10&#8722;15 meters, a nucleus is ...

Nuclear Binding Energy

The difference between the calculated and experimentally measured masses is known as the mass defect of the atom. In the case of helium-4, the mass defect ...

Radioactive Decay and Radiometric Dating

Radioactivity is a spontaneous disintegration of an unstable nuclide and is a random process, as all the nuclei in the sample do not decay simultaneously. ...

Nuclear Fission

Many heavier elements with smaller binding energies per nucleon can decompose into more stable elements that have intermediate mass numbers and larger ...

Nuclear Power

Controlled nuclear fission reactions are used to generate electricity. Any nuclear reactor that produces power via the fission of uranium or plutonium by ...

Nuclear Fusion

The process of converting very light nuclei into heavier nuclei is also accompanied by the conversion of mass into large amounts of energy, a process ...

The student will investigate and understand that extremely large and extremely small quantities are not necessarily described by the same laws as those studied in Newtonian physics. Topics, such as these listed, may be included. nuclear physics;

PH.9.d

Molecular and Ionic 
Solids

Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their ...

Metallic Solids

Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a ...

Network Covalent Solids

Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, ...

Solids, liquids, and gases are the three states of matter commonly found on Earth. A solid is rigid and possesses a definite shape. A liquid flows and ...

physical-and-chemical-properties-of-matter

Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter

The characteristics that enable us to distinguish one substance from another are called properties.

Physical Properties of Matter

A physical property is ...

molecular-comparison-of-gases-liquids-and-solids

Molecular Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids

Particles in a solid are tightly packed together (fixed shape) and often arranged in a regular pattern; in a liquid, they are close together with no ...

comparing-intermolecular-forces-melting-point-boiling-point

Comparing Intermolecular Forces: Melting Point, Boiling Point, and Miscibility

Intermolecular forces are attractive forces that exist between molecules. They dictate several bulk properties, such as melting points, boiling points, ...

Structures of Solids

Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds ...

lattice-centering-and-coordination-number

Lattice Centering and Coordination Number

The structure of a crystalline solid, whether a metal or not, is best described by considering its simplest repeating unit, which is referred to as its ...

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is ...

Chemical Bonds


Atoms participate in a chemical bond formation&#160;to acquire a completed valence-shell electron configuration similar to that of the noble gas nearest ...

Covalent Bonds

When two atoms share electrons to complete their valence shells they create a covalent bond. An atom&#x2019;s electronegativity&#x2014;the force with ...

Ionic Bonds

When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions ...

Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen BondsHydrogen bonds are weak attractions between atoms that have formed other chemical bonds. One of these atoms is electronegative, like oxygen, ...

Van der Waals Interactions

Atoms and molecules interact with each other through intermolecular forces. These electrostatic forces arise from attractive or repulsive interactions ...

Lewis Symbols and the Octet Rule

Chemical bonds are complex interactions between two or more atoms or ions, which reduce the potential energy of the molecule. Gilbert N. Lewis developed a ...

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence ...

The Born-Haber Cycle

Lattice Energy&#xA0;

An ionic compound is stable because of the electrostatic attraction between its positive and negative ions. The lattice energy of a ...

trends-in-lattice-energy-ion-size-and-charge

Trends in Lattice Energy: Ion Size and Charge

An ionic compound is stable because of the electrostatic attraction between its positive and negative ions. The lattice energy of a compound is a measure ...

Covalent Bonding and Lewis Structures

Compared to ionic bonds, which results from the transfer of electrons between metallic and nonmetallic atoms, covalent bonds result from the mutual ...

Electronegativity

Whether a bond is nonpolar or polar covalent is determined by a property of the bonding atoms called electronegativity.&#xA0;

Electronegativity values of ...

bond-polarity-dipole-moment-and-percent-ionic-character

Bond Polarity, Dipole Moment, and Percent Ionic Character

Bond Polarity

The absolute value of the difference in electronegativity (&Delta;EN) of two bonded atoms provides a rough measure of the polarity to be ...

The student will investigate and understand that extremely large and extremely small quantities are not necessarily described by the same laws as those studied in Newtonian physics. Topics, such as these listed, may be included. solid state physics;

The student will investigate and understand that extremely large and extremely small quantities are not necessarily described by the same laws as those studied in Newtonian physics. Topics, such as these listed, may be included.

Solids, Liquids, Gases, and Plasma

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