Name: soil layers and how soil forms
Uploaded: 2026-08-26T08:21:04.082Z
Duration: 3 min 6 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

north-carolina-k-12-science-standard-course-of-study

North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Earth and Environmental Science

Earth and Human Activity

ESS.EES.6.1

The Soil Ecosystem

Le sol, souvent appel&#xE9; la peau de la Terre, est plus que de la simple terre. 
C&#x27;est un &#xE9;cosyst&#xE8;me complexe qui comprendles facteurs abiotiques tels que les min&#xE9;raux inorganiques, l&#x27;air,et de l&#x27;eau. 
Il contient &#xE9;galement de nombreux facteurs biotiques, tels que des bact&#xE9;ries,des champignons et d&#x27;autres organismes. 
Les min&#xE9;raux inorganiques constituent 40 &#xE0; 45 %du volume de sol et [enrichir l&#x27;&#xE9;cosyst&#xE8;meavec des nutriments tels que les nitrates, les phosphates et le potassium. 
L&#x27;air et l&#x27;eau repr&#xE9;sentent &#xE0; eux deux 50 &#xE0; 55 % du volume du sol. 
L&#x27;air enrichit le sol avec des gaz tels que l&#x27;oxyg&#xE8;ne, l&#x27;azote,et le dioxyde de carbone. 
Alors que l&#x27;eau aide les nutriments &#xE0; p&#xE9;n&#xE9;trer dans le sol. 
Les organismes qui composent 5 &#xE0; 10 % du volume du solinteragir entre eux et avec des facteurs abiotiquespour la nutrition. 
Le sol est compos&#xE9; de plusieurs couches distinctes. 
La couche arable, ou r&#xE9;gion O, est la plus importante pour la croissance des plantescar il est riche en mati&#xE8;re organique humide form&#xE9;e par desla d&#xE9;composition des mati&#xE8;res v&#xE9;g&#xE9;tales et animales mortes. 
L&#x27;humus enrichit le sol en &#xE9;l&#xE9;ments nutritifs,am&#xE9;liore l&#x27;humidit&#xE9; et la r&#xE9;tention d&#x27;air,et attire des organismes tels que les vers de terre,conduisant &#xE0; une texture de sol douce et poreuse. 
La texture et la composition de la couche arableen font un substrat id&#xE9;al pour la germination des graines et des plantesla croissance. 
Un sol sain est consid&#xE9;r&#xE9; comme fertileet une ressource naturelle pr&#xE9;cieuse pour l&#x27;agriculture. 
Cependant, les plantes en croissance utilisent les nutriments du solet &#xE9;puiser sa fertilit&#xE9;. 
L&#x27;&#xE9;cosyst&#xE8;me du sol se r&#xE9;g&#xE9;n&#xE8;re naturellementpar des processus tels que la d&#xE9;compositionde la mati&#xE8;re organique. 
Ces fonctions &#xE9;cologiques vitales sontconnus sous le nom de services &#xE9;cosyst&#xE9;miques. 
En raison de l&#x27;augmentation de l&#x27;activit&#xE9; humaine, la pollution d&#xE9;passede loin la vitesse &#xE0; laquelle le sol peut restaurer son &#xE9;cosyst&#xE8;me. 
Par exemple, les microplastiques qui proviennentde la fragmentation des d&#xE9;chets plastiquessont toxiques pour les organismes vivants et affectent la texture du sol,modifiant ainsi le recyclage des nutrimentset du fonctionnement de l&#x27;&#xE9;cosyst&#xE8;me. 
Avec le changement climatique mondial, qui affecte de plus en plusles &#xE9;cosyst&#xE8;mes du sol et la demande en nourriture qui augmente rapidement,la gestion et la conservation des sols sont essentielles au maintien de la viesur notre plan&#xE8;te.

l'écosystème du sol

Les plantes obtiennent des min&#xE9;raux inorganiques et de l&#x2019;eau &#xE0; partir du sol, qui agit comme un milieu naturel pour les plantes terrestres. La composition et la qualit&#xE9; du sol d&#xE9;pendent non seulement des constituants chimiques, mais aussi de la pr&#xE9;sence d&#x2019;organismes vivants. En g&#xE9;n&#xE9;ral, les sols contiennent trois composantes principales :
 
 <ol>
 <li>la mati&#xE8;re min&#xE9;rale inorganique, qui repr&#xE9;sente environ 40 &#xE0; 45 pour cent du volume du sol ;</li>
 <li>la mati&#xE8;re organique, &#xE9;galement connue sous le nom d&#x2019;humus, qui repr&#xE9;sente environ 5 pour cent du volume du sol ;</li>
 <li>l&#x2019;eau et l&#x2019;air, couvrant environ 50 pour cent du volume du sol.</li>
 
 </ol>
 Un sol sain a une quantit&#xE9; suffisante d&#x2019;air, d&#x2019;eau, de min&#xE9;raux et de mati&#xE8;re organique pour favoriser la croissance des plantes.
 
 En fonction de sa structure physique, le sol est compos&#xE9; de quatre couches distinctes :
 
 <ol>
 <li>horizon O ou sol de surface ;</li>
 <li>horizon A ou fond ;</li>
 <li>horizon B ou sous-sol ;</li>
 <li>horizon C ou sol de base.</li>
 </ol>
 
 L&#x27;horizon O est compos&#xE9; de mati&#xE8;res organiques fra&#xEE;chement d&#xE9;compos&#xE9;es, r&#xE9;sultat de la d&#xE9;composition de plantes, d&#x27;animaux ou de micro-organismes. Il est &#xE9;galement connu sous le nom de terre v&#xE9;g&#xE9;tale. Cette couche d&#x27;humus joue un r&#xF4;le important dans l&#x27;am&#xE9;lioration de la fertilit&#xE9;, de l&#x27;humidit&#xE9; et de la r&#xE9;tention d&#x27;air du sol. Bien que l&#x27;humus repr&#xE9;sente un pourcentage plus faible du volume total du sol, il est n&#xE9;anmoins essentiel.
 
 L&#x2019;horizon A, le fond est un m&#xE9;lange de constituants organiques et inorganiques et constitue le d&#xE9;but d&#x27;un v&#xE9;ritable sol min&#xE9;ral form&#xE9; par l&#x27;alt&#xE9;ration des roches. 
 
 L&#x2019;horizon B, ou sous-sol, est une couche d&#x2019;argile fine qui est moins fertile que le sol de surface. Il est riche en humidit&#xE9; et pr&#xE9;sente moins d&#x27;activit&#xE9; biologique que le sol de surface.
 
 L&#x27;horizon C comprend la roche alt&#xE9;r&#xE9;e sous-jacente. Sous l&#x27;horizon C se trouve g&#xE9;n&#xE9;ralement la roche-m&#xE8;re qui joue le r&#xF4;le de mat&#xE9;riau parent dans la formation du sol. 
 
 Formation du sol
 
 Le sol se forme &#xE0; la suite de processus d&#x2019;alt&#xE9;ration physique, chimique et biologique agissant sur le mat&#xE9;riau rocheux parent. Dans le cas de l&#x2019;alt&#xE9;ration physique, la terre se forme &#xE0; partir d&#x2019;actions m&#xE9;caniques telles que le changement de temp&#xE9;rature, le vent, le gel, l&#x2019;abrasion ou les tremblements de terre, qui une ou toutes &#xE0; la fois peuvent causer la d&#xE9;gradation de la roche m&#xE8;re. En ce qui concerne l&#x2019;alt&#xE9;ration chimique, la terre-m&#xE8;re r&#xE9;agit avec de l&#x2019;eau, de l&#x2019;acide ou d&#x2019;autres composants chimiques. L&#x2019;alt&#xE9;ration biologique, en revanche, est influenc&#xE9;es par les animaux qui creusent et les racines des plantes qui poussent dans les fissures de la roche, ce qui la divise.
 
 Dans l&#x2019;ensemble, le type de sol qui sera produit est r&#xE9;gi par cinq facteurs majeurs d&#x2019;interaction : la composition du mat&#xE9;riau parental, le type d&#x2019;organismes vivants pr&#xE9;sents, les conditions climatiques, la topographie et le temps. L&#x2019;interaction entre ces facteurs produit une vari&#xE9;t&#xE9; infinie de sols &#xE0; travers la terre.

L'écosystème du sol

Plants obtain inorganic minerals and water from the soil, which acts as a natural medium for land plants. The composition and quality of soil depend not ...

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Education

Enseignement

JoVE Core

Biology

Biologie

Plant Biology

Biologie végétale

Plant Structure, Growth and Function

Structure, croissance et nutrition des plantes

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TERMES ET CONCEPTS CLÉS

soil layers and how soil forms

Soil supplies plants with water and inorganic minerals. It is the natural medium for land plants, and its quality depends on both chemical makeup and living organisms in the soil. Healthy soil contains enough air, water, minerals, and organic matter to support plant growth.

Soil is made of three major components. Inorganic mineral matter makes up about 40 to 45 percent of soil volume. Organic matter, also called humus, makes up about 5 percent. Water and air fill about 50 percent of the volume.

Soil also has four distinct layers based on its structure. The O-horizon, or topsoil, contains freshly decomposing material from plants, animals, and microorganisms. This humus layer helps improve soil fertility, moisture, and air retention. The A-horizon is a mixture of organic and inorganic material. It is the start of true mineral soil formed by rock weathering.

The B-horizon, or subsoil, is a layer of fine clay. It is less fertile than topsoil, but it is rich in moisture. It also has less biological activity than the upper layers. The C-horizon is the weathered rock below the subsoil. Under the C-horizon is bedrock, which serves as the parent material for soil formation.

Soil forms through physical, chemical, and biological weathering of bedrock. Physical weathering includes temperature change, wind, frost, abrasion, and earthquakes. Chemical weathering happens when rock reacts with water, acid, or other chemical components. Biological weathering is caused by burrowing animals and plant roots that split rock as they grow into cracks.

The kind of soil that develops depends on five interacting factors: parent material, living organisms, climate, topography, and time. These factors work together to create many different soils across the Earth.

Soil Layers and How Soil Forms

introduction to plant diversity

Plant Adaptations for Life on Land

Plant adaptations for life on land explain how Kingdom Plantae moved from water to land about 410 million years ago. This shift happened when green algae began colonizing a new environment that had not been widely occupied. Land offered more light and carbon dioxide for growth, but it also created major challenges for early plants. One key adaptation was the cuticle, a waxy outer layer that helps prevent water loss. It traps moisture inside the plant. But it also limited direct gas exchange...

non-vascular seedless plants

Nonvascular Plants and Their Life Cycle

Nonvascular plants include some of the earliest plants on Earth. Today, this group includes liverworts, mosses, and hornworts. These plants are also called bryophytes. They have no true roots, leaves, or stems because they lack extensive vascular tissue. Bryophytes reproduce with spores instead of seeds. Their life cycle is dominated by the haploid gametophyte stage, which produces eggs and sperm. The sporophyte stage makes haploid spores that can grow by mitosis into new gametophytes. In many...

seedless vascular plants

Fern Life Cycles and Vascular Tissue

Seedless vascular plants include ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns, and lycophytes. Ferns are the most common example. Whisk ferns and their relatives, along with horsetails, are monilophytes. Lycophytes include club mosses, spikemosses, and quillworts, and none of these are true mosses. Seedless vascular plants differ from nonvascular plants because they have vascular tissue. This tissue includes xylem and phloem, which move water and nutrients through the plant. Most seedless vascular plants...

introduction to seed plants

Seed Plants: Cones, Flowers, and Fruits

Seed plants are land plants that make seeds, use pollen, and have reduced gametophytes. This group includes gymnosperms and angiosperms. Gymnosperms include cycads, Ginkgo biloba, gnetophytes, and conifers. Gymnosperms usually form cones. Pollen cones contain the male gametophytes. Ovulate cones contain the female gametophytes and produce exposed seeds after fertilization. Angiosperms are the most diverse and widespread land plants. They form flowers and fruit, and both structures support...

basic plant anatomy: roots, stems, and leaves

basic-plant-anatomy-roots-stems-and-leaves

Plant Organs and Their Specialized Roles

Plants are built from roots, stems, and leaves, but each organ can change to fit a plant’s environment. These structures may look very different from one species to another. They still carry out the main jobs needed for growth and survival. Roots are usually underground, but that is not always true. Aerial roots grow aboveground. Epiphytic plants, such as orchids, can live without ever touching soil. In strangler figs and banyans, aerial roots begin aboveground, grow downward, and later reach...

plant cells and tissues

Plant Growth and Support Tissues

Plant growth and support tissues help plants grow, protect themselves, and move materials through the body. Plant tissues are groups of similar cells that do related jobs. These tissues combine to form organs such as flowers, fruit, stems, and leaves. Two major kinds of plant tissue are meristematic tissue and permanent tissue. Meristematic tissue is the main growth tissue in plants. It can keep dividing and renewing itself, and every plant cell begins in a meristem. Meristematic tissue is...

meristems and plant growth

Plant Growth from Root and Shoot Tips

Plants grow throughout their lives, and that pattern is called indeterminate growth. This trait sets plants apart from most animals. Some plant parts stop growing, such as leaves and flowers, but roots and stems can keep growing for a long time. Meristems make this ongoing growth possible. A meristem is a plant tissue that contains undifferentiated cells called meristematic cells. When these cells divide, some daughter cells stay in the meristem. That keeps a supply of cells that can keep...

primary and secondary growth in roots and shoots

primary-and-secondary-growth-in-roots-and-shoots

Root and Shoot Growth: Length vs. Width

Root and shoot growth in vascular plants happens in two main ways: primary growth and secondary growth. Primary growth makes roots and shoots longer. Secondary growth makes them thicker. Many woody plants show both kinds of growth, and the two can happen at the same time. Primary growth happens in newer parts of the plant. Secondary growth happens in regions that have already finished primary growth. In roots and shoots, the process starts in apical meristems, which are areas of actively...

morphogenesis

Plant Flowering and Organ Identity

Plant flowering and organ identity shape a plant’s form and structure. These changes depend on growth and cell differentiation, which work together during plant morphogenesis. Precursor cells become specialized cell types, and those cells are organized into tissues and organ systems that support the whole plant. Plant growth and cell differentiation are controlled by hormones. Plant hormones regulate gene expression, often in response to environmental stimuli. Temperature and day length are...

light acquisition

How Plants Maximize Sunlight Capture

Plants need light energy to make glucose, so leaf shape and plant structure help determine how well they capture sunlight. Many modern plants have evolved leaves that are specialized for light capture. Leaf size can vary from just a few millimeters wide to tens of meters wide, depending on the environment. Competition for sunlight has pushed evolution toward larger leaves and taller plants. These changes help plants avoid being shaded by nearby competitors. They also depend on root systems...

water and mineral acquisition

How Roots Absorb Water and Minerals

Roots absorb water and minerals from the soil using specialized tissues. Their branching patterns help them reach more soil, and root hairs on the outer cells increase surface area for contact with the ground. Water enters roots passively because the water concentration in the soil is higher than in root tissue. Minerals move in a different way. They are taken up actively by root cells, which requires energy and transport proteins. Soil particles carry a negative charge, so positive ions...

short-distance transport of resources

Plant Cell Membranes and Water Balance

Plant cell membranes control how water, ions, and other solutes move over short distances. This transport can happen across just 2 to 3 cells, and it begins at the plasma membrane. Small uncharged molecules, such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water, can diffuse through the membrane on their own. Ions and larger molecules need transport proteins because of their charge or size. Membrane transport also happens inside plant cells. The central vacuole stores resources and helps manage the cell’s...

xylem and transpiration-driven transport of resources

xylem-and-transpiration-driven-transport-of-resources

How Xylem Moves Water in Plants

Xylem moves water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant. The cells that carry xylem sap are dead when mature, so the flow is passive. Xylem transport depends on special tracheary elements, which connect directly with the extracellular space in the apoplast. There are two main tracheary elements: tracheids and vessel elements. Tracheids are long cells with lignified walls and small pits. These pits let xylem sap move from one cell to the next where the walls overlap.

regulation of transpiration by stomata

How Guard Cells Open Plant Stomata

How guard cells open and close plant stomata controls gas exchange in leaves. A stoma is a tiny opening in the leaf epidermis. The word comes from the Greek word for “mouth.” These openings let plants take in carbon dioxide for photosynthesis and release oxygen into the air. Each stoma is surrounded by two guard cells. When these cells take up water, they create an opening. Ion transport controls how much water stays in the guard cells. A trigger causes pumps to move hydrogen ions out of the...

adaptations that reduce water loss

Plant Features That Limit Water Loss

Plant features that limit water loss help plants survive in dry or hot environments. Water is needed for photosynthesis and other cell processes, so plants have evolved several ways to slow evaporation from their leaves. One major barrier is the cuticle, a waxy layer on the leaf epidermis. The epidermis is the outer cell layer, and it makes cutin and other plant waxes that form this hydrophobic coating. The cuticle helps stop water from escaping and also keeps out unwanted solutes. Its...

phloem and sugar transport

How Phloem Moves Sugars in Plants

Phloem moves sugars and other materials through plants. In angiosperms, sugar production is mostly limited to photosynthetic cells in the leaves. These leaves act as sugar sources because they make more sugar than they use. Roots, shoots, flowers, and fruits are usually sugar sinks because they need more sugar than they can make. This movement is called translocation. It carries sugar, hormones, amino acids, and some signaling molecules from source tissues to sink tissues. The transport...

the soil ecosystem

Soil supplies plants with water and inorganic minerals. It is the natural medium for land plants, and its quality depends on both chemical makeup and living organisms in the soil. Healthy soil contains enough air, water, minerals, and organic matter to support plant growth. Soil is made of three major components. Inorganic mineral matter makes up about 40 to 45 percent of soil volume. Organic matter, also called humus, makes up about 5 percent. Water and air fill about 50 percent of the volume.

key elements for plant nutrition

Plant Nutrients: Macro and Micro Needs

Plants need both organic and inorganic nutrients to survive, grow, reproduce, and keep normal cell function. Researchers use hydroponics to study these essential nutrients. In hydroponic culture, plants grow without soil in water-based nutrient solutions. At least 17 nutrients are known to be essential for plants. Plants get these elements from the atmosphere, the soil around their roots, and water. Nine of them are macronutrients, which plants need in larger amounts. These macronutrients are...

the roles of bacteria and fungi in plant nutrition

the-roles-of-bacteria-and-fungi-in-plant-nutrition

How Soil Microbes Help Plants Get Nutrients

Soil microbes help plants get nutrients, water, and protection. Plants can make their own food by photosynthesis, but they still depend on organisms in the soil to get the nutrients they need to work properly. Bacteria and fungi form symbiotic relationships with plants, which helps both partners survive in many environments. The bacteria living in and around plant roots are called the rhizosphere. This community is very diverse. Some bacteria can cause disease, but most help plant health. In...

epiphytes, parasites, and carnivores

Plant Nutritional Adaptations in Nature

Plant nutritional adaptations help some species survive by using fungi, bacteria, or other plants and animals. Many plants also rely on mutualistic partners in the soil. Root-colonizing fungi, such as mycorrhizae, increase root surface area and improve nutrient absorption. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria, such as rhizobia, convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into ammonia (NH3), which plants can use to build essential molecules like chlorophyll. These relationships benefit both sides. The plant gets...

the apoplast and symplast

Plant Water Transport Pathways

Plant water transport pathways help roots absorb water and dissolved minerals from the soil. These pathways move materials through plant tissues that support growth and nutrient uptake. The main tissue regions involved are the apoplast and the symplast. The apoplast includes everything outside the plasma membrane of living cells. It contains cell walls, extracellular spaces, xylem, phloem, and tracheids. The symplast is the cytosol of all living plant cells, along with the plasmodesmata that...

key terms and concepts

Explore soil layers, soil composition, and the weathering processes that form soil. Learn how humus, subsoil, and bedrock support plant growth.

Soil Layers and How Soil Forms | JoVE K12

JoVE Core series brings biology to life through over 300 concise and easy-to-understand animated video lessons that explain key concepts in biology, plus more than 150 scientist-in-action videos that show actual research experiments conducted in today’s laboratories.

biology

La collection JoVE Core Biologie donne vie à la biologie à travers plus de 300 leçons vidéos animées concises et faciles à comprendre qui expliquent les concept clés de la biologie, mais aussi plus de 150 vidéos de scientifiques à l'action effectuant des expériences de recherche dans des laboratoires modernes.

Earth's Systems

ESS.EES.2.4

ESS.EES.2.5

ESS.EES.4.1

ESS.EES.4.2

Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

Earth and Space Science

3.3.9-12.N

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

Earth Science

Earth’s Systems

HS-ESS2-1

ohios-learning-standards-and-model-curriculum

Ohio’s Learning Standards and Model Curriculum

Physical Geology

Plate Tectonics

Structure of Earth

Earth's Resources

Soil and sediment

Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

ES.5

ES.5.a

ES.5.b

ES.8

ES.8.a

Life Science

LS.7

LS.7.a

LS.9

LS.9.c

Next Generation Science Standards

ecosystems-interactions-energy-and-dynamics

Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics

HS-LS2-6

HS-ESS2-2

HS-ESS2-6

HS-ESS3-1

Florida Department of Education

SC.912.L.14

SC.912.L.14.7

south-carolina-college-and-career-ready-science-standards

South Carolina College and Career Ready Science Standards

Earth and Space Science (ESS)

E-ESS3-1.

E-ESS3-2.

Georgia Standards of Excellence

Entomology

SEN1.

SEN1.a

Threats to Biodiversity

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Global Climate Change

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Extinction

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Climate Change

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Analyze and interpret data to explain the impacts of land use on Earth's systems.

ESS.EES.5.1

water-quality-analysis-via-indicator-organisms

Water Quality Analysis via Indicator Organisms

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Demonstrating Author: Luisa Ikner
Water quality analysis monitors ...

Nutrients in Aquatic Ecosystems

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Turbidity and Total Solids in Surface Water

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environmental-applications-of-microorganisms

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Dissolved Oxygen in Surface Water

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ESS.EES.5.2

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determination-of-nox-in-automobile-exhaust-using-uv-vis-spectroscopy

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Source: Laboratories of Margaret Workman and Kimberly Frye - Depaul University
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What is Weather?

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The Sulfur Cycle

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Construct an argument to evaluate the ways that human activities influence atmospheric composition.

ESS.EES.5.3

Evaluate how human consumption patterns impact Earth's systems.

Soil Layers and How Soil Forms

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