Name: how soil microbes help plants get nutrients
Uploaded: 2026-08-26T08:21:10.392Z
Duration: 2 min 17 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Florida Department of Education

High School

Life Science

SC.912.L.14

SC.912.L.14.7

the-roles-of-bacteria-and-fungi-in-plant-nutrition

The Roles of Bacteria and Fungi in Plant Nutrition

Bien que les plantes tirent leur nourriture de la photosynth&#xE8;se,elles ont &#xE9;galement besoin de min&#xE9;raux et de nutriments. 
Certaines plantes d&#xE9;pendent d&#x27;organismes vivant dans le solpour acqu&#xE9;rir efficacement les ressources du sol. 
Les rhizobact&#xE9;ries sont des procaryotes qui vivent en associationavec des racines de plantes. 
Cette classe diversifi&#xE9;e d&#x27;organismes re&#xE7;oit une nutritiondes racines des plantes tout en apportant un soutienpour la plante de diverses mani&#xE8;res. 
Ils peuvent, par exemple, produire des antibiotiquespour prot&#xE9;ger la plante, absorber les produits chimiques ind&#xE9;sirablesdu sol ou faciliter l&#x27;acquisitionde nutriments essentiels. 
L&#x27;azote est un composant essentiel des prot&#xE9;ines et des acides nucl&#xE9;iques. 
Cependant, les plantes ne peuvent pas utiliser l&#x27;azote atmosph&#xE9;rique,car ils n&#x27;ont pas les moyens de le convertir enformulaires utiles. 
Au cours d&#x27;un processus appel&#xE9; &#x22;fixation de l&#x27;azote&#x22;,Les procaryotes convertissent l&#x27;azote atmosph&#xE9;rique&#xE0; l&#x27;ammoniac, qui est modifi&#xE9; en ammonium. 
D&#x27;autres procaryotes convertissent l&#x27;ammoniac en nitrate. 
Le nitrate et l&#x27;ammonium peuvent &#xEA;tre absorb&#xE9;s et utilis&#xE9;s par les plantes. 
Dans les l&#xE9;gumineuses, comme les plantes de pois et de haricots,la fixation de l&#x27;azote se produit au niveau des structures racinaires sp&#xE9;cialis&#xE9;esappel&#xE9;s nodules. 
Dans cette relation symbiotique, Rhizobiafixer l&#x27;azote atmosph&#xE9;rique et faireil est biodisponible pour les plantes, tandis que les bact&#xE9;ries re&#xE7;oiventdes nutriments essentiels de la l&#xE9;gumineuse, auxquelleselles sont associ&#xE9;s &#xE0;. 
La plupart des esp&#xE8;ces v&#xE9;g&#xE9;tales sont &#xE9;galement associ&#xE9;esavec des champignons dans une relation mutuellement b&#xE9;n&#xE9;fique. 
Les champignons, appel&#xE9;s &#x22;mycorhizes&#x22;, re&#xE7;oivent une nutritionde l&#x27;usine. 
En retour, les mycorhizes peuvent acc&#xE9;derles r&#xE9;serves d&#x27;&#xE9;l&#xE9;ments nutritifs dans le solnon disponible pour les plantes. 
Par exemple, les champignons facilitent l&#x27;acquisitionde phosphate, de cuivre et de zinc. 
Les champignons peuvent &#xE9;galement fonctionner comme une barri&#xE8;re physiquecontre les agents pathog&#xE8;nes ou produire des antibiotiquespour prot&#xE9;ger la plante.

Kraiser, Tatiana, Diana E. Gras, Alvaro G. Gutiérrez, Bernardo González et Rodrigo A. Gutiérrez. « Une vision holistique de l’acquisition d’azote chez les plantes », Journal of Experimental Botany 62, n° 4 (février 2011) : 1455-66. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erq425 » target="_blank">Source</a>]

Mendes, R, Garbeva, P, Raaijmakers, JM. « Le microbiome de la rhizosphère : importance des micro-organismes bénéfiques pour les plantes, pathogènes des plantes et pathogènes pour l’homme. » FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2013 Sep 37(5) :634-63. [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23790204 » target="_blank">Source</a>]

van der Heijden, MG, Martin, FM, Selosse, MA, Sanders, IR. « Écologie et évolution mycorhiziennes : le passé, le présent et l’avenir. » New Phytol. 2015 Mar 205(4) :1406-23. [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25639293 » target="_blank">Source</a>]

les rôles des bactéries et des champignons dans la nutrition végétale

Les plantes ont la capacit&#xE9; impressionnante de cr&#xE9;er leur propre nourriture gr&#xE2;ce &#xE0; la photosynth&#xE8;se. Cependant, les plantes ont souvent besoin de l&#x2019;aide d&#x2019;organismes dans le sol afin d&#x2019;acqu&#xE9;rir les nutriments dont elles ont besoin pour fonctionner correctement. Les bact&#xE9;ries et les champignons ont d&#xE9;velopp&#xE9; des relations symbiotiques avec les plantes qui aident l&#x2019;esp&#xE8;ce &#xE0; prosp&#xE9;rer dans une grande vari&#xE9;t&#xE9; d&#x2019;environnements.
 
 Les bact&#xE9;ries collectives r&#xE9;sidant dans et autour des racines des plantes sont appel&#xE9;es la rhizosph&#xE8;re. Ces esp&#xE8;ces bact&#xE9;riennes vivant dans le sol sont incroyablement diverses. Bien que certaines puissent &#xEA;tre pathog&#xE8;nes, la plupart ont des r&#xF4;les qui soutiennent la sant&#xE9; des plantes. En &#xE9;change, les bact&#xE9;ries re&#xE7;oivent une alimentation de la part des plantes sous forme de glucides, d&#x2019;acides amin&#xE9;s et d&#x2019;acides nucl&#xE9;iques.
 
 Les bact&#xE9;ries appel&#xE9;es rhizobact&#xE9;ries peuvent prot&#xE9;ger les plantes en produisant des antibiotiques ou en absorbant les m&#xE9;taux toxiques dans le sol. En outre, les bact&#xE9;ries aident les plantes en acc&#xE9;dant &#xE0; des r&#xE9;serves autrement inutilisables de nutriments dans le sol. Par exemple, les plantes n&#x2019;ont pas les machineries mol&#xE9;culaires pour utiliser directement l&#x2019;azote de l&#x2019;atmosph&#xE8;re. Au lieu de cela, elles prennent de l&#x2019;azote sous forme d&#x2019;ammonium (NH4+) et de nitrate (NO3-), qui est g&#xE9;n&#xE9;r&#xE9; par des bact&#xE9;ries r&#xE9;sidant dans le sol.
 
 Au cours d&#x2019;un processus appel&#xE9; fixation de l&#x2019;azote, les bact&#xE9;ries vivant dans le sol transforment l&#x2019;azote atmosph&#xE9;rique en ammoniac. La fixation de l&#x2019;azote n&#xE9;cessite de grandes quantit&#xE9;s d&#x2019;ATP que les bact&#xE9;ries d&#xE9;rivent des glucides fournis par les plantes. D&#x2019;autres groupes de bact&#xE9;ries transforment l&#x2019;ammoniac en nitrate au cours d&#x2019;un processus en deux &#xE9;tapes appel&#xE9; nitrification. Ces processus fournissent aux plantes des formes d&#x2019;azote qu&#x2019;elles peuvent utiliser pour synth&#xE9;tiser les prot&#xE9;ines et les acides nucl&#xE9;iques.
 
 Les champignons participent &#xE9;galement &#xE0; des relations symbiotiques avec les plantes. Les scientifiques pensent que la relation mutualiste entre les plantes et les champignons mycorhizes a &#xE9;t&#xE9; une adaptation cl&#xE9; dans la colonisation r&#xE9;ussie des terres, aidant les premi&#xE8;res plantes &#xE0; acqu&#xE9;rir des &#xE9;l&#xE9;ments essentiels du sol. Les mycorhizes modernes servent &#xE0; l&#x2019;acquisition d&#x2019;eau, &#xE0; la signalisation de facteur de croissance et &#xE0; la protection des plantes. Les ectomycorhizes couvrent les racines et aident &#xE0; absorber l&#x2019;eau et les min&#xE9;raux. Dans le m&#xEA;me temps, les mycorhizes arbusculaires sont incorpor&#xE9;es dans le tissu racinaire, augmentant le contact entre les cellules v&#xE9;g&#xE9;tales et les filaments ramifi&#xE9;s du champignon, appel&#xE9;s des hyphes.

Les rôles des bactéries et des champignons dans la nutrition végétale

Plants have the impressive ability to create their own food through photosynthesis. However, plants often require assistance from organisms in the soil to ...

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Education

Enseignement

JoVE Core

Biology

Biologie

Plant Biology

Biologie végétale

Plant Structure, Growth and Function

Structure, croissance et nutrition des plantes

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TERMES ET CONCEPTS CLÉS

how soil microbes help plants get nutrients

Soil microbes help plants get nutrients, water, and protection. Plants can make their own food by photosynthesis, but they still depend on organisms in the soil to get the nutrients they need to work properly. Bacteria and fungi form symbiotic relationships with plants, which helps both partners survive in many environments.

The bacteria living in and around plant roots are called the rhizosphere. This community is very diverse. Some bacteria can cause disease, but most help plant health. In return, the bacteria receive carbohydrates, amino acids, and nucleic acids from the plant. Rhizobacteria can also protect plants by making antibiotics or by absorbing toxic metals in the soil.

Bacteria also help plants reach nutrients they cannot use on their own. Plants cannot use nitrogen directly from the atmosphere. They need nitrogen as ammonium or nitrate instead. Soil bacteria make these forms through nitrogen fixation and nitrification. During nitrogen fixation, bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia. This process needs a lot of ATP, which bacteria get from plant-provided carbohydrates. Other bacteria then turn ammonia into nitrate in a two-step process called nitrification. Plants use these nitrogen forms to build proteins and nucleic acids.

Fungi also support plant life through mycorrhizae, which are mutualistic fungi that connect with roots. Scientists think this relationship helped early plants colonize land by improving access to soil nutrients. Today, mycorrhizae help with water uptake, growth factor signaling, and plant protection. Ectomycorrhizae cover roots and help absorb water and minerals. Arbuscular mycorrhizae grow inside root tissue and increase contact between plant cells and the fungus’s branching hyphae.

How Soil Microbes Help Plants Get Nutrients

how-soil-microbes-help-plants-get-nutrients

introduction to plant diversity

Plant Adaptations for Life on Land

Plant adaptations for life on land explain how Kingdom Plantae moved from water to land about 410 million years ago. This shift happened when green algae began colonizing a new environment that had not been widely occupied. Land offered more light and carbon dioxide for growth, but it also created major challenges for early plants. One key adaptation was the cuticle, a waxy outer layer that helps prevent water loss. It traps moisture inside the plant. But it also limited direct gas exchange...

non-vascular seedless plants

Nonvascular Plants and Their Life Cycle

Nonvascular plants include some of the earliest plants on Earth. Today, this group includes liverworts, mosses, and hornworts. These plants are also called bryophytes. They have no true roots, leaves, or stems because they lack extensive vascular tissue. Bryophytes reproduce with spores instead of seeds. Their life cycle is dominated by the haploid gametophyte stage, which produces eggs and sperm. The sporophyte stage makes haploid spores that can grow by mitosis into new gametophytes. In many...

seedless vascular plants

Fern Life Cycles and Vascular Tissue

Seedless vascular plants include ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns, and lycophytes. Ferns are the most common example. Whisk ferns and their relatives, along with horsetails, are monilophytes. Lycophytes include club mosses, spikemosses, and quillworts, and none of these are true mosses. Seedless vascular plants differ from nonvascular plants because they have vascular tissue. This tissue includes xylem and phloem, which move water and nutrients through the plant. Most seedless vascular plants...

introduction to seed plants

Seed Plants: Cones, Flowers, and Fruits

Seed plants are land plants that make seeds, use pollen, and have reduced gametophytes. This group includes gymnosperms and angiosperms. Gymnosperms include cycads, Ginkgo biloba, gnetophytes, and conifers. Gymnosperms usually form cones. Pollen cones contain the male gametophytes. Ovulate cones contain the female gametophytes and produce exposed seeds after fertilization. Angiosperms are the most diverse and widespread land plants. They form flowers and fruit, and both structures support...

basic plant anatomy: roots, stems, and leaves

basic-plant-anatomy-roots-stems-and-leaves

Plant Organs and Their Specialized Roles

Plants are built from roots, stems, and leaves, but each organ can change to fit a plant’s environment. These structures may look very different from one species to another. They still carry out the main jobs needed for growth and survival. Roots are usually underground, but that is not always true. Aerial roots grow aboveground. Epiphytic plants, such as orchids, can live without ever touching soil. In strangler figs and banyans, aerial roots begin aboveground, grow downward, and later reach...

plant cells and tissues

Plant Growth and Support Tissues

Plant growth and support tissues help plants grow, protect themselves, and move materials through the body. Plant tissues are groups of similar cells that do related jobs. These tissues combine to form organs such as flowers, fruit, stems, and leaves. Two major kinds of plant tissue are meristematic tissue and permanent tissue. Meristematic tissue is the main growth tissue in plants. It can keep dividing and renewing itself, and every plant cell begins in a meristem. Meristematic tissue is...

meristems and plant growth

Plant Growth from Root and Shoot Tips

Plants grow throughout their lives, and that pattern is called indeterminate growth. This trait sets plants apart from most animals. Some plant parts stop growing, such as leaves and flowers, but roots and stems can keep growing for a long time. Meristems make this ongoing growth possible. A meristem is a plant tissue that contains undifferentiated cells called meristematic cells. When these cells divide, some daughter cells stay in the meristem. That keeps a supply of cells that can keep...

primary and secondary growth in roots and shoots

primary-and-secondary-growth-in-roots-and-shoots

Root and Shoot Growth: Length vs. Width

Root and shoot growth in vascular plants happens in two main ways: primary growth and secondary growth. Primary growth makes roots and shoots longer. Secondary growth makes them thicker. Many woody plants show both kinds of growth, and the two can happen at the same time. Primary growth happens in newer parts of the plant. Secondary growth happens in regions that have already finished primary growth. In roots and shoots, the process starts in apical meristems, which are areas of actively...

morphogenesis

Plant Flowering and Organ Identity

Plant flowering and organ identity shape a plant’s form and structure. These changes depend on growth and cell differentiation, which work together during plant morphogenesis. Precursor cells become specialized cell types, and those cells are organized into tissues and organ systems that support the whole plant. Plant growth and cell differentiation are controlled by hormones. Plant hormones regulate gene expression, often in response to environmental stimuli. Temperature and day length are...

light acquisition

How Plants Maximize Sunlight Capture

Plants need light energy to make glucose, so leaf shape and plant structure help determine how well they capture sunlight. Many modern plants have evolved leaves that are specialized for light capture. Leaf size can vary from just a few millimeters wide to tens of meters wide, depending on the environment. Competition for sunlight has pushed evolution toward larger leaves and taller plants. These changes help plants avoid being shaded by nearby competitors. They also depend on root systems...

water and mineral acquisition

How Roots Absorb Water and Minerals

Roots absorb water and minerals from the soil using specialized tissues. Their branching patterns help them reach more soil, and root hairs on the outer cells increase surface area for contact with the ground. Water enters roots passively because the water concentration in the soil is higher than in root tissue. Minerals move in a different way. They are taken up actively by root cells, which requires energy and transport proteins. Soil particles carry a negative charge, so positive ions...

short-distance transport of resources

Plant Cell Membranes and Water Balance

Plant cell membranes control how water, ions, and other solutes move over short distances. This transport can happen across just 2 to 3 cells, and it begins at the plasma membrane. Small uncharged molecules, such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water, can diffuse through the membrane on their own. Ions and larger molecules need transport proteins because of their charge or size. Membrane transport also happens inside plant cells. The central vacuole stores resources and helps manage the cell’s...

xylem and transpiration-driven transport of resources

xylem-and-transpiration-driven-transport-of-resources

How Xylem Moves Water in Plants

Xylem moves water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant. The cells that carry xylem sap are dead when mature, so the flow is passive. Xylem transport depends on special tracheary elements, which connect directly with the extracellular space in the apoplast. There are two main tracheary elements: tracheids and vessel elements. Tracheids are long cells with lignified walls and small pits. These pits let xylem sap move from one cell to the next where the walls overlap.

regulation of transpiration by stomata

How Guard Cells Open Plant Stomata

How guard cells open and close plant stomata controls gas exchange in leaves. A stoma is a tiny opening in the leaf epidermis. The word comes from the Greek word for “mouth.” These openings let plants take in carbon dioxide for photosynthesis and release oxygen into the air. Each stoma is surrounded by two guard cells. When these cells take up water, they create an opening. Ion transport controls how much water stays in the guard cells. A trigger causes pumps to move hydrogen ions out of the...

adaptations that reduce water loss

Plant Features That Limit Water Loss

Plant features that limit water loss help plants survive in dry or hot environments. Water is needed for photosynthesis and other cell processes, so plants have evolved several ways to slow evaporation from their leaves. One major barrier is the cuticle, a waxy layer on the leaf epidermis. The epidermis is the outer cell layer, and it makes cutin and other plant waxes that form this hydrophobic coating. The cuticle helps stop water from escaping and also keeps out unwanted solutes. Its...

phloem and sugar transport

How Phloem Moves Sugars in Plants

Phloem moves sugars and other materials through plants. In angiosperms, sugar production is mostly limited to photosynthetic cells in the leaves. These leaves act as sugar sources because they make more sugar than they use. Roots, shoots, flowers, and fruits are usually sugar sinks because they need more sugar than they can make. This movement is called translocation. It carries sugar, hormones, amino acids, and some signaling molecules from source tissues to sink tissues. The transport...

the soil ecosystem

Soil Layers and How Soil Forms

Soil supplies plants with water and inorganic minerals. It is the natural medium for land plants, and its quality depends on both chemical makeup and living organisms in the soil. Healthy soil contains enough air, water, minerals, and organic matter to support plant growth. Soil is made of three major components. Inorganic mineral matter makes up about 40 to 45 percent of soil volume. Organic matter, also called humus, makes up about 5 percent. Water and air fill about 50 percent of the volume.

key elements for plant nutrition

Plant Nutrients: Macro and Micro Needs

Plants need both organic and inorganic nutrients to survive, grow, reproduce, and keep normal cell function. Researchers use hydroponics to study these essential nutrients. In hydroponic culture, plants grow without soil in water-based nutrient solutions. At least 17 nutrients are known to be essential for plants. Plants get these elements from the atmosphere, the soil around their roots, and water. Nine of them are macronutrients, which plants need in larger amounts. These macronutrients are...

the roles of bacteria and fungi in plant nutrition

Soil microbes help plants get nutrients, water, and protection. Plants can make their own food by photosynthesis, but they still depend on organisms in the soil to get the nutrients they need to work properly. Bacteria and fungi form symbiotic relationships with plants, which helps both partners survive in many environments. The bacteria living in and around plant roots are called the rhizosphere. This community is very diverse. Some bacteria can cause disease, but most help plant health. In...

epiphytes, parasites, and carnivores

Plant Nutritional Adaptations in Nature

Plant nutritional adaptations help some species survive by using fungi, bacteria, or other plants and animals. Many plants also rely on mutualistic partners in the soil. Root-colonizing fungi, such as mycorrhizae, increase root surface area and improve nutrient absorption. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria, such as rhizobia, convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into ammonia (NH3), which plants can use to build essential molecules like chlorophyll. These relationships benefit both sides. The plant gets...

the apoplast and symplast

Plant Water Transport Pathways

Plant water transport pathways help roots absorb water and dissolved minerals from the soil. These pathways move materials through plant tissues that support growth and nutrient uptake. The main tissue regions involved are the apoplast and the symplast. The apoplast includes everything outside the plasma membrane of living cells. It contains cell walls, extracellular spaces, xylem, phloem, and tracheids. The symplast is the cytosol of all living plant cells, along with the plasmodesmata that...

key terms and concepts

Explore how rhizosphere bacteria and mycorrhizae fungi support plant nutrition, from nitrogen fixation to water uptake and root protection.

How Soil Microbes Help Plants Get Nutrients | JoVE K12

JoVE Core series brings biology to life through over 300 concise and easy-to-understand animated video lessons that explain key concepts in biology, plus more than 150 scientist-in-action videos that show actual research experiments conducted in today’s laboratories.

biology

La collection JoVE Core Biologie donne vie à la biologie à travers plus de 300 leçons vidéos animées concises et faciles à comprendre qui expliquent les concept clés de la biologie, mais aussi plus de 150 vidéos de scientifiques à l'action effectuant des expériences de recherche dans des laboratoires modernes.

SC.912.L.14.9

Georgia Standards of Excellence

9-12

Environmental Science

SEV1.

SEV1.d

What are Cells?

Cells are the smallest and basic units of life, whether it is a single cell that forms the entire organism, e.g., in a bacterium or trillions of them, ...

Characteristics of Life

Biology is a natural science that studies life and living organisms, including their structure, function, development, interactions, evolution, ...

https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/10647.jpg

Animal and Plant Cell Structure

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Eukaryotic Evolution

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Cell Diversity

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Chemistry of the Cell

The cell is chemically composed of water, organic molecules and inorganic ions.
Water
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Describe the scientific theory of cells (cell theory) and relate the history of its discovery to the process of science.

SC.912.L.14.1

Cell Size

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Eukaryotic Compartmentalization

One of the distinguishing features of eukaryotic cells is that they contain membrane-bound organelles, such as the nucleus and mitochondria, that carry ...

Prokaryotic Cells

Prokaryotes are small unicellular organisms that include the domains&#x2014;Archaea and Bacteria. Bacteria include many common organisms, such as ...

Cytoplasm

The cytoplasm consists of organelles and a framework of protein scaffolds called the cytoskeleton suspended in an aqueous solution, the cytosol. The ...

The Nucleus

The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that acts as a control center in a eukaryotic cell. It contains chromosomal DNA, which controls gene expression ...

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Endoplasmic ReticulumThe endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an extensive network of membranous sacs and tubules in eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer ...

Ribosomes

Ribosomes translate genetic information encoded by messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have ribosomes. Cells that ...

Golgi Apparatus

As they leave the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER), properly folded and assembled proteins are selectively packaged into vesicles. These vesicles are ...

Microtubules

There are three types of cytoskeletal structures in eukaryotic cells&#x2014;microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules. With a diameter of ...

Peroxisomes

Peroxisomes and mitochondria are two important oxygen-utilizing organelles in eukaryotic cells. Mitochondria carry out cellular respiration&#x2014;the ...

Gap Junctions

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The Extracellular Matrix

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Tissues

Cells with similar structure and function are grouped into tissues. A group of tissues with a specialized function is called an organ. There are four main ...

Plant Cell Wall

The plant cell wall gives plant cells shape, support, and protection. As a cell matures, its cell wall specializes according to the cell type. For ...

Plasmodesmata

The organs in a multicellular organism&#x2019;s body are made up of tissues formed by cells. To work together cohesively, cells must communicate. One way ...

What are Membranes?

A key characteristic of life is the ability to separate the external environment from the internal space. To do this, cells have evolved semi-permeable ...

Membrane Fluidity

Cell membranes are composed of phospholipids, proteins, and carbohydrates loosely attached to one another through chemical interactions. Molecules are ...

Fluid Mosaic Model

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What is an Electrochemical Gradient?

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Diffusion

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Osmosis

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Tonicity in Animals

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Tonicity in Plants

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Introduction to Membrane Proteins

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Facilitated Transport

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Primary Active Transport

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Secondary Active Transport

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Receptor-mediated Endocytosis

Overview

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Pinocytosis

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Phagocytosis

Cells pull particles inward and engulf them in spherical vesicles in an energy-requiring process called endocytosis. Phagocytosis (&#x201C;cellular ...

Exocytosis

Exocytosis is used to release material from cells. Like other bulk transport mechanisms, exocytosis requires energy.

While endocytosis takes particles ...

Relate structure to function for the components of plant and animal cells. Explain the role of cell membranes as a highly selective barrier (passive and active transport).

SC.912.L.14.2

Cell Structure

Background
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Compare and contrast the general structures of plant and animal cells. Compare and contrast the general structures of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

SC.912.L.14.3

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Introduction to Light Microscopy

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Overview of Electron Microscopy

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Phase Contrast and Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy

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Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy

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Compare and contrast structure and function of various types of microscopes.

SC.912.L.14.4

A. Cells have characteristic structures and functions that make them distinctive.

B. Processes in a cell can be classified broadly as growth, maintenance, reproduction, and homeostasis.

C. Life can be organized in a functional and structural hierarchy ranging from cells to the biosphere.

D. Most multicellular organisms are composed of organ systems whose structures reflect their particular function.

How Soil Microbes Help Plants Get Nutrients

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