Name: solids, liquids, gases, and plasma
Uploaded: 2023-06-23T15:38:43.000Z
Duration: 1 min 20 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

Physics

PH.9

PH.9.e

States of Matter

La matière existe sous trois formes physiques principales : solide, liquide et gazeuse.
Toutes les molécules de la matière ont une quantité spécifique d’énergie cinétique, qui détermine leur état physique.
Les molécules de solides sont densément emballées avec peu d’espace autour d’elles et ont un mouvement limité. Cela donne aux solides une forme et un volume définis.
Les molécules dans les liquides sont liées par des forces d’attraction fortes, laissant peu d’espace autour d’elles. Pourtant, ils ont suffisamment d’énergie pour se déplacer librement, de sorte que les liquides peuvent s’écouler.
Dans les gaz, les molécules ont une énergie cinétique élevée, se déplacent rapidement les unes devant les autres et, par conséquent, ont des forces intermoléculaires négligeables. Avec beaucoup d’espace autour des molécules, les gaz ont de faibles densités, ce qui les rend compressibles.
La matière peut passer d’un état à un autre lorsque la température et la pression changent.
Lorsque la température augmente, les molécules peuvent gagner suffisamment d’énergie cinétique pour surmonter les forces intermoléculaires et passer à un état moins ordonné.
Lorsque la pression augmente, les molécules sont poussées plus près les unes des autres, ce qui augmente les forces intermoléculaires et modifie la matière à un état plus ordonné.

États de la matière

Les solides, les liquides et les gaz sont les trois états de la matière couramment trouvés sur Terre. Un solide est rigide et possède une forme définie. Un liquide s'écoule et prend la forme de son contenant, sauf si il forme une surface supérieure plate ou légèrement incurvée lorsqu'il est soumis à la gravité. Les échantillons liquides et solides ont tous deux des volumes presque indépendants de la pression. Un gaz prend à la fois la forme et le volume de son contenant. Les scientifiques ont découvert un quatrième état de la matière, le plasma, qui se trouve naturellement à l'intérieur des étoiles. Un plasma est un état gazeux de la matière qui contient un nombre appréciable de particules chargées électriquement. La présence de ces particules chargées confère aux plasmas des propriétés uniques qui justifient leur classification comme un état de la matière distinct des gaz. En plus des étoiles, on trouve des plasmas dans certains autres environnements à haute température (naturels et artificiels), tels que les éclairs, certains écrans de télévision et des instruments analytiques spécialisés utilisés pour détecter de petites quantités de métaux. Certains échantillons de matière semblent avoir une ou plusieurs propriétés des solides, des liquides et des gaz simultanément. Cela peut se produire lorsque l'échantillon est composé de nombreux petits morceaux. Par exemple, on peut verser du sable comme s'il s'agissait d'un liquide, car il est composé de nombreux petits grains de sable solide. La matière peut également avoir des propriétés de plus d'un état lorsqu'elle est un mélange, comme les nuages. Les nuages semblent se comporter un peu comme des gaz, mais ce sont des mélanges d'air (gaz) et de minuscules particules d'eau (liquide ou solide). Les différences dans les propriétés d'un solide, d'un liquide ou d'un gaz reflètent la force des forces attractives entre les atomes, les molécules ou les ions qui composent chaque phase. La phase dans laquelle une substance existe dépend de l'étendue relative de ses forces intermoléculaires (FIM) et des énergies cinétiques (EC) des molécules. Les particules d'un solide sont étroitement emballées et souvent disposées selon un motif régulier. Dans un liquide, elles sont proches les unes des autres sans arrangement régulier. Dans un gaz, elles sont éloignées les unes des autres sans arrangement régulier. Les particules d'un solide vibrent autour de positions fixes et ne se déplacent généralement pas les unes par rapport aux autres. Dans un liquide, elles se déplacent les unes par rapport aux autres mais restent en contact constant. Dans un gaz, elles se déplacent indépendamment les unes des autres sauf lorsqu'elles entrent en collision. Ce texte est adapté de <a href="https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/1-2-phases-and-classification-of-matter">Openstax, Chemistry 2e, Section 1.2: Phases and Classification of Matter</a> and   <a href="https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/10-1-intermolecular-forces">Openstax, Chemistry 2e, Section 10.1: Intermolecular Forces</a>

Les solides, les liquides et les gaz sont les trois états de la matière que l’on trouve couramment sur Terre. Un solide est rigide et possède une forme définie. Un liquide s’écoule et...

Education

Enseignement

JoVE Core

Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomie et physiologie

Unit 1

Unité 1

Fundamentals of Chemistry

Les fondamentaux de la chimie

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TERMES ET CONCEPTS CLÉS

solids, liquids, gases, and plasma

Solids, liquids, gases, and plasma are the main forms of matter described here. Solids are rigid and keep a definite shape. Liquids flow and take the shape of their container, although gravity gives the surface a flat or slightly curved top. Solids and liquids also have volumes that stay nearly the same even when pressure changes.

Gases behave differently from solids and liquids. A gas takes both the shape and the volume of its container. In matter with this behavior, the particles are far apart and do not stay in regular positions.

Plasma is a fourth state of matter. It is a gaseous state that contains many electrically charged particles. Because of these charges, plasma has properties that are different from ordinary gases. Plasma occurs naturally in the interiors of stars and can also be found in lightning strikes, some television screens, and special analytical instruments that detect trace metals.

Some materials can seem to show more than one state at once. Sand can be poured like a liquid because it is made of many small solid grains. Clouds also mix different states, since they contain air as a gas along with tiny water particles that may be liquid or solid.

The state of a substance depends on the balance between intermolecular forces and kinetic energy. Intermolecular forces are the attractions between atoms, molecules, or ions, and kinetic energy is the motion of the particles. In a solid, particles are tightly packed and often arranged in a regular pattern. They vibrate in fixed positions rather than moving past one another. In a liquid, particles stay close together with no regular arrangement. They move past each other while remaining in constant contact. In a gas, particles are far apart, move independently, and only interact when they collide.

Solids, Liquids, Gases, and Plasma

what is matter?

Matter, Mass, and Weight Basics

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the periodic table and organismal elements

the-periodic-table-and-organismal-elements

Organismal Elements in the Periodic Table

The periodic table helps identify the elements that make up living organisms. Biology groups these as organismal elements because they are the chemical building blocks of life. These elements are found in different amounts in the body. Some are present in large quantities, while others are needed only in small amounts. The video connects the periodic table to the elements that organisms actually use. Understanding organismal elements helps students link chemistry to biology. It shows how...

atomic structure

From Atomos to the Modern Atom

Atoms are the tiny building blocks of matter, and ideas about them go back to the Greek philosopher Democritus. He suggested that everything on Earth is made of atomos, a Greek word meaning "indivisible." That idea later led to the modern word atom. In the 19th century, John Dalton developed an atomic theory that is still largely correct today. He proposed five key ideas. All matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms of the same element are alike, and atoms of different elements are...

chemical symbols

Chemical Symbols and Element Names

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atomic number and mass number

Atomic Identity, Mass, and Isotopes

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atomic weight

Atomic Mass and Mole Calculations

Atomic mass and mole calculations help explain how much matter is in atoms and compounds. Protons and neutrons have about the same mass, about 1.67 × 10 -24 grams. Scientists define that mass as one atomic mass unit, or amu, also called one Dalton. Electrons are much lighter than protons. They weigh only 9.11 × 10 -28 grams, or about 1/1800 of an atomic mass unit. Because of that small mass, electrons do not add much to an element’s overall atomic mass. When chemists calculate atomic mass,...

isotopes and radioisotopes

Radioisotopes in Medicine and Imaging

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electron behavior

Electron Shells and Discovery

Electrons are negatively charged subatomic particles that stay near the positively charged nucleus of an atom. They occupy spaces linked to energy levels called shells. They are also arranged into subshells and orbitals within each shell. An electron’s shell shows its general energy level. Electrons closer to the nucleus have less energy, while electrons farther away have more energy. The outer shells have more space, so they can hold more electrons than the inner shells. Subshells describe...

introduction to chemical bonds

How Atoms Bond to Reach Stability

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ionic bonds

Ionic Bonds and Charge Transfer

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covalent bonds

Polar and Nonpolar Covalent Bonds

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hydrogen bonds

Hydrogen Bonding and DNA Stability

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ions, molecules, and compounds

Atomic Charges, Bonds, and Compounds

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states of matter

Solids, liquids, gases, and plasma are the main forms of matter described here. Solids are rigid and keep a definite shape. Liquids flow and take the shape of their container, although gravity gives the surface a flat or slightly curved top. Solids and liquids also have volumes that stay nearly the same even when pressure changes. Gases behave differently from solids and liquids. A gas takes both the shape and the volume of its container. In matter with this behavior, the particles are far...

colloids and suspensions

Suspensions, Sedimentation, and Colloids

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introduction to chemical reactions

Chemical Reaction Basics and Equilibrium

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types of chemical reactions: anabolic and catabolic

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Anabolism, Catabolism, and ATP Use

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types of chemical reactions: exchange and reversible

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Electron Transfer and Chemical Equilibrium

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energy transfer in chemical reactions

Chemical Energy and Reaction Types

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factors influencing the rate of chemical reactions

factors-influencing-the-rate-of-chemical-reactions

Chemical Reaction Rates and Catalysts

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acids, bases and neutralization reactions

How pH Affects Cells and Digestion

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key terms and concepts

Explore how solids, liquids, gases, and plasma differ, plus how particle motion, intermolecular forces, and kinetic energy shape each state of matter.

Solids, Liquids, Gases, and Plasma | JoVE K12

anatomy and physiology

JoVE Core Anatomy and Physiology showcases the anatomical and physiological details of the human body in comprehensive, clear, and engaging video animations. This collection of lessons focuses on the structures, components, functions, and requirements of the human body. It is complemented by scientist-in-action videos that demonstrate the application of this knowledge in real-world medical and research settings.

Florida Department of Education

High School

Earth and Space Science

SC.912.E.5

SC.912.E.5.2

Physical Science

SC.912.P.8

SC.912.P.8.1

south-carolina-college-and-career-ready-science-standards

South Carolina College and Career Ready Science Standards

Chemistry

Matter and Its Interactions

C-PS1-1

C-PS1-3.

motion-and-stability-forces-and-interactions

Motion and Stability: Forces and Interactions

C-PS2-6.

Georgia Standards of Excellence

9-12

SPS5.

The de Broglie Wavelength

In the macroscopic world, objects that are large enough to be seen by the naked eye follow the rules of classical physics. A billiard ball moving on a ...

dual-nature-of-electromagnetic-em-radiation

Dual Nature of Electromagnetic (EM) Radiation

Electromagnetic (EM) radiation consists of electric and magnetic field components oscillating in planes perpendicular to each other and mutually ...

The student will investigate and understand that extremely large and extremely small quantities are not necessarily described by the same laws as those studied in Newtonian physics. Topics, such as these listed, may be included. wave/particle duality;

PH.9.a

The Uncertainty Principle

Werner Heisenberg considered the limits of how accurately one can measure properties of an electron or other microscopic particles. He determined that ...

The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom

Shortly after de Broglie published his ideas that the electron in a hydrogen atom could be better thought of as being a circular standing wave instead of ...

Quantum Numbers

It is said that the energy of an electron in an atom is quantized; that is, it can be equal only to certain specific values and can jump from one energy ...

The student will investigate and understand that extremely large and extremely small quantities are not necessarily described by the same laws as those studied in Newtonian physics. Topics, such as these listed, may be included. quantum mechanics and uncertainty;

PH.9.b

Principle of Equivalence

According to Albert Einstein (1897-1955), free-falling and feeling weightless are intrinsically linked. If a person were in free-fall under gravity, for ...

space-time-curvature-and-the-general-theory-of-relativity

Space-Time Curvature and the General Theory of Relativity

In 1905, Albert Einstein published his special theory of relativity. According to this theory, no matter in the universe can attain a speed greater than ...

The student will investigate and understand that extremely large and extremely small quantities are not necessarily described by the same laws as those studied in Newtonian physics. Topics, such as these listed, may be included. relativity;

PH.9.c

Nuclear Stability

Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10&#8722;15 meters, a nucleus is ...

Nuclear Binding Energy

The difference between the calculated and experimentally measured masses is known as the mass defect of the atom. In the case of helium-4, the mass defect ...

Radioactive Decay and Radiometric Dating

Radioactivity is a spontaneous disintegration of an unstable nuclide and is a random process, as all the nuclei in the sample do not decay simultaneously. ...

Nuclear Fission

Many heavier elements with smaller binding energies per nucleon can decompose into more stable elements that have intermediate mass numbers and larger ...

Nuclear Power

Controlled nuclear fission reactions are used to generate electricity. Any nuclear reactor that produces power via the fission of uranium or plutonium by ...

Nuclear Fusion

The process of converting very light nuclei into heavier nuclei is also accompanied by the conversion of mass into large amounts of energy, a process ...

The student will investigate and understand that extremely large and extremely small quantities are not necessarily described by the same laws as those studied in Newtonian physics. Topics, such as these listed, may be included. nuclear physics;

PH.9.d

Molecular and Ionic 
Solids

Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their ...

Metallic Solids

Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a ...

Network Covalent Solids

Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, ...

Solids, liquids, and gases are the three states of matter commonly found on Earth. A solid is rigid and possesses a definite shape. A liquid flows and ...

physical-and-chemical-properties-of-matter

Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter

The characteristics that enable us to distinguish one substance from another are called properties.

Physical Properties of Matter

A physical property is ...

molecular-comparison-of-gases-liquids-and-solids

Molecular Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids

Particles in a solid are tightly packed together (fixed shape) and often arranged in a regular pattern; in a liquid, they are close together with no ...

comparing-intermolecular-forces-melting-point-boiling-point

Comparing Intermolecular Forces: Melting Point, Boiling Point, and Miscibility

Intermolecular forces are attractive forces that exist between molecules. They dictate several bulk properties, such as melting points, boiling points, ...

Structures of Solids

Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds ...

lattice-centering-and-coordination-number

Lattice Centering and Coordination Number

The structure of a crystalline solid, whether a metal or not, is best described by considering its simplest repeating unit, which is referred to as its ...

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is ...

Chemical Bonds


Atoms participate in a chemical bond formation&#160;to acquire a completed valence-shell electron configuration similar to that of the noble gas nearest ...

Covalent Bonds

When two atoms share electrons to complete their valence shells they create a covalent bond. An atom&#x2019;s electronegativity&#x2014;the force with ...

Ionic Bonds

When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions ...

Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen BondsHydrogen bonds are weak attractions between atoms that have formed other chemical bonds. One of these atoms is electronegative, like oxygen, ...

Van der Waals Interactions

Atoms and molecules interact with each other through intermolecular forces. These electrostatic forces arise from attractive or repulsive interactions ...

Lewis Symbols and the Octet Rule

Chemical bonds are complex interactions between two or more atoms or ions, which reduce the potential energy of the molecule. Gilbert N. Lewis developed a ...

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence ...

The Born-Haber Cycle

Lattice Energy&#xA0;

An ionic compound is stable because of the electrostatic attraction between its positive and negative ions. The lattice energy of a ...

trends-in-lattice-energy-ion-size-and-charge

Trends in Lattice Energy: Ion Size and Charge

An ionic compound is stable because of the electrostatic attraction between its positive and negative ions. The lattice energy of a compound is a measure ...

Covalent Bonding and Lewis Structures

Compared to ionic bonds, which results from the transfer of electrons between metallic and nonmetallic atoms, covalent bonds result from the mutual ...

Electronegativity

Whether a bond is nonpolar or polar covalent is determined by a property of the bonding atoms called electronegativity.&#xA0;

Electronegativity values of ...

bond-polarity-dipole-moment-and-percent-ionic-character

Bond Polarity, Dipole Moment, and Percent Ionic Character

Bond Polarity

The absolute value of the difference in electronegativity (&Delta;EN) of two bonded atoms provides a rough measure of the polarity to be ...

The student will investigate and understand that extremely large and extremely small quantities are not necessarily described by the same laws as those studied in Newtonian physics. Topics, such as these listed, may be included. solid state physics;

The student will investigate and understand that extremely large and extremely small quantities are not necessarily described by the same laws as those studied in Newtonian physics. Topics, such as these listed, may be included.

Solids, Liquids, Gases, and Plasma

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