Name: how xylem moves water in plants
Uploaded: 2026-08-26T08:20:58.626Z
Duration: 2 min 21 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Florida Department of Education

High School

Life Science

SC.912.L.14

SC.912.L.14.7

xylem-and-transpiration-driven-transport-of-resources

Xylem and Transpiration-driven Transport of Resources

Le piante ricavano acqua
e sostanze nutritive dal suolo

ma hanno bisogno di queste
sostanze anche nei tessuti remoti.

Come riescono a trasportare queste sostanze

vincendo la forza di gravit&#xE0;?

Acqua e minerali disciolti
penetrano nella pianta

tramite le cellule ciliate permeabili
della radice nell&#x27;epidermide

e viaggiano verso lo xilema,
dove il fluido

viene denominato linfa di xilema.

La linfa viene distribuita dalle
radici al resto della pianta

dal flusso di massa, un movimento di liquido
pilotato dalla pressione

su lunghe distanze, tramite cellule specializzate

nel trasporto nello xilema.

I tracheidi e i vasi funzionano come un sistema

tubi flessibili.

Le loro cellule non hanno
citoplasma n&#xE9; organelli,

ma pareti cellulari impermeabili e lignificate
che impediscono

la fuoriuscita della linfa dello xilema.

Il meccanismo principale che trasporta
la linfa di xilema attraverso la pianta

&#xE8; la traspirazione dalle foglie.

Lo spazio aereo tra le cellule
del mesofillo nelle foglie

diventa saturo di vapore acqueo

durante il processo di fotosintesi

e respirazione cellulare.

L&#x27;aria all&#x27;esterno della pianta
&#xE8; pi&#xF9; secca dell&#x27;aria

all&#x27;interno delle foglie.

Quando gli stomi si aprono,
il vapore acqueo

si diffonde lungo il gradiente di concentrazione,

passando dalle sacche d&#x27;aria
umida all&#x27;interno della foglia

all&#x27;atmosfera all&#x27;esterno della pianta.

Uno strato di acqua liquida
aderisce alla parete cellulare

di ciascuna cellula del mesofillo,
facilitando lo scambio di gas

durante la fotosintesi
e la respirazione cellulare.

Quando il vapore acqueo fuoriesce
attraverso gli stomi, parte

dell&#x27;acqua liquida evapora,
generando tensione

che attira l&#x27;acqua dai vasi
delle foglie alle cellule del mesofillo

per riempire nuovamente lo strato.

Poi la pressione negativa
nei vasi fogliari

quindi allontana la linfa di xilema
dalle radici, attraverso lo stelo

nelle foglie, trasportando
acqua e minerali

in tutta la pianta.

Hae Koo Kim, Parco Joonghyuk, Ildoo Hwang. Studio del trasporto dell'acqua attraverso la rete xilematica nelle piante vascolari. Giornale di botanica sperimentale. Volume 65, Numero 7. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eru075" target="_blank">Source</a>]

lo xilema e il trasporto di risorse mediato dalla traspirazione

Lo xiloma delle piante vascolari distribuisce acqua e minerali disciolti che vengono assorbiti dalle radici al resto della pianta. Le cellule che trasportano la linfa xilematica sono morte alla maturit&#xE0;, e il movimento della linfa nello xilema &#xE8; un processo passivo.
Tracheidi ed elementi vascolari trasportano linfa xilematica
Gli elementi tracheari sono le cellule di trasporto dello xilema. Mancano di citoplasma e organelli quando sono maturi e sono considerati parte dell&#x27;apoplasto della della pianta perch&#xE9; si collegano direttamente con lo spazio extracellulare. Ci sono due tipi di elementi tracheari: tracheidi ed elementi del vaso (elementi vascolari).
I tracheidi sono cellule allungate con pareti lignificate che contengono piccoli spazi chiamati fosse, che conducono la linfa xilematica da una cella all&#x27;altra in luoghi in cui le loro pareti si sovrappongono. Le piante vascolari senza semi e la maggior parte dei gimnosperme, o piante portanti di cono, hanno solo tracheidi, che si pensa si siano evoluti prima degli elementi vascolari.
Gli elementi vascolari sono cellule lignificate pi&#xF9; ampie che si impilano verticalmente per formare vasi. Sono collegati da piastre di perforazione, strutture di estremit&#xE0; cellulari specializzate che hanno spazi attraverso i quali la linfa xilematica pu&#xF2; fluire. Il diametro maggiore e la struttura pi&#xF9; efficiente delle piastre di perforazione significano che i vasi costituiti da elementi vascolari possono spostare un volume molto maggiore di linfa. La maggior parte delle angiosperme, o piante da fiore, hanno sia tracheidi che elementi vascolari.
Il trasporto attivo di minerali crea un gradiente di pressione dell&#x27;acqua dalle radici alle foglie
Mentre l&#x27;acqua entra in una pianta passivamente attraverso cellule radice permeabili, il trasporto attivo &#xE8; necessario per spostare i minerali nello xilema. L&#x27;elevata concentrazione di soluti nelle radici crea un gradiente nel potenziale di pressione dell&#x27;acqua all&#x27;interno dello xillema, con una maggiore pressione nelle radici e una pressione pi&#xF9; bassa altrove nella pianta, dove i soluti sono meno concentrati. L&#x27;acqua si sposter&#xE0; verso le zone di pressione pi&#xF9; basse; tuttavia, questo gradiente &#xE8; solo un minore contributo al trasporto complessivo di linfa attraverso lo xilema.
Le forze fisiche sulle molecole d&#x27;acqua trattengono il fluido all&#x27;interno dello xilema
Il trasporto di linfa xilematica attraverso una pianta &#xE8; reso possibile in parte da alcune delle propriet&#xE0; fisiche dell&#x27;acqua stessa. L&#x27;ipotesi di coesione-tensione per il trasporto di linfa attraverso lo xilema &#xE8; stata proposta per la prima volta nel 1890. La coesione tra le molecole d&#x27;acqua &#xE8; relativamente forte perch&#xE9; tutti e tre gli atomi di una molecola d&#x27;acqua possono partecipare al legame di idrogeno con altre molecole d&#x27;acqua. Ci&#xF2; significa che l&#x27;attrazione trassopanti nelle foglie pu&#xF2; influenzare le molecole d&#x27;acqua in tutto lo xilema, come gli anelli in una catena, fino alle radici.
Un&#x27;altra forza, l&#x27;adesione, permette alle molecole d&#x27;acqua di attaccarsi alle superfici all&#x27;interno della pianta, come le pareti cellulari delle cellule mesofille nella foglia, dove la tensione superficiale dell&#x27;acqua &#xE8; essenziale per estrarre la linfa dai vasi delle foglie quando il vapore acqueo traspira dalle foglie. L&#x27;adesione di molecole d&#x27;acqua alle pareti dei vasi di xileo impedisce alla linfa di fuoriuscire verso il basso e fuori dalla pianta attraverso le radici quando gli stomi si chiudono e la tensione prodotta dalla traspirazione cessa.

Lo xilema e il trasporto di risorse mediato dalla traspirazione

The xylem of vascular plants distributes water and dissolved minerals that are taken up by the roots to the rest of the plant. The cells that transport ...

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Education

Didattica

JoVE Core

Biology

Biologia

Plant Biology

Biologia vegetale

Plant Structure, Growth and Function

Struttura, crescita e nutrizione delle piante

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TERMINI E CONCETTI CHIAVE

how xylem moves water in plants

Xylem moves water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant. The cells that carry xylem sap are dead when mature, so the flow is passive. Xylem transport depends on special tracheary elements, which connect directly with the extracellular space in the apoplast.

There are two main tracheary elements: tracheids and vessel elements. Tracheids are long cells with lignified walls and small pits. These pits let xylem sap move from one cell to the next where the walls overlap. Seedless vascular plants and most gymnosperms have only tracheids, which are thought to have evolved first.

Vessel elements are wider lignified cells that stack to form vessels. Their ends have perforation plates, which contain openings for sap flow. Because of their larger diameter and efficient perforation plates, vessels can move a much larger volume of sap. Most angiosperms have both tracheids and vessel elements.

Water enters the plant passively through permeable root cells, but minerals must be moved into the xylem by active transport. This builds a high solute concentration in the roots. That difference creates a water pressure gradient, with higher pressure in the roots and lower pressure elsewhere in the plant. Water moves toward the lower pressure areas, but this is only a minor part of xylem transport.

Water also moves because of its physical properties. The cohesion-tension hypothesis explains how transpiration in the leaves can pull water through the xylem. Cohesion between water molecules is strong because hydrogen bonding links them together. Adhesion helps water stick to cell walls in the leaf and along the xylem, which supports the pull of sap upward and helps prevent sap from leaking downward when stomata close.

How Xylem Moves Water in Plants

introduction to plant diversity

Plant Adaptations for Life on Land

Plant adaptations for life on land explain how Kingdom Plantae moved from water to land about 410 million years ago. This shift happened when green algae began colonizing a new environment that had not been widely occupied. Land offered more light and carbon dioxide for growth, but it also created major challenges for early plants. One key adaptation was the cuticle, a waxy outer layer that helps prevent water loss. It traps moisture inside the plant. But it also limited direct gas exchange...

non-vascular seedless plants

Nonvascular Plants and Their Life Cycle

Nonvascular plants include some of the earliest plants on Earth. Today, this group includes liverworts, mosses, and hornworts. These plants are also called bryophytes. They have no true roots, leaves, or stems because they lack extensive vascular tissue. Bryophytes reproduce with spores instead of seeds. Their life cycle is dominated by the haploid gametophyte stage, which produces eggs and sperm. The sporophyte stage makes haploid spores that can grow by mitosis into new gametophytes. In many...

seedless vascular plants

Fern Life Cycles and Vascular Tissue

Seedless vascular plants include ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns, and lycophytes. Ferns are the most common example. Whisk ferns and their relatives, along with horsetails, are monilophytes. Lycophytes include club mosses, spikemosses, and quillworts, and none of these are true mosses. Seedless vascular plants differ from nonvascular plants because they have vascular tissue. This tissue includes xylem and phloem, which move water and nutrients through the plant. Most seedless vascular plants...

introduction to seed plants

Seed Plants: Cones, Flowers, and Fruits

Seed plants are land plants that make seeds, use pollen, and have reduced gametophytes. This group includes gymnosperms and angiosperms. Gymnosperms include cycads, Ginkgo biloba, gnetophytes, and conifers. Gymnosperms usually form cones. Pollen cones contain the male gametophytes. Ovulate cones contain the female gametophytes and produce exposed seeds after fertilization. Angiosperms are the most diverse and widespread land plants. They form flowers and fruit, and both structures support...

basic plant anatomy: roots, stems, and leaves

basic-plant-anatomy-roots-stems-and-leaves

Plant Organs and Their Specialized Roles

Plants are built from roots, stems, and leaves, but each organ can change to fit a plant’s environment. These structures may look very different from one species to another. They still carry out the main jobs needed for growth and survival. Roots are usually underground, but that is not always true. Aerial roots grow aboveground. Epiphytic plants, such as orchids, can live without ever touching soil. In strangler figs and banyans, aerial roots begin aboveground, grow downward, and later reach...

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Plant Growth and Support Tissues

Plant growth and support tissues help plants grow, protect themselves, and move materials through the body. Plant tissues are groups of similar cells that do related jobs. These tissues combine to form organs such as flowers, fruit, stems, and leaves. Two major kinds of plant tissue are meristematic tissue and permanent tissue. Meristematic tissue is the main growth tissue in plants. It can keep dividing and renewing itself, and every plant cell begins in a meristem. Meristematic tissue is...

meristems and plant growth

Plant Growth from Root and Shoot Tips

Plants grow throughout their lives, and that pattern is called indeterminate growth. This trait sets plants apart from most animals. Some plant parts stop growing, such as leaves and flowers, but roots and stems can keep growing for a long time. Meristems make this ongoing growth possible. A meristem is a plant tissue that contains undifferentiated cells called meristematic cells. When these cells divide, some daughter cells stay in the meristem. That keeps a supply of cells that can keep...

primary and secondary growth in roots and shoots

primary-and-secondary-growth-in-roots-and-shoots

Root and Shoot Growth: Length vs. Width

Root and shoot growth in vascular plants happens in two main ways: primary growth and secondary growth. Primary growth makes roots and shoots longer. Secondary growth makes them thicker. Many woody plants show both kinds of growth, and the two can happen at the same time. Primary growth happens in newer parts of the plant. Secondary growth happens in regions that have already finished primary growth. In roots and shoots, the process starts in apical meristems, which are areas of actively...

morphogenesis

Plant Flowering and Organ Identity

Plant flowering and organ identity shape a plant’s form and structure. These changes depend on growth and cell differentiation, which work together during plant morphogenesis. Precursor cells become specialized cell types, and those cells are organized into tissues and organ systems that support the whole plant. Plant growth and cell differentiation are controlled by hormones. Plant hormones regulate gene expression, often in response to environmental stimuli. Temperature and day length are...

light acquisition

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Plants need light energy to make glucose, so leaf shape and plant structure help determine how well they capture sunlight. Many modern plants have evolved leaves that are specialized for light capture. Leaf size can vary from just a few millimeters wide to tens of meters wide, depending on the environment. Competition for sunlight has pushed evolution toward larger leaves and taller plants. These changes help plants avoid being shaded by nearby competitors. They also depend on root systems...

water and mineral acquisition

How Roots Absorb Water and Minerals

Roots absorb water and minerals from the soil using specialized tissues. Their branching patterns help them reach more soil, and root hairs on the outer cells increase surface area for contact with the ground. Water enters roots passively because the water concentration in the soil is higher than in root tissue. Minerals move in a different way. They are taken up actively by root cells, which requires energy and transport proteins. Soil particles carry a negative charge, so positive ions...

short-distance transport of resources

Plant Cell Membranes and Water Balance

Plant cell membranes control how water, ions, and other solutes move over short distances. This transport can happen across just 2 to 3 cells, and it begins at the plasma membrane. Small uncharged molecules, such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water, can diffuse through the membrane on their own. Ions and larger molecules need transport proteins because of their charge or size. Membrane transport also happens inside plant cells. The central vacuole stores resources and helps manage the cell’s...

xylem and transpiration-driven transport of resources

Xylem moves water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant. The cells that carry xylem sap are dead when mature, so the flow is passive. Xylem transport depends on special tracheary elements, which connect directly with the extracellular space in the apoplast. There are two main tracheary elements: tracheids and vessel elements. Tracheids are long cells with lignified walls and small pits. These pits let xylem sap move from one cell to the next where the walls overlap.

regulation of transpiration by stomata

How Guard Cells Open Plant Stomata

How guard cells open and close plant stomata controls gas exchange in leaves. A stoma is a tiny opening in the leaf epidermis. The word comes from the Greek word for “mouth.” These openings let plants take in carbon dioxide for photosynthesis and release oxygen into the air. Each stoma is surrounded by two guard cells. When these cells take up water, they create an opening. Ion transport controls how much water stays in the guard cells. A trigger causes pumps to move hydrogen ions out of the...

adaptations that reduce water loss

Plant Features That Limit Water Loss

Plant features that limit water loss help plants survive in dry or hot environments. Water is needed for photosynthesis and other cell processes, so plants have evolved several ways to slow evaporation from their leaves. One major barrier is the cuticle, a waxy layer on the leaf epidermis. The epidermis is the outer cell layer, and it makes cutin and other plant waxes that form this hydrophobic coating. The cuticle helps stop water from escaping and also keeps out unwanted solutes. Its...

phloem and sugar transport

How Phloem Moves Sugars in Plants

Phloem moves sugars and other materials through plants. In angiosperms, sugar production is mostly limited to photosynthetic cells in the leaves. These leaves act as sugar sources because they make more sugar than they use. Roots, shoots, flowers, and fruits are usually sugar sinks because they need more sugar than they can make. This movement is called translocation. It carries sugar, hormones, amino acids, and some signaling molecules from source tissues to sink tissues. The transport...

the soil ecosystem

Soil Layers and How Soil Forms

Soil supplies plants with water and inorganic minerals. It is the natural medium for land plants, and its quality depends on both chemical makeup and living organisms in the soil. Healthy soil contains enough air, water, minerals, and organic matter to support plant growth. Soil is made of three major components. Inorganic mineral matter makes up about 40 to 45 percent of soil volume. Organic matter, also called humus, makes up about 5 percent. Water and air fill about 50 percent of the volume.

key elements for plant nutrition

Plant Nutrients: Macro and Micro Needs

Plants need both organic and inorganic nutrients to survive, grow, reproduce, and keep normal cell function. Researchers use hydroponics to study these essential nutrients. In hydroponic culture, plants grow without soil in water-based nutrient solutions. At least 17 nutrients are known to be essential for plants. Plants get these elements from the atmosphere, the soil around their roots, and water. Nine of them are macronutrients, which plants need in larger amounts. These macronutrients are...

the roles of bacteria and fungi in plant nutrition

the-roles-of-bacteria-and-fungi-in-plant-nutrition

How Soil Microbes Help Plants Get Nutrients

Soil microbes help plants get nutrients, water, and protection. Plants can make their own food by photosynthesis, but they still depend on organisms in the soil to get the nutrients they need to work properly. Bacteria and fungi form symbiotic relationships with plants, which helps both partners survive in many environments. The bacteria living in and around plant roots are called the rhizosphere. This community is very diverse. Some bacteria can cause disease, but most help plant health. In...

epiphytes, parasites, and carnivores

Plant Nutritional Adaptations in Nature

Plant nutritional adaptations help some species survive by using fungi, bacteria, or other plants and animals. Many plants also rely on mutualistic partners in the soil. Root-colonizing fungi, such as mycorrhizae, increase root surface area and improve nutrient absorption. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria, such as rhizobia, convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into ammonia (NH3), which plants can use to build essential molecules like chlorophyll. These relationships benefit both sides. The plant gets...

the apoplast and symplast

Plant Water Transport Pathways

Plant water transport pathways help roots absorb water and dissolved minerals from the soil. These pathways move materials through plant tissues that support growth and nutrient uptake. The main tissue regions involved are the apoplast and the symplast. The apoplast includes everything outside the plasma membrane of living cells. It contains cell walls, extracellular spaces, xylem, phloem, and tracheids. The symplast is the cytosol of all living plant cells, along with the plasmodesmata that...

key terms and concepts

Learn how xylem transports water and minerals in plants, from tracheids and vessel elements to transpiration pull, cohesion, and adhesion.

How Xylem Moves Water in Plants | JoVE K12

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JoVE Core Biologia illustra i concetti chiave della biologia grazie a oltre 300 video-lezioni animate, concise e di facile comprensione. Inoltre, negli oltre 150 video di "scienziati in azione", i concetti scientifici vengono applicati e dimostrati da ricercatori attraverso esperimenti in laboratorio.

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

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BIO.12.B

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

Structure and Function

HS-LS1-2.

Georgia Standards of Excellence

9-12

Botany

SBO1.

Transport

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How Xylem Moves Water in Plants

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