Name: chemical energy and reaction types
Uploaded: 2023-06-23T15:38:43.000Z
Duration: 1 min 16 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

north-carolina-k-12-science-standard-course-of-study

NC K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Chemistry

Matter and its Interactions

PS.Chm.4.1

Energy Transfer in Chemical Reactions

Tutti i legami chimici contengono energia chimica immagazzinata, che viene rilasciata quando i legami vengono rotti durante una reazione chimica.
Se le reazioni complessive provocano un rilascio netto di energia, sono chiamate reazioni esoergoniche e quelle che assorbono più energia di quanta ne rilasciano sono chiamate endergoniche.
Nel metabolismo, le reazioni esoergoniche ed endergoniche sono solitamente accoppiate in modo che l'energia rilasciata da una reazione possa essere utilizzata per alimentare l'altra.
L'energia totale presente prima e dopo una reazione viene conservata, ma può essere convertita da una forma di energia all'altra.
Ad esempio, l'energia chimica catturata nei legami covalenti dell'ATP può essere convertita in energia meccanica per alimentare i movimenti muscolari o in energia elettrica per trasmettere impulsi nervosi attraverso il corpo.
Tuttavia, le conversioni di energia sono solitamente inefficienti e parte dell'energia viene rilasciata sotto forma di calore, come durante la conversione dell'energia chimica da una batteria in luce.
Nei mammiferi, il calore prodotto dall'attività metabolica aiuta a mantenere la normale temperatura corporea.

trasferimento di energia nelle reazioni chimiche

Le reazioni chimiche richiedono energia sufficiente perchla materia possa collidere con sufficiente precisione e forza da rompere i vecchi legami chimici e formarne di nuovi. In generale, l'energia cinetica la forma di energia che alimenta qualsiasi tipo di materia in movimento. Immagina una persona che costruisce un muro di mattoni. L'energia necessaria per sollevare e posizionare un mattone sopra l'altro l'energia cinetica, l'energia che la materia possiede a causa del suo movimento. Una volta che il muro in posizione, esso immagazzina energia potenziale. L'energia potenziale l'energia di posizione o l'energia che la materia possiede a causa del posizionamento o della struttura dei suoi componenti. Se il muro di mattoni crolla, l'energia potenziale immagazzinata viene rilasciata come energia cinetica durante la caduta dei mattoni.

L'energia chimica la forma di energia potenziale in cui l'energia immagazzinata nei legami chimici. Quando questi legami si formano, viene investita energia chimica e viene rilasciata quando vengono rotti. Nota che l'energia chimica, come tutte le energie, non viene ncreata ndistrutta, ma viene convertita da una forma all'altra.

Le reazioni chimiche che rilasciano pienergia di quella assorbita sono caratterizzate come esergoniche. Il catabolismo dei cibi un esempio di reazione esergonica. L'energia chimica immagazzinata negli alimenti viene assorbita come carburante per il nostro corpo, ma parte di essa viene rilasciata, ad esempio sotto forma di calore. Al contrario, le reazioni chimiche che assorbono pienergia di quella rilasciata sono endergoniche. Queste reazioni richiedono un apporto di energia e la molecola risultante immagazzina l'energia chimica nei componenti originali e l'energia che ha alimentato la reazione. Poichl'energia non viene ncreata ndistrutta, l'energia necessaria per le reazioni endergoniche proviene spesso da reazioni esergoniche.

Oltre all'energia chimica, l'energia meccanica, radiante ed elettrica risultano essenziali per il funzionamento umano.


 <ul style="padding-left: 35px; list-style-type: disc;"> 
 <li> L'energia meccanica, che immagazzinata in sistemi fisici come macchine, motori o il corpo umano, alimenta direttamente il movimento della materia. Quando sollevi un mattone e lo metti in posizione su un muro, i tuoi muscoli forniscono l'energia meccanica che muove il mattone.</li>
 <li> L'energia radiante l'energia emessa e trasmessa come onde anzichcome materia. Queste onde variano dalle onde radio lunghe e microonde, alle brevi onde gamma emesse dai nuclei atomici in decomposizione. L'intero spettro dell'energia radiante chiamato spettro elettromagnetico. Il corpo umano utilizza l'energia ultravioletta proveniente dalla luce solare per convertire una sostanza nelle cellule della pelle in vitamina D. L'occhio umano si evoluto per percepire le lunghezze d'onda che compongono i colori dell'arcobaleno, dal rosso al viola, quindi quella porzione dello spettro chiamata "luce visibile".</li>
 <li> L'energia elettrica, fornita dagli elettroliti nelle cellule e nei fluidi corporei, contribuisce ai cambiamenti di tensione che aiutano a trasmettere gli impulsi nelle cellule nervose e muscolari.</li>
 </ul> 


Questo testo adattato da <a href="https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/24-1-overview-of-metabolic-reactions">Openstax, Anatomy and Physiology 2e, Section 24.1: Overview of Metabolic Reactions</a> and <a href="https://openstax.org/books/biology-2e/pages/2-1-atoms-isotopes-ions-and-molecules-the-building-blocks">Openstax, Biology 2e, Section 2.1: Atoms, Isotopes, Ions and Molecules: The Building Blocks.</a>

Trasferimento di energia nelle reazioni chimiche

Le reazioni chimiche richiedono energia sufficiente per far collidere la materia con precisione e forza sufficienti a rompere i vecchi legami chimici e a ...

Education

Didattica

JoVE Core

Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomia e Fisiologia

Unit 1

Unità 1

Fundamentals of Chemistry

Fondamenti di Chimica

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TERMINI E CONCETTI CHIAVE

chemical energy and reaction types

Chemical reactions depend on energy transfer, chemical bonds, and the way matter collides. A reaction needs enough energy for particles to meet with the right force and precision. That energy can break old bonds and help form new ones.

Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. A person lifting a brick uses kinetic energy to move the brick into place on a wall. Once the wall is built, it stores potential energy, which is the energy of position or structure. If the wall falls, that stored energy becomes kinetic energy as the bricks move downward.

Chemical energy is a form of potential energy stored in chemical bonds. Energy is invested when bonds form, and energy is released when bonds break. Like other energy forms, chemical energy is not created or destroyed. It is converted from one form to another.

Some chemical reactions release more energy than they absorb. These are exergonic reactions. The breakdown of food is one example. Food stores chemical energy, and when the body uses that fuel, some energy is released as heat.

Other reactions absorb more energy than they release. These are endergonic reactions. They need an energy input, and the new molecule stores both the chemical energy from the original parts and the energy that powered the reaction. In many cases, the energy needed for endergonic reactions comes from exergonic reactions.

Mechanical, radiant, and electrical energy also play important roles in human functioning. Mechanical energy powers movement, such as when muscles lift a brick. Radiant energy travels as waves and includes the electromagnetic spectrum, from radio waves and microwaves to gamma waves. The body uses ultraviolet light from sunlight to help make vitamin D, and visible light is the range the eye sees as rainbow colors from red to violet. Electrical energy, supplied by electrolytes in cells and body fluids, helps create voltage changes that carry impulses in nerve and muscle cells.

Chemical Energy and Reaction Types

what is matter?

Matter, Mass, and Weight Basics

Matter is the substance that makes up the universe, from a grain of sand to a star. Scientists define matter as anything that occupies space and has mass. Mass is the amount of matter in an object, while weight depends on gravity. Mass stays the same whether an object is on Earth or in the zero-gravity environment of outer space. Weight changes when gravity changes. An object weighs more where gravity is stronger and less where gravity is weaker. A piece of cheese that weighs a pound on Earth...

the periodic table and organismal elements

the-periodic-table-and-organismal-elements

Organismal Elements in the Periodic Table

The periodic table helps identify the elements that make up living organisms. Biology groups these as organismal elements because they are the chemical building blocks of life. These elements are found in different amounts in the body. Some are present in large quantities, while others are needed only in small amounts. The video connects the periodic table to the elements that organisms actually use. Understanding organismal elements helps students link chemistry to biology. It shows how...

atomic structure

From Atomos to the Modern Atom

Atoms are the tiny building blocks of matter, and ideas about them go back to the Greek philosopher Democritus. He suggested that everything on Earth is made of atomos, a Greek word meaning "indivisible." That idea later led to the modern word atom. In the 19th century, John Dalton developed an atomic theory that is still largely correct today. He proposed five key ideas. All matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms of the same element are alike, and atoms of different elements are...

chemical symbols

Chemical Symbols and Element Names

Chemical symbols are short abbreviations that stand for an element or a single atom of that element. Mercury, for example, has the symbol Hg. The same symbol can point to one atom of mercury in the microscopic domain or to a sample labeled as many atoms of mercury in the macroscopic domain. Many symbols come from the element’s common name. Others are shortened from a name in another language. Most chemical symbols use one or two letters. For a few elements with atomic numbers above 112,...

atomic number and mass number

Atomic Identity, Mass, and Isotopes

Atomic identity depends on the number of protons in the nucleus, and mass depends on protons and neutrons together. The number of protons is the atomic number, or Z. It defines the element. For example, any atom with six protons is carbon, no matter how many neutrons or electrons it has. In a neutral atom, the number of protons equals the number of electrons. Because of that, the atomic number also tells you the number of electrons in the atom. The total number of protons and neutrons is...

atomic weight

Atomic Mass and Mole Calculations

Atomic mass and mole calculations help explain how much matter is in atoms and compounds. Protons and neutrons have about the same mass, about 1.67 × 10 -24 grams. Scientists define that mass as one atomic mass unit, or amu, also called one Dalton. Electrons are much lighter than protons. They weigh only 9.11 × 10 -28 grams, or about 1/1800 of an atomic mass unit. Because of that small mass, electrons do not add much to an element’s overall atomic mass. When chemists calculate atomic mass,...

isotopes and radioisotopes

Radioisotopes in Medicine and Imaging

Radioisotopes are unstable isotopes that can be used to study the body and treat disease. An isotope is an atom of the same element that has a different mass because it contains a different number of neutrons. It still has the same number of protons, so it remains chemically identical. English chemist Frederick Soddy explained this idea in the early 1900s and later received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1921. Some isotopes have more neutrons than usual and are called heavy isotopes. These...

electron behavior

Electron Shells and Discovery

Electrons are negatively charged subatomic particles that stay near the positively charged nucleus of an atom. They occupy spaces linked to energy levels called shells. They are also arranged into subshells and orbitals within each shell. An electron’s shell shows its general energy level. Electrons closer to the nucleus have less energy, while electrons farther away have more energy. The outer shells have more space, so they can hold more electrons than the inner shells. Subshells describe...

introduction to chemical bonds

How Atoms Bond to Reach Stability

Atoms bond to become more stable, and their outermost electrons play the biggest role in that process. The inner electron shell can hold two electrons. The next two shells can each hold eight electrons. This is called the octet rule. It states that, except for the innermost shell, atoms are most stable when their valence shell, or outer shell, has eight electrons. When atoms do not have enough electrons to fill that outer shell, they form chemical bonds with other atoms. A chemical bond is the...

ionic bonds

Ionic Bonds and Charge Transfer

Ionic bonds form when atoms transfer electrons and become charged particles. A positive ion and a negative ion attract each other because opposite charges pull together. This type of bonding helps explain how some substances are held together. In many cases, an atom loses one or more electrons, while another atom gains them. The atom that loses electrons becomes a cation, which is a positively charged ion. The atom that gains electrons becomes an anion, which is a negatively charged ion. The...

covalent bonds

Polar and Nonpolar Covalent Bonds

Covalent bonds form when atoms share electrons to fill their valence shells. The way those shared electrons are pulled depends on electronegativity, which is an atom's tendency to attract electrons in a bond. That difference also helps explain why some molecules are polar and others are nonpolar. Atoms with similar electronegativities form nonpolar covalent bonds. In these bonds, electrons are shared equally, so there is no charge across the molecule. When two atoms have different...

hydrogen bonds

Hydrogen Bonding and DNA Stability

Hydrogen bonding helps explain why some molecules stick together more strongly than others. A hydrogen bond forms when a weakly positive hydrogen atom, already bonded to an electronegative atom, is attracted to another electronegative atom on a nearby polar molecule. Common examples include water, hydrogen fluoride, and ammonia. This attraction happens because hydrogen has a much lower electronegativity than atoms such as fluorine, oxygen, and nitrogen. The electronegativity difference, along...

ions, molecules, and compounds

Atomic Charges, Bonds, and Compounds

Atoms can gain or lose electrons during chemical reactions and become ions. An ion is an atom with an electrical charge. This charge is positive or negative, and it often helps the atom reach a full valence shell. Some atoms are more likely to donate electrons, while others are more likely to accept them. Potassium is one example. It has atomic number 19 and one electron in its valence shell, so it is likely to donate that electron and become a slightly positive ion called a cation. Fluorine...

states of matter

Solids, Liquids, Gases, and Plasma

Solids, liquids, gases, and plasma are the main forms of matter described here. Solids are rigid and keep a definite shape. Liquids flow and take the shape of their container, although gravity gives the surface a flat or slightly curved top. Solids and liquids also have volumes that stay nearly the same even when pressure changes. Gases behave differently from solids and liquids. A gas takes both the shape and the volume of its container. In matter with this behavior, the particles are far...

colloids and suspensions

Suspensions, Sedimentation, and Colloids

Suspensions and colloids are two common kinds of mixtures seen in everyday life. Mud and water, flour and water, and tempera paint are suspensions. These mixtures are heterogeneous, which means their particles are not spread out evenly. The particles are relatively large and can be seen with the naked eye or a magnifying glass. Suspension particles make mixtures cloudy, and they settle out after mixing. The settling of particles in a suspension is called sedimentation. A blood test can measure...

introduction to chemical reactions

Chemical Reaction Basics and Equilibrium

Chemical reactions start with reactants and end with products. Reactants are the substances that enter a reaction, and products are the new substances that form. For example, sodium and chloride ions are the reactants in the formation of table salt. Chemical reactions follow the law of conservation of mass. Matter is not created or destroyed during the reaction. That means the atoms and elements in the reactants are still present in the products, and nothing new appears in the products that...

types of chemical reactions: anabolic and catabolic

types-of-chemical-reactions-anabolic-and-catabolic

Anabolism, Catabolism, and ATP Use

Anabolism and catabolism are the two main kinds of metabolic reactions in the body. Metabolism is the total set of anabolic and catabolic reactions that keep life running. These reactions follow the first law of thermodynamics, which says energy cannot be created or destroyed. It can only change form. Anabolism builds larger, more complex molecules from smaller ones. These anabolic, or biosynthesis, reactions need energy in the form of ATP. They join monosaccharides into polysaccharides, fatty...

types of chemical reactions: exchange and reversible

types-of-chemical-reactions-exchange-and-reversible

Electron Transfer and Chemical Equilibrium

Exchange reactions and reversible reactions are two important ideas in chemistry. In an exchange reaction, synthesis and decomposition happen at the same time. Chemical bonds are both formed and broken. These reactions can absorb chemical energy, store it, and release it. A special type of exchange reaction is the oxidation-reduction reaction, or redox reaction. In a redox reaction, electrons move from one compound to another. The electrons often come from hydrogen atoms, which contain one...

energy transfer in chemical reactions

Chemical reactions depend on energy transfer, chemical bonds, and the way matter collides. A reaction needs enough energy for particles to meet with the right force and precision. That energy can break old bonds and help form new ones. Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. A person lifting a brick uses kinetic energy to move the brick into place on a wall. Once the wall is built, it stores potential energy, which is the energy of position or structure. If the wall falls, that stored energy...

factors influencing the rate of chemical reactions

factors-influencing-the-rate-of-chemical-reactions

Chemical Reaction Rates and Catalysts

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acids, bases and neutralization reactions

How pH Affects Cells and Digestion

Acids, bases, and pH help control how cells and body systems work. In biology, pH can strongly affect enzymes, proteins, and nucleic acids. Enzymes work best within a certain pH range, and pH changes can alter their structure or denature them, which changes how they function. Acids release hydrogen ions, or H+, in solution. A hydrogen ion is a proton, so it is very reactive in chemical reactions. Strong acids release all of their H+ in water and ionize completely. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is a...

key terms and concepts

Learn how chemical bonds store energy, how exergonic and endergonic reactions differ, and how mechanical, radiant, and electrical energy support the body.

Chemical Energy and Reaction Types | JoVE K12

anatomy and physiology

JoVE Core Anatomy and Physiology showcases the anatomical and physiological details of the human body in comprehensive, clear, and engaging video animations. This collection of lessons focuses on the structures, components, functions, and requirements of the human body. It is complemented by scientist-in-action videos that demonstrate the application of this knowledge in real-world medical and research settings.

Physics

motion-and-stability-forces-and-interactions

Motion and Stability- Forces and Interactions

PS.Phy.4.3

Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

Physical Science

Energy

3.2.9-12.Q

3.2.9-12.R

Forces and Interactions

3.2.9-12.M

Waves and Electromagnetic Radiation

3.2.9-12.X

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

Matter And Its Interactions

HS-PS1-4

HS-PS1-5

Motion And Stability: Forces And Interactions

HS-PS2-5

HS-PS3-3

HS-PS3-4

ohios-learning-standards-and-model-curriculum

Ohio’s Learning Standards and Model Curriculum

Energy And Waves

Electricity

Electricity And Magnetism

DC circuits

Tennessee Academic Standards

CHEM1.PS3.3

Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

PS.5

PS.5.b

PS.9

PS.9.c

Minnesota Academic Standards in Science

3.1.1 9C.2.2.1.1

Arizona Science Standards

HS+Phy.P4

HS+Phy.P4U1.8

Alabama Course of Study Science

Matter and Its Interactions: Energy

9-12.C.3.3.c

9-12.P.2.6.b

Next Generation Science Standards

Matter and Its Interactions

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

Chemistry and Physics

IPC.6

IPC.6.A

south-carolina-college-and-career-ready-science-standards

South Carolina College and Career Ready Science Standards

C-PS3-4

P-PS3-3

waves-and-their-applications-in-technologies-for-information-transfer

Waves and Their Applications in Technologies for Information Transfer

P-PS4-4

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

Life Science

matter-and-energy-in-organisms-and-ecosystems

Matter and Energy in Organisms and Ecosystems

HS-LS1-7.

Georgia Standards of Excellence

SPS7.

Types of Energy

SC2.

Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions

Scientific Laws and Theories

Scientific Laws

In science, a law is defined as a concise, verbal or mathematical, statement that summarizes a vast number of experimental observations. ...

The Scientific Method

Chemistry is an empirical science. Scientists often pose questions to understand the chemistry in everyday life and seek answers to these questions. To ...

Classifying Matter by State

Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes it undergoes. Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. Matter is all around us; the air, ...

Classifying Matter by Composition

Matter: Pure Substances and Mixtures
According to its composition, the matter can be classified into two broad categories &mdash; pure substances and ...

The Atomic Theory of Matter

The earliest recorded discussion of the basic structure of matter comes from ancient Greek philosophers. Leucippus and Democritus argued that all matter ...

Subatomic Particles

Dalton was only partially correct about the particles that make up matter. All matter is composed of atoms, and atoms are composed of three smaller ...

Elements: Chemical Symbols and Isotopes

A chemical symbol is an abbreviation used to indicate an element or an atom of an element. For example, the symbol for mercury is Hg. The same symbol is ...

Use models to explain how the scientific understanding of atomic structure has evolved.

PS.Chm.1.1

Radioactivity and Nuclear Equations

Nuclear chemistry is the study of reactions that involve changes in nuclear structure. The nucleus of an atom is composed of protons and, except for ...

Types of Radioactivity

The most common types of radioactivity are &#945; decay, &#946; decay, &#947; decay, neutron emission, and electron capture.
Alpha (&#945;) decay is the ...

Nuclear Stability

Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10&#8722;15 meters, a nucleus is ...

Nuclear Binding Energy

The difference between the calculated and experimentally measured masses is known as the mass defect of the atom. In the case of helium-4, the mass defect ...

Radioactive Decay and Radiometric Dating

Radioactivity is a spontaneous disintegration of an unstable nuclide and is a random process, as all the nuclei in the sample do not decay simultaneously. ...

Nuclear Fission

Many heavier elements with smaller binding energies per nucleon can decompose into more stable elements that have intermediate mass numbers and larger ...

Nuclear Power

Controlled nuclear fission reactions are used to generate electricity. Any nuclear reactor that produces power via the fission of uranium or plutonium by ...

Nuclear Fusion

The process of converting very light nuclei into heavier nuclei is also accompanied by the conversion of mass into large amounts of energy, a process ...

Nuclear Transmutation

Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with ...

Use models to compare nuclear reactions including alpha decay, beta decay and gamma decay; nuclear fusion and nuclear fission.

PS.Chm.1.2

Analyze the structure of atoms and isotopes.

Chemical Energy and Reaction Types

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