Name: how guard cells open plant stomata
Uploaded: 2026-08-26T08:19:56.906Z
Duration: 2 min 19 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Florida Department of Education

High School

Life Science

SC.912.L.14

SC.912.L.14.7

Regulation of Transpiration by Stomata

Le piante hanno bisogno di
tanta anidride carbonica

dall&#x27;atmosfera per poter
effettuare la fotosintesi.

La superficie delle foglie
della pianta &#xE8; dotata di

aperture che facilitano lo scambio dei gas.

Queste aperture sono
chiamate stomi.

La luce solare provoca
l&#x27;apertura degli stomi,

consentendo all&#x27;anidride carbonica
di penetrare nella foglia

quando &#xE8; necessario per la fotosintesi.

L&#x27;ossigeno &#xE8; un prodotto
secondario della fotosintesi

e fuoriesce nell&#x27;atmosfera
attraverso gli stomi.

Un paio di cellule di guardia regolano
ciascuna apertura degli stomi.

Queste cellule specializzate si gonfiano

quando assorbono acqua
dalle cellule vicine tramite osmosi,

creando un&#x27;apertura che
consente lo scambio di gas.

Quando l&#x27;acqua lascia
le cellule guardiane,

queste si restringono
e gli stomi si chiudono.

La concentrazione di ioni
condiziona la quantit&#xE0; di

acqua presente nelle cellule guardiane.

La luce solare stimola le cellule guardiane
ad assorbire ioni di potassio.

L&#x27;aumento della concentrazione di potassio

conduce l&#x27;acqua nelle cellule,
e quindi l&#x27;apertura degli stomi.

Quando il potassio lascia
le cellule guardiane,

segue l&#x27;acqua tramite osmosi.

Le cellule guardiane diventano flaccide,
chiudendo gli stomi.

Gli stomi aperti non solo
facilitano lo scambio di gas,

ma consentono all&#x27;acqua
di fuoriuscire dalle foglie

tramite l&#x27;evaporazione.

La perdita dell&#x27;acqua evaporativa
&#x2014;o traspirazione&#x2014;permette

il movimento a lunga distanza
dell&#x27;acqua attraverso la pianta.

La traspirazione &#xE8; in
genere pi&#xF9; forte

durante i giorni caldi e soleggiati.

Tuttavia, se una pianta non riesce
ad acquisire acqua sufficiente,

gli stomi si chiudono rapidamente
per prevenire l&#x27;appassimento.

&#xC8; interessante notare
che anche al buio

le piante aprono e
chiudono gli stomi

in cicli regolari di 24 ore,
secondo un orologio interiore.

L&#x27;apertura e chiusura degli stomi

&#xE8; strettamente regolata
e consente alle piante

di rispondere a condizioni
ambientali particolari.

Nella loro funzione di portieri,

gli stomi bilanciano con efficacia
lo scambio dei gas e la traspirazione.

Daszkowska-Golec, Agata e Iwona Szarejko. "Apri o chiudi il cancello - Azione degli stomi sotto il controllo dei fitormoni in condizioni di stress da siccità." Frontiers in Plant Science 4 (2013). [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2013.00138" target="_blank">Sorgente</a>]

Inoue, Shin-ichiro e Toshinori Kinoshita. "Regolazione della luce blu dell'apertura stomatica e della membrana plasmatica H+-ATPasi1 [OPEN]." Fisiologia vegetale 174, n. 2 (giugno 2017): 531–38. [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5462062/" target="_blank">Source</a>].

regolazione della traspirazione attraverso gli stomi

Durante la fotosintesi, le piante acquisiscono l&#x27;anidride carbonica necessaria e rilasciano l&#x27;ossigeno prodotto nell&#x27;atmosfera. Aperture nell&#x27;epidermide delle foglie di piante &#xE8; il sito di questo scambio di gas. Una singola apertura &#xE8; chiamata
stoma
derivata dalla parola greca per &#x22;bocca&#x22;. Gli stomi si aprono e chiudono in risposta ad una variet&#xE0; di fattori ambientali.
Ogni
stoma
&#xE8; affiancato da due cellule di guardia specializzate che creano un&#x27;apertura quando queste cellule occupano l&#x27;acqua. Il trasporto di ioni regola la quantit&#xE0; di acqua nelle cellule di guardia. Quando si innesca, le pompe traslocano gli ioni di idrogeno fuori dalla cellula di guardia. Questa iperpolarizzazione della membrana fa s&#xEC; che i canali di potassio legati alla tensione si aprano e permettano ai soluti, come gli ioni di potassio e il saccarosio, di entrare nelle cellule di guardia. L&#x27;aumento della concentrazione di soluti spinge l&#x27;acqua nelle cellule di guardia, che si accumula nel vacuolo. Di conseguenza, le cellule di guardia si chinano e si deformano in una forma a ree, creando l&#x27;apertura dello stoma. Quando i soluti lasciano le cellule di guardia, l&#x27;acqua segue, con conseguente restringimento delle cellule di guardia e chiusura dello stoma.
Una variet&#xE0; di segnali ambientali e interni innesca l&#x27;apertura di stomi. Ad esempio, la luce blu attiva i recettori sensibili alla luce sulla superficie cellulare che avviano una cascata molecolare che porta all&#x27;apertura di stomi. Inoltre, quando la concentrazione di anidride carbonica rientra nel tessuto fogliare, l&#x27;apertura degli stomi viene indotta in modo che le cellule possano accedere a questo reattore critico della fotosintesi.
La perdita di vapore acqueo &#xE8; fondamentale per l&#x27;istituzione di attrazione traslitterazionale: l&#x27;acqua evapora sulla superficie delle cellule mesofille e fuoriesce nell&#x27;atmosfera attraverso stomi aperti. La perdita d&#x27;acqua crea un&#x27;attrazione trisso che tira acqua aggiuntiva dal terreno nelle radici e fino alle foglie.
Quando l&#x27;acqua sufficiente non &#xE8; disponibile, come in condizioni di siccit&#xE0;, gli stomi si chiudono. L&#x27;ormone acido asscisico (ABA) &#xE8; importante in questo processo, legandosi ai recettori sulle membrane delle cellule di guardia e aumentando la concentrazione di soluzione intracellulare. ABA &#xE8; anche importante nel controllo circadiano dell&#x27;apertura stomatale, causando pi&#xF9; stomi per essere aperto alla luce del giorno, e chiuso al buio.

Regolazione della traspirazione attraverso gli stomi

During photosynthesis, plants acquire the necessary carbon dioxide and release the produced oxygen back into the atmosphere. Openings in the epidermis of ...

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Education

Didattica

JoVE Core

Biology

Biologia

Plant Biology

Biologia vegetale

Plant Structure, Growth and Function

Struttura, crescita e nutrizione delle piante

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TERMINI E CONCETTI CHIAVE

how guard cells open plant stomata

How guard cells open and close plant stomata controls gas exchange in leaves. A stoma is a tiny opening in the leaf epidermis. The word comes from the Greek word for “mouth.” These openings let plants take in carbon dioxide for photosynthesis and release oxygen into the air.

Each stoma is surrounded by two guard cells. When these cells take up water, they create an opening. Ion transport controls how much water stays in the guard cells. A trigger causes pumps to move hydrogen ions out of the guard cell. This changes the membrane voltage and opens voltage-gated potassium channels. Potassium ions and sucrose then enter the guard cells. As solute levels rise, water moves in and collects in the vacuole. The guard cells swell, bend, and take on a kidney shape, which opens the stoma.

Stomata also close when solutes leave the guard cells. Water follows the solutes out, so the guard cells shrink and the opening closes. Blue light can start this process of opening. Light-sensitive receptors on the cell surface begin a molecular cascade. Low carbon dioxide inside the leaf can also trigger opening so cells can keep using this key photosynthesis reactant.

Water loss through open stomata helps create transpirational pull. Water evaporates from the surface of mesophyll cells and escapes into the atmosphere through the stomata. This pull draws more water from the soil, through the roots, and up into the leaves. When water is scarce, such as during drought, stomata close. The hormone abscisic acid, or ABA, helps drive this response by binding to receptors on guard cell membranes and increasing intracellular solute concentration. ABA also supports circadian control, so more stomata are open in daylight and closed in the dark.

How Guard Cells Open Plant Stomata

introduction to plant diversity

Plant Adaptations for Life on Land

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non-vascular seedless plants

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seedless vascular plants

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basic plant anatomy: roots, stems, and leaves

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Plant Organs and Their Specialized Roles

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Plant Growth and Support Tissues

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morphogenesis

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water and mineral acquisition

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xylem and transpiration-driven transport of resources

xylem-and-transpiration-driven-transport-of-resources

How Xylem Moves Water in Plants

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regulation of transpiration by stomata

How guard cells open and close plant stomata controls gas exchange in leaves. A stoma is a tiny opening in the leaf epidermis. The word comes from the Greek word for “mouth.” These openings let plants take in carbon dioxide for photosynthesis and release oxygen into the air. Each stoma is surrounded by two guard cells. When these cells take up water, they create an opening. Ion transport controls how much water stays in the guard cells. A trigger causes pumps to move hydrogen ions out of the...

adaptations that reduce water loss

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phloem and sugar transport

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the soil ecosystem

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the roles of bacteria and fungi in plant nutrition

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How Soil Microbes Help Plants Get Nutrients

Soil microbes help plants get nutrients, water, and protection. Plants can make their own food by photosynthesis, but they still depend on organisms in the soil to get the nutrients they need to work properly. Bacteria and fungi form symbiotic relationships with plants, which helps both partners survive in many environments. The bacteria living in and around plant roots are called the rhizosphere. This community is very diverse. Some bacteria can cause disease, but most help plant health. In...

epiphytes, parasites, and carnivores

Plant Nutritional Adaptations in Nature

Plant nutritional adaptations help some species survive by using fungi, bacteria, or other plants and animals. Many plants also rely on mutualistic partners in the soil. Root-colonizing fungi, such as mycorrhizae, increase root surface area and improve nutrient absorption. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria, such as rhizobia, convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into ammonia (NH3), which plants can use to build essential molecules like chlorophyll. These relationships benefit both sides. The plant gets...

the apoplast and symplast

Plant Water Transport Pathways

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key terms and concepts

Explore how guard cells control stomata, gas exchange, and transpiration in leaves. Learn how light, CO2, and ABA affect opening and closing.

How Guard Cells Open Plant Stomata | JoVE K12

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Georgia Standards of Excellence

9-12

Botany

SBO1.

Transport

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How Guard Cells Open Plant Stomata

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