Name: how phloem moves sugars in plants
Uploaded: 2026-08-26T08:21:05.159Z
Duration: 2 min 10 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Florida Department of Education

High School

Life Science

SC.912.L.14

SC.912.L.14.7

Phloem and Sugar Transport

La fotosintesi genera zuccheri
nelle foglie delle piante.

Gli zuccheri sono spesso necessari

in parti lontane della pianta.

La traslocazione &#xE8; il processo di

distribuzione dei prodotti
della fotosintesi

agli altri tessuti della pianta.

Le foglie sono tipiche fonti di zuccheri,

perch&#xE9; producono pi&#xF9; zucchero
di quanto ne consumano.

Invece le radici, gli steli
e i frutti in genere

consumano gli zuccheri e
sono denominati pozzi di zuccheri.

Il trasporto degli zuccheri
tra la fonte e il pozzo

avviene del tessuto
vegetale chiamato floema.

Nelle Angiosperme il floema
&#xE8; composto da cellule specializzate,

chiamate tubi cribrosi, unite
nel senso della lunghezza

a formare dei lunghi tubi.

Le cellule compagne sono
situate lungo

ogni tubo cribroso.

Lo zucchero pu&#xF2; arrivare al floema
attraverso diversi percorsi.

Pu&#xF2; viaggiare attraverso lo spazio
extracellulare e le pareti

delle cellule o attraverso i pori che
connettono direttamente il citoplasma

delle cellule vicine.

Quando arriva alle
cellule compagne,

i cotrasportatori saccarosio idrogeno

lo depositano attivamente
nei tubi cribrosi.

La soluzione acquosa
linfa di floema,

composta da zucchero, aminoacidi,
ormoni e minerali,

fluisce tra i tubi cribrosi.

Per l&#x27;ipotesi del
flusso di pressione,

l&#x27;acqua segue nel floema
mediante osmosi,

aumentando la pressione
all&#x27;interno del floema

e causando il movimento
della linfa di floema.

Quindi la linfa di floema fluisce
nel tessuto-pozzo pi&#xF9; vicino

che ha una bassa concentrazione di zucchero.

Lo zucchero si diffonde o

viene trasportato
attivamente fuori dal floema.

Dopo che lo zucchero &#xE8; scaricato,
l&#x27;acqua segue l&#x27;osmosi e allevia

la pressione all&#x27;interno del floema.

Con la traslocazione
attraverso il floema,

le piante riescono a distribuire
le risorse ai tessuti

dove sono necessarie in un periodo
o in una stagione particolare.

Heo JO, Roszak P, Furuta KM, Helariutta Y. Sviluppo del floema: conoscenze attuali e prospettive future. Am J Bot. settembre 2014; 101(9):1393-402. [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25253700" target="_blank">Sorgente</a>]

Liesche J, Patrick J. Un aggiornamento sul trasporto floematico: un semplice flusso di rinfuse sottoposto a una regolamentazione complessa. F1000Res. 6 dicembre 2017;6:2096. [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29259777" target="_blank">Source</a>]

floema e trasporto degli zuccheri

Come molti organismi viventi, le piante possiedono tessuti specializzati in specifiche funzioni vegetali. Per esempio, i germogli sono ben adattati alla crescita rapida, mentre le radici sono strutturate per acquisire le risorse in modo efficiente. Tuttavia, la produzione di zuccheri &#xE8; principalmente limitata ai tessuti fotosintetici presenti nelle foglie delle piante angiosperme. Gli zuccheri e le altre risorse sono trasportati dalle cellule fotosintetiche ad altri tessuti specializzati mediante un processo chiamato traslocazione.
All&#x2019;interno di una pianta, i tessuti che producono pi&#xF9; zucchero di quanto ne consumino sono sorgenti di zuccheri - le foglie ne costituiscono l&#x2019;esempio principale. Le radici, i germogli, i fiori e i frutti sono generalmente considerati pozzi di zuccheri, poich&#xE9; richiedono pi&#xF9; zucchero di quanto siano in grado di produrne. La traslocazione distribuisce zuccheri, ormoni, amminoacidi e alcune molecole di segnalazione dalle sorgenti di zuccheri ai pozzi di zuccheri attraverso una struttura tubulare delle piante vascolari chiamata floema. Nel floema il flusso pu&#xF2; essere bidirezionale; il floema &#xE8; costituito da cellule unite longitudinalmente mediante placche cribrose a formare gli elementi dei tubi cribrosi. Queste cellule possiedono pareti cellulari ispessite, che forniscono loro sostegno meccanico, e sono affiancate da cellule compagne adiacenti che favoriscono la funzionalit&#xE0; del floema e il caricamento delle soluzioni nel floema dai tessuti circostanti.
Il caricamento del floema pu&#xF2; avvenire attraverso la via apoplastica o le vie simplastiche e pu&#xF2; essere passivo oppure attivo. Queste vie di accesso al floema possono funzionare contemporaneamente o in sequenza, e alcune evidenze indicano che le piante possono passare da una modalit&#xE0; di caricamento all&#x2019;altra in funzione del fabbisogno idrico ed energetico della pianta. In molti casi, il simportatore saccarosio/H+ accoppia il caricamento del saccarosio nel floema al trasporto di uno ione idrogeno.
Secondo il modello del flusso da pressione, il gradiente di concentrazione degli zuccheri favorisce il flusso dell&#x2019;acqua nel floema, determinando la generazione di pressione. Di conseguenza, la linfa floematica si sposta verso le aree a pressione inferiore, in corrispondenza del pozzo di zuccheri pi&#xF9; vicino. Nel pozzo di zuccheri, il saccarosio viene trasportato verso l&#x2019;area con una concentrazione di zuccheri inferiore, favorendone la fuoriuscita dal floema. L&#x2019;acqua segue il saccarosio, riducendo la pressione nel floema.

Floema e trasporto degli zuccheri

Like many living organisms, plants have tissues that specialize in specific plant functions. For example, shoots are well adapted to rapid growth, while ...

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Education

Didattica

JoVE Core

Biology

Biologia

Plant Biology

Biologia vegetale

Plant Structure, Growth and Function

Struttura, crescita e nutrizione delle piante

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TERMINI E CONCETTI CHIAVE

how phloem moves sugars in plants

Phloem moves sugars and other materials through plants. In angiosperms, sugar production is mostly limited to photosynthetic cells in the leaves. These leaves act as sugar sources because they make more sugar than they use. Roots, shoots, flowers, and fruits are usually sugar sinks because they need more sugar than they can make.

This movement is called translocation. It carries sugar, hormones, amino acids, and some signaling molecules from source tissues to sink tissues. The transport pathway is a tube-like part of the vascular system called phloem. Flow in the phloem can move in both directions, depending on where the plant needs resources.

Phloem is built from sieve-tube elements that are joined end to end by plasmodesmata. These cells have thickened cell walls, which help support the tissue. Companion cells sit next to them and help keep the phloem healthy. They also help load solutions into the phloem from nearby tissues.

Phloem loading can happen through the apoplastic route or the symplastic route. It may be passive or active. These pathways can work at the same time or one after the other. Some evidence suggests that plants can switch loading modes based on water needs and energy demands. In many cases, a sucrose/H+ symporter helps move sucrose into the phloem together with a hydrogen ion.

The pressure-flow hypothesis explains how sap moves through phloem. As sugar builds up, water moves into the phloem by osmosis and creates pressure. The sap then flows toward the nearest sugar sink, where pressure is lower. At the sink, sucrose moves out into the area with lower sugar concentration. Water follows the sucrose, and pressure in the phloem is reduced.

How Phloem Moves Sugars in Plants

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Plant Adaptations for Life on Land

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basic plant anatomy: roots, stems, and leaves

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Plant Organs and Their Specialized Roles

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Plant Growth from Root and Shoot Tips

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phloem and sugar transport

Phloem moves sugars and other materials through plants. In angiosperms, sugar production is mostly limited to photosynthetic cells in the leaves. These leaves act as sugar sources because they make more sugar than they use. Roots, shoots, flowers, and fruits are usually sugar sinks because they need more sugar than they can make. This movement is called translocation. It carries sugar, hormones, amino acids, and some signaling molecules from source tissues to sink tissues. The transport...

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key terms and concepts

Learn how phloem carries sugar, hormones, and amino acids from leaves to sink tissues using sieve tubes, companion cells, and pressure-flow transport.

How Phloem Moves Sugars in Plants | JoVE K12

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new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

Structure and Function

HS-LS1-2.

Georgia Standards of Excellence

9-12

Botany

SBO1.

Transport

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How Phloem Moves Sugars in Plants

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