Class Switch Recombination
Class Switch Recombination - Related Videos
09:49
Induction and Assessment of Class Switch Recombination in Purified Murine B Cells
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Cited by 7 •
2010
Following antigen exposure, subpopulations of activated B cells undergo a process known as class switch recombination (CSR) to produce antibody isotypes with distinct effector functions. The protocol outlined in this report explains how CSR can be induced and analyzed in vitro for the purposes of studying B cell function.
11:06
Genome-wide Analysis of HDAC Inhibitor-mediated Modulation of microRNAs and mRNAs in B Cells Induced to Undergo Class-switch DNA Recombination and Plasma Cell Differentiation
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Cited by 2 •
2017
Epigenetic factors can interact with genetic programs to modulate gene expression and regulate B cell function. By combining in vitro B-cell stimulation, qRT-PCR, and high-throughput microRNA-sequence and mRNA-sequence approaches, we can analyze the epigenetic modulation of miRNA and gene expression in B cells.
09:19
Recombinant Retroviral Production and Infection of B Cells
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Cited by 2 •
2011
An efficient system of structure and function analysis of a gene in an ex vivo culture of splenic B-lymphocytes is described. This method takes advantage of recombinant retroviral production in a helper free, ecotrophic packaging cell line. Stable, heritable expression of a gene of interest within primary lymphocytes is achieved leading to generation of surface antibodies on B cells undergoing class switch recombination.
01:22
Switching of BJT
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2024
Switching behavior in Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs) is a fundamental aspect utilized in various electronic circuits, particularly for digital logic applications like switches and amplifiers. In a typical switching circuit, a BJT alternates between cut-off and saturation modes, corresponding to the "off" and "on" states, respectively, thus behaving like an ideal switch. Cut-off Mode ("Off" State): In this state, both the emitter-base and collector-base junctions are reverse-biased. The...
09:37
Screening Foodstuffs for Class 1 Integrons and Gene Cassettes
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Cited by 13 •
2015
This protocol describes the detection of class 1 integrons and their associated gene cassettes in foodstuffs.
FAQs
Activation-induced cytidine deaminase, or AID, initiates the DNA changes required for switching by modifying immunoglobulin switch regions. These modifications lead to DNA breaks, followed by repair that joins a different constant-region gene to the existing variable region. AID therefore connects B-cell activation signals with the genetic rearrangement that changes antibody function.
Cytokines and interactions with helper T cells provide important activation signals that guide an activated B cell toward changing its antibody class. These signals operate before AID-mediated modification of switch regions and help determine when switching occurs. As a result, the immune response can adjust antibody distribution and effector recruitment while retaining antigen recognition.
Preserving the variable region maintains the antibody’s established antigen specificity during the switch. The rearrangement instead replaces a constant region, allowing the same antigen-binding pattern to acquire different functional properties. This separation between recognition and antibody class lets activated B cells modify how antibodies act without changing which antigen they recognize.
The process begins when an activated B cell receives relevant cytokine and helper T-cell signals. AID then modifies switch regions positioned upstream of immunoglobulin constant-region genes. DNA breaks form in these regions, and repair mechanisms reconnect the rearranged DNA so that a different constant region is expressed. The resulting antibody preserves its variable region.
During infection or after vaccination, class switching helps activated B cells produce antibodies with altered functional properties while maintaining antigen specificity. Changes in tissue distribution and recruitment of immune effector mechanisms can shape how protection is delivered. This makes switching relevant to understanding both natural protective responses and the functional outcomes of vaccine-induced immunity.
Defects in antibody class switching can produce immunodeficiency disorders because B cells may be unable to replace one constant region with another appropriately. Studying these abnormalities links the DNA rearrangement process to impaired antibody function and helps explain why immune protection can be compromised. The mechanism therefore provides a framework for interpreting selected immunodeficiency conditions.