Strain-promoted Cycloaddition
Strain-promoted Cycloaddition - Related Videos
09:06
Efficient and Site-specific Antibody Labeling by Strain-promoted Azide-alkyne Cycloaddition
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Cited by 3 •
2016
Here, we present a protocol to site-specifically introduce chemical probes into an antibody fragment by genetically incorporating an azide-containing amino acid, and subsequently coupling the azide with a chemical probe by strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition (SPAAC).
01:16
Cycloaddition Reactions: Overview
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2023
Cycloadditions are one of the most valuable and effective synthesis routes to form cyclic compounds. These are concerted pericyclic reactions between two unsaturated compounds resulting in a cyclic product with two new σ bonds formed at the expense of π bonds. The [4 + 2] cycloaddition, known as the Diels–Alder reaction, is the most common. The other example is a [2 + 2] cycloaddition. The feasibility of cycloaddition reactions under thermal and photochemical conditions can be predicted using...
02:58
Measurement of Compressive Stress-Strain Response at Small-Strains
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2025
This protocol presents the configuration of a compression test device capable of precisely measuring the mechanical properties of microstructures in the small-strain region, along with a systematic method for compression testing using this device. The proposed device can be used to analyze various microstructures and the mechanical behavior of polymer-based materials.
02:40
The Eukaryotic Promoter Region
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2020
The eukaryotic promoter region is a segment of DNA located upstream of a gene. It contains an RNA polymerase binding site, a transcription start site, and several cis-regulatory sequences. The proximal promoter region is located in the vicinity of the gene and has cis-regulatory sequences and the core promoter. The core promoter is the binding site for RNA polymerase and is usually located between -35 and +35 nucleotides from the transcription start site. The distal promoter regions are...
10:58
Plant Promoter Analysis: Identification and Characterization of Root Nodule Specific Promoter in the Common Bean
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Cited by 15 •
2017
Promoter expression analyses are crucial to improving the understanding of gene regulation and the spatiotemporal expression of target genes. Herein we present a protocol to identify, isolate, and clone a plant promoter. Further, we describe the characterization of the nodule-specific promoter in the common bean hairy roots.
FAQs
Ring strain in the cyclooctyne raises its reactivity toward the azide, allowing the two groups to undergo a [3+2] cycloaddition in aqueous, physiological conditions. The reaction forms a stable triazole linkage, so researchers can connect a selected biological target with a chemical label while preserving compatibility with complex biological settings.
Because no catalyst is required, the reaction avoids introducing a catalytic component into the biological environment. That feature supports selective chemical modification in samples or living systems while reducing the likelihood that the labeling strategy will interfere with native cellular processes. It is especially relevant when researchers need observations from intact immune or infectious systems.
The triazole linkage provides a stable endpoint rather than a transient association between the azide and cyclooctyne. This stability helps retain the connection during fluorescence-based tracking of antibodies, glycans, proteins, cells, or microbial components. As a result, observed signal can be used to follow labeled biological material in complex samples or living systems.
A practical labeling workflow pairs complementary chemical handles on the material of interest and the label: one component carries an azide, and the other carries a strained cyclooctyne. Researchers then use the catalyst-free reaction under aqueous, physiological conditions to create the linkage. This arrangement supports selective labeling without requiring disruption of native cellular processes.
It can support fluorescent labeling of antibodies, glycans, proteins, cells, and microbial components. This breadth allows the same reaction strategy to address both host- and pathogen-associated material, rather than limiting analysis to one molecular class. Researchers can therefore examine labeled entities in complex samples or living systems while maintaining a bioorthogonal experimental design.
In these fields, labeling can make host-pathogen interactions, immune-cell behavior, and pathogen localization experimentally trackable. The approach also contributes to developing targeted diagnostic or therapeutic strategies by allowing relevant biological components to be chemically marked in complex settings. Its value lies in connecting selective labeling with questions about where components are and how they behave.