Name: organismal elements in the periodic table
Uploaded: 2023-06-23T15:38:43.000Z
Duration: 1 min 27 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

Chemistry

Matter And Its Interactions

HS-PS1-1

the-periodic-table-and-organismal-elements

The Periodic Table And Organismal Elements

Au niveau fondamental, toute matière est composée de molécules composées de différents éléments chimiques.
Les éléments sont des substances pures qui ne constituent qu’un seul type d’atome.
Le tableau périodique est une référence standard en chimie dans laquelle les éléments sont disposés en fonction de leur numéro atomique croissant.
Le symbole spécifique utilisé pour un élément est souvent la première ou les deux premières lettres de son nom. Les symboles peuvent également provenir du nom latin ou allemand d'un élément. Par exemple, le sodium est abrégé en Na pour Natrium, et le fer est abrégé en Fe pour Ferrum.
96 % de la matière biologique est principalement composée de quatre éléments : l’oxygène, le carbone, l’hydrogène et l’azote.
Les 4 % restants sont composés de calcium, de phosphore, de potassium, de soufre et de fer.
Chez les animaux, alors que le calcium est essentiel à la croissance saine des dents et des os, le fer contenu dans l’hémoglobine transporte les molécules d’oxygène des poumons vers les autres cellules du corps.
De plus, les ions métalliques comme le magnésium, le manganèse, le cuivre, le zinc, le molybdène et le potassium aident les enzymes à catalyser diverses réactions métaboliques.

le tableau périodique et les éléments de l’organisme

Les éléments sont les plus petites unités de matière qui ne peuvent pas être davantage décomposées par des processus chimiques. Il existe 118 éléments connus, mais tous ne sont pas naturels et seuls quelques-uns d’entre eux sont essentiels à la vie. La matière vivante est composée principalement de carbone, d’azote, d’hydrogène et d’oxygène, avec de plus petites quantités d’autres éléments comme le calcium, le phosphore, le potassium et le soufre. D’autres éléments sont également nécessaires à la vie, mais seulement en quantités infimes.

Le Tableau Périodique Fournit des Informations sur les Propriétés Physiques et Chimiques des Éléments

Le tableau périodique organise les éléments en fonction de leurs propriétés physiques et chimiques. Chaque carré du tableau périodique affiche le nom complet, le symbole chimique, le numéro atomique et le poids atomique d'un élément. Le numéro atomique d'un élément correspond au nombre de protons présents dans son noyau et renseigne sur la taille d'un élément. Les éléments sont organisés dans le tableau périodique en colonnes (groupes) et lignes (périodes) principalement en fonction de leur numéro atomique. Ils sont également regroupés selon d’autres propriétés physiques et chimiques, telles que la réactivité, l’emplacement de leurs électrons les plus externes et la capacité à établir certains types de liaisons. Les éléments d’un même groupe (c’est-à-dire une colonne) varient en taille mais ont de nombreuses propriétés chimiques en commun. En revanche, les éléments d’une même période (c’est-à-dire une rangée) sont de taille plus similaire et ont leurs électrons situés au même endroit, mais leurs propriétés chimiques varient considérablement.

Les Principaux Éléments et Oligo-Éléments Composent le Corps Humain

Toute vie sur Terre contient les éléments oxygène, carbone, hydrogène et azote. Plus précisément, 96 % du corps humain est constitué de ces quatre éléments. Les 4 % restants sont composés principalement de calcium, de phosphore, de potassium, de soufre, de sodium, de chlore et de magnésium, par ordre d'abondance relative. De plus, certains éléments sont essentiels à l’homme mais représentent moins de 0,01 % du corps ; c'est ce qu'on appelle des oligo-éléments. Même s’ils ne sont présents qu’en petites quantités, les oligo-éléments restent essentiels à la santé. Le fer, par exemple, joue un rôle essentiel dans les globules rouges, en aidant à lier l’oxygène afin qu’il puisse être transporté dans tout le système circulatoire. Trop peu de fer peut entraîner une anémie ferriprive, provoquant de la fatigue, un essoufflement, une faiblesse et un rythme cardiaque irrégulier.

Certains Éléments sont Nocifs pour les Organismes Vivants

Certains éléments ont des effets néfastes sur la santé même à petites doses. Le mercure, par exemple, est l'un des nombreux métaux lourds qui peuvent produire un certain nombre de symptômes à petites doses (en fonction du tissu affecté) et provoquer la mort à fortes doses. Il peut s’accumuler dans les tissus des organismes multicellulaires au fil du temps, une exposition répétée est donc préoccupante. Les contaminants de métaux lourds pénètrent souvent dans la chaîne alimentaire au niveau des producteurs primaires, c'est-à-dire les plantes, avant d'affecter les organismes situés aux niveaux trophiques supérieurs, comme les humains.

Le tableau périodique et les éléments de l’organisme

Les éléments sont les plus petites unités de matière qui ne peuvent pas être décomposées davantage par des processus chimiques. Il y a 118 éléments connus, mais tous ne sont pas ...

Education

Enseignement

JoVE Core

Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomie et physiologie

Unit 1

Unité 1

Fundamentals of Chemistry

Les fondamentaux de la chimie

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TERMES ET CONCEPTS CLÉS

organismal elements in the periodic table

The periodic table helps identify the elements that make up living organisms. Biology groups these as organismal elements because they are the chemical building blocks of life.

These elements are found in different amounts in the body. Some are present in large quantities, while others are needed only in small amounts. The video connects the periodic table to the elements that organisms actually use.

Understanding organismal elements helps students link chemistry to biology. It shows how elements from the periodic table become part of cells and tissues in living things.

Organismal Elements in the Periodic Table

organismal-elements-in-the-periodic-table

what is matter?

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Matter is the substance that makes up the universe, from a grain of sand to a star. Scientists define matter as anything that occupies space and has mass. Mass is the amount of matter in an object, while weight depends on gravity. Mass stays the same whether an object is on Earth or in the zero-gravity environment of outer space. Weight changes when gravity changes. An object weighs more where gravity is stronger and less where gravity is weaker. A piece of cheese that weighs a pound on Earth...

the periodic table and organismal elements

The periodic table helps identify the elements that make up living organisms. Biology groups these as organismal elements because they are the chemical building blocks of life. These elements are found in different amounts in the body. Some are present in large quantities, while others are needed only in small amounts. The video connects the periodic table to the elements that organisms actually use. Understanding organismal elements helps students link chemistry to biology. It shows how...

atomic structure

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chemical symbols

Chemical Symbols and Element Names

Chemical symbols are short abbreviations that stand for an element or a single atom of that element. Mercury, for example, has the symbol Hg. The same symbol can point to one atom of mercury in the microscopic domain or to a sample labeled as many atoms of mercury in the macroscopic domain. Many symbols come from the element’s common name. Others are shortened from a name in another language. Most chemical symbols use one or two letters. For a few elements with atomic numbers above 112,...

atomic number and mass number

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Atomic identity depends on the number of protons in the nucleus, and mass depends on protons and neutrons together. The number of protons is the atomic number, or Z. It defines the element. For example, any atom with six protons is carbon, no matter how many neutrons or electrons it has. In a neutral atom, the number of protons equals the number of electrons. Because of that, the atomic number also tells you the number of electrons in the atom. The total number of protons and neutrons is...

atomic weight

Atomic Mass and Mole Calculations

Atomic mass and mole calculations help explain how much matter is in atoms and compounds. Protons and neutrons have about the same mass, about 1.67 × 10 -24 grams. Scientists define that mass as one atomic mass unit, or amu, also called one Dalton. Electrons are much lighter than protons. They weigh only 9.11 × 10 -28 grams, or about 1/1800 of an atomic mass unit. Because of that small mass, electrons do not add much to an element’s overall atomic mass. When chemists calculate atomic mass,...

isotopes and radioisotopes

Radioisotopes in Medicine and Imaging

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electron behavior

Electron Shells and Discovery

Electrons are negatively charged subatomic particles that stay near the positively charged nucleus of an atom. They occupy spaces linked to energy levels called shells. They are also arranged into subshells and orbitals within each shell. An electron’s shell shows its general energy level. Electrons closer to the nucleus have less energy, while electrons farther away have more energy. The outer shells have more space, so they can hold more electrons than the inner shells. Subshells describe...

introduction to chemical bonds

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Atoms bond to become more stable, and their outermost electrons play the biggest role in that process. The inner electron shell can hold two electrons. The next two shells can each hold eight electrons. This is called the octet rule. It states that, except for the innermost shell, atoms are most stable when their valence shell, or outer shell, has eight electrons. When atoms do not have enough electrons to fill that outer shell, they form chemical bonds with other atoms. A chemical bond is the...

ionic bonds

Ionic Bonds and Charge Transfer

Ionic bonds form when atoms transfer electrons and become charged particles. A positive ion and a negative ion attract each other because opposite charges pull together. This type of bonding helps explain how some substances are held together. In many cases, an atom loses one or more electrons, while another atom gains them. The atom that loses electrons becomes a cation, which is a positively charged ion. The atom that gains electrons becomes an anion, which is a negatively charged ion. The...

covalent bonds

Polar and Nonpolar Covalent Bonds

Covalent bonds form when atoms share electrons to fill their valence shells. The way those shared electrons are pulled depends on electronegativity, which is an atom's tendency to attract electrons in a bond. That difference also helps explain why some molecules are polar and others are nonpolar. Atoms with similar electronegativities form nonpolar covalent bonds. In these bonds, electrons are shared equally, so there is no charge across the molecule. When two atoms have different...

hydrogen bonds

Hydrogen Bonding and DNA Stability

Hydrogen bonding helps explain why some molecules stick together more strongly than others. A hydrogen bond forms when a weakly positive hydrogen atom, already bonded to an electronegative atom, is attracted to another electronegative atom on a nearby polar molecule. Common examples include water, hydrogen fluoride, and ammonia. This attraction happens because hydrogen has a much lower electronegativity than atoms such as fluorine, oxygen, and nitrogen. The electronegativity difference, along...

ions, molecules, and compounds

Atomic Charges, Bonds, and Compounds

Atoms can gain or lose electrons during chemical reactions and become ions. An ion is an atom with an electrical charge. This charge is positive or negative, and it often helps the atom reach a full valence shell. Some atoms are more likely to donate electrons, while others are more likely to accept them. Potassium is one example. It has atomic number 19 and one electron in its valence shell, so it is likely to donate that electron and become a slightly positive ion called a cation. Fluorine...

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Solids, Liquids, Gases, and Plasma

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colloids and suspensions

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introduction to chemical reactions

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Chemical reactions start with reactants and end with products. Reactants are the substances that enter a reaction, and products are the new substances that form. For example, sodium and chloride ions are the reactants in the formation of table salt. Chemical reactions follow the law of conservation of mass. Matter is not created or destroyed during the reaction. That means the atoms and elements in the reactants are still present in the products, and nothing new appears in the products that...

types of chemical reactions: anabolic and catabolic

types-of-chemical-reactions-anabolic-and-catabolic

Anabolism, Catabolism, and ATP Use

Anabolism and catabolism are the two main kinds of metabolic reactions in the body. Metabolism is the total set of anabolic and catabolic reactions that keep life running. These reactions follow the first law of thermodynamics, which says energy cannot be created or destroyed. It can only change form. Anabolism builds larger, more complex molecules from smaller ones. These anabolic, or biosynthesis, reactions need energy in the form of ATP. They join monosaccharides into polysaccharides, fatty...

types of chemical reactions: exchange and reversible

types-of-chemical-reactions-exchange-and-reversible

Electron Transfer and Chemical Equilibrium

Exchange reactions and reversible reactions are two important ideas in chemistry. In an exchange reaction, synthesis and decomposition happen at the same time. Chemical bonds are both formed and broken. These reactions can absorb chemical energy, store it, and release it. A special type of exchange reaction is the oxidation-reduction reaction, or redox reaction. In a redox reaction, electrons move from one compound to another. The electrons often come from hydrogen atoms, which contain one...

energy transfer in chemical reactions

Chemical Energy and Reaction Types

Chemical reactions depend on energy transfer, chemical bonds, and the way matter collides. A reaction needs enough energy for particles to meet with the right force and precision. That energy can break old bonds and help form new ones. Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. A person lifting a brick uses kinetic energy to move the brick into place on a wall. Once the wall is built, it stores potential energy, which is the energy of position or structure. If the wall falls, that stored energy...

factors influencing the rate of chemical reactions

factors-influencing-the-rate-of-chemical-reactions

Chemical Reaction Rates and Catalysts

Chemical reaction rates depend on how often particles collide and whether those collisions have enough energy to start a reaction. That starting energy is called activation energy. Factors that affect reaction rate either lower that energy or make successful collisions more likely. Concentration and pressure can speed reactions up because they put more particles in the same space. When more particles are present, they are more likely to bump into one another. Chemists can also increase...

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Acids, bases, and pH help control how cells and body systems work. In biology, pH can strongly affect enzymes, proteins, and nucleic acids. Enzymes work best within a certain pH range, and pH changes can alter their structure or denature them, which changes how they function. Acids release hydrogen ions, or H+, in solution. A hydrogen ion is a proton, so it is very reactive in chemical reactions. Strong acids release all of their H+ in water and ionize completely. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is a...

key terms and concepts

Learn how the periodic table connects to organismal elements and the chemical building blocks of life in grades 9–12 biology.

Organismal Elements in the Periodic Table | JoVE K12

anatomy and physiology

JoVE Core Anatomy and Physiology showcases the anatomical and physiological details of the human body in comprehensive, clear, and engaging video animations. This collection of lessons focuses on the structures, components, functions, and requirements of the human body. It is complemented by scientist-in-action videos that demonstrate the application of this knowledge in real-world medical and research settings.

HS-PS1-2

The Periodic Table

As early chemists discovered more elements, they realized that various elements could be grouped by their similar chemical behaviors. One such grouping ...

Periodic Classification of the Elements

The periodic table arranges atoms based on increasing atomic number so that elements with the same chemical properties recur periodically. When their ...

Atomic Structure

The Greek philosopher Democritus proposed that everything on Earth is made up of tiny particles called atomos, Greek for &#34;indivisible,&#34; from which ...

Electron Configurations

Electron configurations and orbital diagrams can be determined by applying the Aufbau principle (each added electron occupies the subshell of lowest ...

Electronic Structure of Atoms


An atom comprises protons and neutrons, which are contained inside the dense, central&#160;core called the nucleus, with electrons present around the ...

electron-configuration-of-multielectron-atoms

Electron Configuration of Multielectron Atoms

The alkali metal sodium (atomic number 11) has one more electron than the neon atom. This electron must go into the lowest-energy subshell available, the ...

atomic-radii-and-effective-nuclear-charge

Atomic Radii and Effective Nuclear Charge

The elements in groups of the periodic table exhibit similar chemical behavior. This similarity occurs because the members of a group have the same number ...

The Aufbau Principle and Hund's Rule

To determine the electron configuration for any particular atom, we can build the structures in the order of atomic numbers. Beginning with hydrogen, and ...

Coulomb's Law

Experiments with electric charges have shown that if two objects each have an electric charge, they exert an electric force on each other. The magnitude ...

Electric Charges

From lightning during thunderstorms to electronic devices, the phenomenon of electromagnetism is all around us. The electromagnetic force is one of the ...

sources-and-properties-of-electric-charge

Sources and Properties of Electric Charge

All objects we see around us consist of atoms, which combine to form molecules. The lightest element in the universe is hydrogen, and a hydrogen atom ...

Types of Forces

In most situations, forces can be grouped into two categories: contact forces and field forces.&#160; Contact forces occur as a result of direct physical ...

Electric Fields

Source: Yong P. Chen, PhD, Department of Physics &#38; Astronomy, College of Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
An electric field is generated ...

Intermolecular Forces

Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions ...

Van der Waals Interactions

Atoms and molecules interact with each other through intermolecular forces. These electrostatic forces arise from attractive or repulsive interactions ...

Chemical Bonds


Atoms participate in a chemical bond formation&#160;to acquire a completed valence-shell electron configuration similar to that of the noble gas nearest ...

Electron Behavior

Electrons are negatively charged subatomic particles attracted to and orbit around the positively-charged nucleus of an atom. They reside in spaces ...

Subatomic Particles

Dalton was only partially correct about the particles that make up matter. All matter is composed of atoms, and atoms are composed of three smaller ...

Ions and Ionic Charges

In ordinary chemical reactions, the nucleus &mdash; which contains the protons and neutrons of each atom and thus identifies the element &mdash; remains ...

Use the periodic table as a model to predict the relative properties of elements based on the patterns of electrons in the outermost energy level and the composition of the nucleus of atoms.  Clarification Statement: Chemistry: Examples of properties that could be predicted from patterns could include reactivity of metals, types of bonds formed, numbers of bonds formed, atomic radius, atomic mass, or reactions with oxygen. Emphasis is on main group elements and qualitative understanding of the relative trends of ionization energy and electronegativity.

Properties of Transition Metals

Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3&#8211;12 are ...

The Atomic Theory of Matter

The earliest recorded discussion of the basic structure of matter comes from ancient Greek philosophers. Leucippus and Democritus argued that all matter ...

Chemical Reactions

A chemical reaction is a process by which the bonds in the atoms of substances are rearranged to generate new substances. Matter cannot be created or ...

Chemical Equations

Chemical equations represent the identities and relative quantities of substances involved in a chemical reaction. The substances undergoing reaction are ...

Introduction to Chemical Reactions

All chemical reactions begin with a reactant, the general term for one or more substances entering the reaction. Sodium and chloride ions, for example, ...

Temperature Dependence on Reaction Rate

The Collision Theory
Atoms, molecules, or ions must collide before they can react with each other. Atoms must be close together to form chemical bonds. ...

stoichiometry-product-yield-and-limiting-reactants

Stoichiometry, Product Yield, and Limiting Reactants

Source: Smaa Koraym at Johns Hopkins University, MD, USA

	Preparation of 25% v/v Ethylenediamine in Deionized WaterExpand
	Here, we show the laboratory ...

physical-and-chemical-properties-of-matter

Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter

The characteristics that enable us to distinguish one substance from another are called properties.

Physical Properties of Matter

A physical property is ...

Dynamic Equilibrium

A reversible chemical reaction represents a chemical process that proceeds in both forward (left to right) and reverse (right to left) directions. When ...

Construct and revise an explanation for the outcome of a simple chemical reaction based on the outermost electron states of atoms, trends in the periodic table, and knowledge of the patterns of chemical properties.  Clarification Statement: Chemistry: Examples of chemical reactions could include the reaction of sodium and chlorine, carbon and oxygen, or carbon and hydrogen. Reaction classification aids in the prediction of products (e.g. synthesis, decomposition, single displacement, double displacement, and acid-base).

Intermolecular vs Intramolecular Forces

Intermolecular forces (IMF) are electrostatic attractions arising from charge-charge interactions between molecules. The strength of the intermolecular ...

comparison-between-electrical-and-gravitational-forces

Comparison Between Electrical And Gravitational Forces

There are four fundamental forces in nature: the gravitational force, the electromagnetic force, the strong nuclear force, and the weak nuclear force. To ...

intermolecular-forces-and-physical-properties

Intermolecular Forces and Physical Properties



Intermolecular forces are attractive forces that exist between molecules. They dictate several bulk properties, such as melting points, boiling points, ...

electric-field-of-two-equal-and-opposite-charges

Electric Field of Two Equal and Opposite Charges

Atoms generally contain the same number of positively and negatively charged particles, protons, and electrons. Hence, they are electrically neutral. ...

Electric Field

Consider two point charges, each exerting Coulomb force on the other. It is possible to describe the Coulomb interaction via an intermediate step by ...

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence ...

Electric Dipoles and Dipole Moment

Consider two charges of equal magnitude but opposite signs. If they cannot be separated by an external electric field, the system is called a permanent ...

Plan and conduct an investigation to gather evidence to compare the structure of substances at the macroscale to infer the strength of electrical forces between particles.  Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on understanding the strengths of forces between particles, not on naming specific intermolecular forces (such as dipole-dipole). Examples of particles could include ions, atoms, molecules, and network solids (such as graphite). Examples of macro-properties of substances could include the melting point and boiling point, vapor pressure, and surface tension.

HS-PS1-3

bond-dissociation-energy-and-activation-energy

Bond Dissociation Energy and Activation Energy

Bond energy is the energy required to break a bond homolytically. These values are usually expressed in units of kcal/mol or kJ/mol and are referred to as ...

Bond Energies and Bond Lengths

Stable molecules exist because covalent bonds hold the atoms together. The strength of a covalent bond is measured by the energy required to break it, ...

Coupled Reactions

Cellular processes such as building and breaking down complex molecules occur through stepwise chemical reactions. Some of these chemical reactions are ...

energy-diagrams-transition-states-and-intermediates

Energy Diagrams, Transition States, and Intermediates

Free-energy diagrams, or reaction coordinate diagrams, are graphs showing the energy changes that occur during a chemical reaction. The reaction ...

What is Metabolism?

Overview

Metabolism represents all of the chemical activity in a cell, including reactions that build molecules (anabolism) and those that break ...

Types of Chemical Reactions: Anabolic and Catabolic

The first law of thermodynamics holds that energy can neither be created nor destroyed&#8212;it can only change form. An organism&#39;s essential function ...

Non-equilibrium in the Cell

An important concept in studying metabolism and energy is that of chemical equilibrium. Most chemical reactions are reversible. They can proceed in both ...

Activation Energy

Activation energy is the minimum amount of energy necessary for a chemical reaction to move forward. The higher the activation energy, the slower the rate ...

Energy Transfer in Chemical Reactions

Chemical reactions require sufficient energy to cause the matter to collide with enough precision and force that old chemical bonds can be broken and new ...

Develop a model to illustrate that the release or absorption of energy from a chemical reaction system depends upon the changes in total bond energy.  Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on the idea that a chemical reaction is a system that affects the energy change.  Examples of models could include molecular-level drawings and diagrams of reactions, graphs showing the relative energies of reactants and products, and representations showing energy is conserved.

HS-PS1-4

Organismal Elements in the Periodic Table

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