Name: plant water transport pathways
Uploaded: 2026-08-26T08:20:31.373Z
Duration: 2 min 6 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Florida Department of Education

High School

Life Science

SC.912.L.14

SC.912.L.14.7

The Apoplast and Symplast

Le piante assorbono dal suolo
acqua e minerali disciolti

e trasportano queste risorse

verso i tessuti distanti.

Le risorse entrano e si muovono
in due compartimenti distinti:

l&#x27;apoplasto e il simplasto.

L&#x27;apoplasto &#xE8; un sistema continuo
di spazi extracellulari,

come le pareti cellulari e
spazi d&#x27;aria tra le cellule.

Acqua, gas e minerali si muovono
liberamente e passivamente

attraverso l&#x27;apoplasto senza intersecare
le membrane plasmatiche.

Le cellule vegetali possono anche
emettere i protoni in eccesso

nell&#x27;apoplasto a causa
delle modifiche del pH.

Inoltre, le sostanze chimiche che
penetrano nell&#x27;apoplasto della radice

possono innescare la secrezione di molecole

che legano ed espellono le tossine.

Il citoplasma delle cellule
vegetali forma

un altro sistema continuo,
il cosiddetto simplasto.

Le cellule vegetali vicine
sono collegate

da canali che consentono
all&#x27;acqua e a molecole piccole

di muoversi da una cellula all&#x27;altra.

Il continuo di cellule vegetali interconnesse

facilita il trasporto
di molecole segnale

come gli ormoni.

Ad esempio, l&#x27;ormone citochinina

si muove liberamente
attraverso il simplasto

per regolare la proliferazione cellulare.

Il simplasto &#xE8; anche un
canale per piccoli RNA,

che attivano le risposte di difesa
contro i patogeni delle piante.

Di solito le risorse viaggiano su percorsi
sia apoplastici che simplastici

all&#x27;interno della pianta.

I minerali, per esempio, che
vengono assorbiti dalle radici, devono

attraversare almeno una volta
una membrana selettivamente

permeabile per lasciare le radici

e spostarsi verso un altro tessuto della pianta.

Martinoia, Enrico, Agnes Massonneau e Nathalie Frangne. "Processi di trasporto di soluti attraverso la membrana vacuolare delle piante superiori". Fisiologia vegetale e cellulare 41, n. 11 (2000): 1175-1186. [<a href="https://academic.oup.com/pcp/article/41/11/1175/1861104">Sorgente</a>]

l'apoplasto e il simplasto

La crescita delle piante dipende dalla sua capacit&#xE0; di assorbire acqua e minerali disciolti dal suolo. Il sistema radicale di ogni pianta &#xE8; dotato dei tessuti necessari per facilitare l&#x27;ingresso di acqua e soluti. I tessuti vegetali coinvolti nel trasporto di acqua e minerali hanno due compartimenti principali: l&#x27;apoplasto e il simplasto. L&#x27;apoplasto include tutto ci&#xF2; che si al di fuori della membrana plasmatica delle cellule viventi ed &#xE8; costituito da pareti cellulari, spazi extracellulari, xilema, floema e trachei. Il simplasto, al contrario, &#xE8; costituito dall&#x27;intero citosol di tutte le cellule vegetali viventi e dai plasmodesmata - che sono i canali citoplasmici che collegano le cellule.

Ci sono diversi percorsi potenziali per le molecole di muoversi attraverso i tessuti vegetali: i percorsi apoplastici, simplastici o transmembrana. Il percorso apoplastico comporta il movimento dell&#x27;acqua e dei minerali disciolti lungo le pareti cellulari e gli spazi extracellulari. Nel percorso simplastico, acqua e soluti si muovono lungo il citosol. Una volta in questo percorso, i materiali devono attraversare la membrana plasmatica quando si spostano dalla cellula alla cellula vicina, e lo fanno attraverso il plasmodesmata. In alternativa, nel percorso transmembrana, i minerali disciolti e l&#x27;acqua si spostano da una cellula all&#x27;altra attraversando la parete della cella per uscire da una cella ed entrare nella successiva. Questi tre percorsi non si escludono a vicenda e alcuni soluti possono utilizzare pi&#xF9; di un percorso in vari gradi.

Un altro percorso potenziale &#xE8; il percorso vacuolare, ma questo percorso &#xE8; per lo pi&#xF9; limitato al movimento delle molecole d&#x27;acqua. Qui, l&#x27;acqua si muove attraverso i vacuoli delle cellule vegetali attraverso l&#x27;osmosi. Il meccanismo &#xE8; simile al percorso simplastico, ma invece di limitare il trasporto al citosol, l&#x27;acqua passa attraverso i vacuoli. Inoltre, il trasporto vacuolare &#xE8; facilitato da due pompe protoniche - ATPase e PPase - che stimolano l&#x27;assorbimento soluto. I vacuoli comprendono anche proteine di trasporto specializzate - le acquaporine - che partecipano al trasporto di acqua e soluti come glucosio e saccarosio.

L'apoplasto e il simplasto

Plant growth depends on its ability to take up water and dissolved minerals from the soil. The root system of every plant is equipped with the necessary ...

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Education

Didattica

JoVE Core

Biology

Biologia

Plant Biology

Biologia vegetale

Plant Structure, Growth and Function

Struttura, crescita e nutrizione delle piante

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TERMINI E CONCETTI CHIAVE

plant water transport pathways

Plant water transport pathways help roots absorb water and dissolved minerals from the soil. These pathways move materials through plant tissues that support growth and nutrient uptake. The main tissue regions involved are the apoplast and the symplast.

The apoplast includes everything outside the plasma membrane of living cells. It contains cell walls, extracellular spaces, xylem, phloem, and tracheids. The symplast is the cytosol of all living plant cells, along with the plasmodesmata that connect one cell to the next.

Water and solutes can move through plants by the apoplastic, symplastic, or transmembrane pathway. In the apoplastic pathway, materials travel along cell walls and extracellular spaces. In the symplastic route, they move through the cytosol and pass between neighboring cells through plasmodesmata.

The transmembrane pathway moves dissolved minerals and water from cell to cell by crossing the cell wall as they leave one cell and enter the next. These pathways are not mutually exclusive, and some solutes may use more than one route to different degrees. A fourth option, the vacuolar pathway, is mostly used for water movement.

In the vacuolar pathway, water moves through plant cell vacuoles by osmosis. This route works in a way that is similar to the symplastic pathway, but the water passes through vacuoles instead of staying limited to the cytosol. Vacuolar transport is supported by two proton pumps, ATPase and PPase, and by aquaporins, which are specialized transport proteins that help move water and solutes such as glucose and sucrose.

Plant Water Transport Pathways

introduction to plant diversity

Plant Adaptations for Life on Land

Plant adaptations for life on land explain how Kingdom Plantae moved from water to land about 410 million years ago. This shift happened when green algae began colonizing a new environment that had not been widely occupied. Land offered more light and carbon dioxide for growth, but it also created major challenges for early plants. One key adaptation was the cuticle, a waxy outer layer that helps prevent water loss. It traps moisture inside the plant. But it also limited direct gas exchange...

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Nonvascular plants include some of the earliest plants on Earth. Today, this group includes liverworts, mosses, and hornworts. These plants are also called bryophytes. They have no true roots, leaves, or stems because they lack extensive vascular tissue. Bryophytes reproduce with spores instead of seeds. Their life cycle is dominated by the haploid gametophyte stage, which produces eggs and sperm. The sporophyte stage makes haploid spores that can grow by mitosis into new gametophytes. In many...

seedless vascular plants

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basic plant anatomy: roots, stems, and leaves

basic-plant-anatomy-roots-stems-and-leaves

Plant Organs and Their Specialized Roles

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plant cells and tissues

Plant Growth and Support Tissues

Plant growth and support tissues help plants grow, protect themselves, and move materials through the body. Plant tissues are groups of similar cells that do related jobs. These tissues combine to form organs such as flowers, fruit, stems, and leaves. Two major kinds of plant tissue are meristematic tissue and permanent tissue. Meristematic tissue is the main growth tissue in plants. It can keep dividing and renewing itself, and every plant cell begins in a meristem. Meristematic tissue is...

meristems and plant growth

Plant Growth from Root and Shoot Tips

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primary and secondary growth in roots and shoots

primary-and-secondary-growth-in-roots-and-shoots

Root and Shoot Growth: Length vs. Width

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morphogenesis

Plant Flowering and Organ Identity

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light acquisition

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water and mineral acquisition

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short-distance transport of resources

Plant Cell Membranes and Water Balance

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xylem and transpiration-driven transport of resources

xylem-and-transpiration-driven-transport-of-resources

How Xylem Moves Water in Plants

Xylem moves water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant. The cells that carry xylem sap are dead when mature, so the flow is passive. Xylem transport depends on special tracheary elements, which connect directly with the extracellular space in the apoplast. There are two main tracheary elements: tracheids and vessel elements. Tracheids are long cells with lignified walls and small pits. These pits let xylem sap move from one cell to the next where the walls overlap.

regulation of transpiration by stomata

How Guard Cells Open Plant Stomata

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adaptations that reduce water loss

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phloem and sugar transport

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the soil ecosystem

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key elements for plant nutrition

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the roles of bacteria and fungi in plant nutrition

the-roles-of-bacteria-and-fungi-in-plant-nutrition

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Soil microbes help plants get nutrients, water, and protection. Plants can make their own food by photosynthesis, but they still depend on organisms in the soil to get the nutrients they need to work properly. Bacteria and fungi form symbiotic relationships with plants, which helps both partners survive in many environments. The bacteria living in and around plant roots are called the rhizosphere. This community is very diverse. Some bacteria can cause disease, but most help plant health. In...

epiphytes, parasites, and carnivores

Plant Nutritional Adaptations in Nature

Plant nutritional adaptations help some species survive by using fungi, bacteria, or other plants and animals. Many plants also rely on mutualistic partners in the soil. Root-colonizing fungi, such as mycorrhizae, increase root surface area and improve nutrient absorption. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria, such as rhizobia, convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into ammonia (NH3), which plants can use to build essential molecules like chlorophyll. These relationships benefit both sides. The plant gets...

the apoplast and symplast

Plant water transport pathways help roots absorb water and dissolved minerals from the soil. These pathways move materials through plant tissues that support growth and nutrient uptake. The main tissue regions involved are the apoplast and the symplast. The apoplast includes everything outside the plasma membrane of living cells. It contains cell walls, extracellular spaces, xylem, phloem, and tracheids. The symplast is the cytosol of all living plant cells, along with the plasmodesmata that...

key terms and concepts

Learn how plants move water and minerals through the apoplast, symplast, transmembrane route, and vacuolar pathway in roots and cells.

Plant Water Transport Pathways | JoVE K12

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SC.912.L.14.5

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Plant Water Transport Pathways

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