Name: plant growth and support tissues
Uploaded: 2026-06-01T06:27:49.402Z
Duration: 2 min 1 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

Life Science

LS.2

LS.2.c

Plant Cells and Tissues

Plant tissues carry out different functions such as growth, structural support, and nutrition. They are formed from specialized cells and are broadly categorized as either meristematic or permanent tissues.
 
 Meristematic tissues are considered regions of embryonic tissue, capable of self-renewal and indefinite cell division. Scientists distinguish two main types of meristems, based on their location inside the plant.
 
 Apical meristems are located at the tips of the roots and stems and enable elongation of these structures. Lateral meristems cause an increase in the thickness or girth of the growing plant, typically in woody plants.
 
 Cells that comprise permanent tissues are terminally differentiated and can no longer divide. Depending on the function, these are classified as dermal, vascular, or ground tissue.
 
 Dermal tissue is a complex, permanent tissue that is composed of various cell types. Dermal tissue promotes gas exchange and forms a protective plant surface. It is the first line of defense against pathogens and physical damage.
 
 In non-woody plants, dermal tissue is found as a layer of tightly packed cells called the epidermis. In aerial parts of the plant, the epidermis is covered by the cuticle, a waxy coating that prevents water loss.
 
 There are two types of vascular tissue: xylem and phloem. Water and minerals are transported in the xylem from roots to different parts of the plant. Phloem tissue conducts sugars from the site of photosynthesis to other parts of the plant.
 
 Ground tissue is a simple tissue that is responsible for most metabolic functions in plants. It is the site of photosynthesis, provides structural support to the stems, and offers a supportive matrix to the vascular tissue.

植物の細胞と組織

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Plant tissues are collections of similar cells performing related functions. Different plant tissues will have their own specialized roles and can be ...

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Education

JoVE Core

Biology

生物学

Plant Biology

植物生物学

Plant Structure, Growth and Function

植物の構造、成長、および栄養

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

主要用語と概念

plant growth and support tissues

Plant growth and support tissues help plants grow, protect themselves, and move materials through the body. Plant tissues are groups of similar cells that do related jobs. These tissues combine to form organs such as flowers, fruit, stems, and leaves.

Two major kinds of plant tissue are meristematic tissue and permanent tissue. Meristematic tissue is the main growth tissue in plants. It can keep dividing and renewing itself, and every plant cell begins in a meristem.

Meristematic tissue is grouped by location into apical, lateral, and intercalary meristems. Apical meristems are found at the tips of roots and stems, where they help the plant grow longer. Lateral meristems are found in the radial part of stems and roots, where they increase girth. Intercalary meristems occur only in monocots at the base of the internode and leaf blade, where they increase leaf blade length.

Permanent plant tissue can be simple or complex. Simple permanent tissue has similar cell types, while complex tissue contains different kinds of cells. Dermal tissue is a simple permanent tissue that forms the outer protective covering. It helps protect the plant from physical damage and also allows gas exchange.

In non-woody plants, the dermal tissue is a tightly packed layer called the epidermis. The cuticle is a waxy coating on leaves and stems that helps prevent water loss. The epidermis also has special jobs in different organs. In roots, water and minerals from the soil enter through the epidermis.

Vascular tissue is a complex tissue that moves water and minerals through the plant. It has two conducting vessels, xylem and phloem. Xylem carries water and minerals from the roots to other parts of the plant. It includes xylem vessels, tracheids, and xylem parenchyma. Phloem carries organic compounds from the site of photosynthesis to other parts of the plant. It includes sieve cells, phloem parenchyma, companion cells, and phloem fibers.

In stems, xylem and phloem together form a vascular bundle. In roots, the same tissue arrangement is called the vascular cylinder or vascular stele. Plant anatomy also divides the plant into four primary organs: root, stem, leaf, and flower. Leaves contain dermal, vascular, and ground tissues, and these tissues can include parenchyma, sclerenchyma, or collenchyma cells.

Parenchyma cells are living and metabolically active. They usually have a thin, flexible primary cell wall. These cells make up about 90 percent of the cells in herbaceous seed plants. They are often found in the cortex or pith of stems or roots and in the fleshy tissue of many fruits. Many parenchyma cells can still divide, so they help with wound healing and tissue regeneration. They also support photosynthesis, storage, transport, and nutrient exchange between xylem and phloem.

Collenchyma cells are also living and are elongated. They have irregularly thick cell walls that provide support and structure. They are the least common cell type and have walls made of cellulose and pectin. In young stems and leaf veins, the epidermal tissue can include collenchyma cells. Collenchyma may be described as angular, annular, lamellar, or lacunar, depending on where the wall thickening occurs.

Sclerenchyma cells form protective and supportive tissue in higher plants. At maturity, they usually have limited physiological activity and are often dead. Their secondary cell wall is thickened with cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. The direction of the cellulose helps give plant organs strength, flexibility, and stiffness under compressive and tensile forces. Sclerenchyma occurs as fibers, sclereids, and water-conducting sclerenchyma.

Plant Growth and Support Tissues

introduction to plant diversity

Plant Adaptations for Life on Land

Plant adaptations for life on land explain how Kingdom Plantae moved from water to land about 410 million years ago. This shift happened when green algae began colonizing a new environment that had not been widely occupied. Land offered more light and carbon dioxide for growth, but it also created major challenges for early plants. One key adaptation was the cuticle, a waxy outer layer that helps prevent water loss. It traps moisture inside the plant. But it also limited direct gas exchange...

non-vascular seedless plants

Nonvascular Plants and Their Life Cycle

Nonvascular plants include some of the earliest plants on Earth. Today, this group includes liverworts, mosses, and hornworts. These plants are also called bryophytes. They have no true roots, leaves, or stems because they lack extensive vascular tissue. Bryophytes reproduce with spores instead of seeds. Their life cycle is dominated by the haploid gametophyte stage, which produces eggs and sperm. The sporophyte stage makes haploid spores that can grow by mitosis into new gametophytes. In many...

seedless vascular plants

Fern Life Cycles and Vascular Tissue

Seedless vascular plants include ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns, and lycophytes. Ferns are the most common example. Whisk ferns and their relatives, along with horsetails, are monilophytes. Lycophytes include club mosses, spikemosses, and quillworts, and none of these are true mosses. Seedless vascular plants differ from nonvascular plants because they have vascular tissue. This tissue includes xylem and phloem, which move water and nutrients through the plant. Most seedless vascular plants...

introduction to seed plants

Seed Plants: Cones, Flowers, and Fruits

Seed plants are land plants that make seeds, use pollen, and have reduced gametophytes. This group includes gymnosperms and angiosperms. Gymnosperms include cycads, Ginkgo biloba, gnetophytes, and conifers. Gymnosperms usually form cones. Pollen cones contain the male gametophytes. Ovulate cones contain the female gametophytes and produce exposed seeds after fertilization. Angiosperms are the most diverse and widespread land plants. They form flowers and fruit, and both structures support...

basic plant anatomy: roots, stems, and leaves

basic-plant-anatomy-roots-stems-and-leaves

Plant Organs and Their Specialized Roles

Plants are built from roots, stems, and leaves, but each organ can change to fit a plant’s environment. These structures may look very different from one species to another. They still carry out the main jobs needed for growth and survival. Roots are usually underground, but that is not always true. Aerial roots grow aboveground. Epiphytic plants, such as orchids, can live without ever touching soil. In strangler figs and banyans, aerial roots begin aboveground, grow downward, and later reach...

plant cells and tissues

Plant growth and support tissues help plants grow, protect themselves, and move materials through the body. Plant tissues are groups of similar cells that do related jobs. These tissues combine to form organs such as flowers, fruit, stems, and leaves. Two major kinds of plant tissue are meristematic tissue and permanent tissue. Meristematic tissue is the main growth tissue in plants. It can keep dividing and renewing itself, and every plant cell begins in a meristem. Meristematic tissue is...

meristems and plant growth

Plant Growth from Root and Shoot Tips

Plants grow throughout their lives, and that pattern is called indeterminate growth. This trait sets plants apart from most animals. Some plant parts stop growing, such as leaves and flowers, but roots and stems can keep growing for a long time. Meristems make this ongoing growth possible. A meristem is a plant tissue that contains undifferentiated cells called meristematic cells. When these cells divide, some daughter cells stay in the meristem. That keeps a supply of cells that can keep...

primary and secondary growth in roots and shoots

primary-and-secondary-growth-in-roots-and-shoots

Root and Shoot Growth: Length vs. Width

Root and shoot growth in vascular plants happens in two main ways: primary growth and secondary growth. Primary growth makes roots and shoots longer. Secondary growth makes them thicker. Many woody plants show both kinds of growth, and the two can happen at the same time. Primary growth happens in newer parts of the plant. Secondary growth happens in regions that have already finished primary growth. In roots and shoots, the process starts in apical meristems, which are areas of actively...

morphogenesis

Plant Flowering and Organ Identity

Plant flowering and organ identity shape a plant’s form and structure. These changes depend on growth and cell differentiation, which work together during plant morphogenesis. Precursor cells become specialized cell types, and those cells are organized into tissues and organ systems that support the whole plant. Plant growth and cell differentiation are controlled by hormones. Plant hormones regulate gene expression, often in response to environmental stimuli. Temperature and day length are...

light acquisition

How Plants Maximize Sunlight Capture

Plants need light energy to make glucose, so leaf shape and plant structure help determine how well they capture sunlight. Many modern plants have evolved leaves that are specialized for light capture. Leaf size can vary from just a few millimeters wide to tens of meters wide, depending on the environment. Competition for sunlight has pushed evolution toward larger leaves and taller plants. These changes help plants avoid being shaded by nearby competitors. They also depend on root systems...

water and mineral acquisition

How Roots Absorb Water and Minerals

Roots absorb water and minerals from the soil using specialized tissues. Their branching patterns help them reach more soil, and root hairs on the outer cells increase surface area for contact with the ground. Water enters roots passively because the water concentration in the soil is higher than in root tissue. Minerals move in a different way. They are taken up actively by root cells, which requires energy and transport proteins. Soil particles carry a negative charge, so positive ions...

short-distance transport of resources

Plant Cell Membranes and Water Balance

Plant cell membranes control how water, ions, and other solutes move over short distances. This transport can happen across just 2 to 3 cells, and it begins at the plasma membrane. Small uncharged molecules, such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water, can diffuse through the membrane on their own. Ions and larger molecules need transport proteins because of their charge or size. Membrane transport also happens inside plant cells. The central vacuole stores resources and helps manage the cell’s...

xylem and transpiration-driven transport of resources

xylem-and-transpiration-driven-transport-of-resources

How Xylem Moves Water in Plants

Xylem moves water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant. The cells that carry xylem sap are dead when mature, so the flow is passive. Xylem transport depends on special tracheary elements, which connect directly with the extracellular space in the apoplast. There are two main tracheary elements: tracheids and vessel elements. Tracheids are long cells with lignified walls and small pits. These pits let xylem sap move from one cell to the next where the walls overlap.

regulation of transpiration by stomata

How Guard Cells Open Plant Stomata

How guard cells open and close plant stomata controls gas exchange in leaves. A stoma is a tiny opening in the leaf epidermis. The word comes from the Greek word for “mouth.” These openings let plants take in carbon dioxide for photosynthesis and release oxygen into the air. Each stoma is surrounded by two guard cells. When these cells take up water, they create an opening. Ion transport controls how much water stays in the guard cells. A trigger causes pumps to move hydrogen ions out of the...

adaptations that reduce water loss

Plant Features That Limit Water Loss

Plant features that limit water loss help plants survive in dry or hot environments. Water is needed for photosynthesis and other cell processes, so plants have evolved several ways to slow evaporation from their leaves. One major barrier is the cuticle, a waxy layer on the leaf epidermis. The epidermis is the outer cell layer, and it makes cutin and other plant waxes that form this hydrophobic coating. The cuticle helps stop water from escaping and also keeps out unwanted solutes. Its...

phloem and sugar transport

How Phloem Moves Sugars in Plants

Phloem moves sugars and other materials through plants. In angiosperms, sugar production is mostly limited to photosynthetic cells in the leaves. These leaves act as sugar sources because they make more sugar than they use. Roots, shoots, flowers, and fruits are usually sugar sinks because they need more sugar than they can make. This movement is called translocation. It carries sugar, hormones, amino acids, and some signaling molecules from source tissues to sink tissues. The transport...

the soil ecosystem

Soil Layers and How Soil Forms

Soil supplies plants with water and inorganic minerals. It is the natural medium for land plants, and its quality depends on both chemical makeup and living organisms in the soil. Healthy soil contains enough air, water, minerals, and organic matter to support plant growth. Soil is made of three major components. Inorganic mineral matter makes up about 40 to 45 percent of soil volume. Organic matter, also called humus, makes up about 5 percent. Water and air fill about 50 percent of the volume.

key elements for plant nutrition

Plant Nutrients: Macro and Micro Needs

Plants need both organic and inorganic nutrients to survive, grow, reproduce, and keep normal cell function. Researchers use hydroponics to study these essential nutrients. In hydroponic culture, plants grow without soil in water-based nutrient solutions. At least 17 nutrients are known to be essential for plants. Plants get these elements from the atmosphere, the soil around their roots, and water. Nine of them are macronutrients, which plants need in larger amounts. These macronutrients are...

the roles of bacteria and fungi in plant nutrition

the-roles-of-bacteria-and-fungi-in-plant-nutrition

How Soil Microbes Help Plants Get Nutrients

Soil microbes help plants get nutrients, water, and protection. Plants can make their own food by photosynthesis, but they still depend on organisms in the soil to get the nutrients they need to work properly. Bacteria and fungi form symbiotic relationships with plants, which helps both partners survive in many environments. The bacteria living in and around plant roots are called the rhizosphere. This community is very diverse. Some bacteria can cause disease, but most help plant health. In...

epiphytes, parasites, and carnivores

Plant Nutritional Adaptations in Nature

Plant nutritional adaptations help some species survive by using fungi, bacteria, or other plants and animals. Many plants also rely on mutualistic partners in the soil. Root-colonizing fungi, such as mycorrhizae, increase root surface area and improve nutrient absorption. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria, such as rhizobia, convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into ammonia (NH3), which plants can use to build essential molecules like chlorophyll. These relationships benefit both sides. The plant gets...

the apoplast and symplast

Plant Water Transport Pathways

Plant water transport pathways help roots absorb water and dissolved minerals from the soil. These pathways move materials through plant tissues that support growth and nutrient uptake. The main tissue regions involved are the apoplast and the symplast. The apoplast includes everything outside the plasma membrane of living cells. It contains cell walls, extracellular spaces, xylem, phloem, and tracheids. The symplast is the cytosol of all living plant cells, along with the plasmodesmata that...

key terms and concepts

Explore meristematic, dermal, vascular, parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma tissues, and learn how plants grow, protect themselves, and transport materials.

Plant Growth and Support Tissues | JoVE K12

JoVE Core series brings biology to life through over 300 concise and easy-to-understand animated video lessons that explain key concepts in biology, plus more than 150 scientist-in-action videos that show actual research experiments conducted in today’s laboratories.

biology

JoVE Core シリーズは、生物学の重要な概念を説明する 300 を超える簡潔でわかりやすいアニメーション ビデオ レッスンに加え、今日の研究室で行われる実際の研究実験を示す 150 以上の科学者の活動ビデオを通じて、生物学に命を吹き込みます。

Arizona Science Standards

High School

HS+B.L1

HS+B.L1U1.7

Florida Department of Education

SC.912.L.14

SC.912.L.14.7

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

Structure and Function

HS-LS1-2.

Georgia Standards of Excellence

9-12

Botany

SBO1.

basic-plant-structures-major-organs-tissues-cells-relation-to-their

Basic plant structures (major organs, tissues, and cells) in relation to their functions.

Cell Structure

Background
Cells represent the most basic biological units of all organisms, whether it be simple, single-celled organisms like bacteria, or large, ...

What are Cells?

Cells are the smallest and basic units of life, whether it is a single cell that forms the entire organism, e.g., in a bacterium, or trillions of them, ...

Animal and Plant Cell Structure

Animal and plant cells not only differ in their structure, function, and mode of nutrition but also in how they reproduce, specialize, and organize into ...

Cell Diversity

The concept of a cell started with microscopic observations of dead cork tissue by Robert Hooke in 1665. Hooke coined the term &#34;cell&#34; based on the ...

An Introduction to Cell Division

Cell division is the process by which a parent cell divides and gives rise to two or more daughter cells. It is a means of reproduction for single-cell ...

The student will investigate and understand that all living things are composed of one or more cells that support life processes, as described by the cell theory. Key ideas include the development of the cell theory demonstrates the nature of science;

LS.2.a

Cytoplasm

The Nucleus

The Nucleosome

Human DNA is almost two meters long. However, it is compressed inside a tiny nucleus measuring only a few microns in diameter. To make this degree of ...

The Nucleosome Core Particle

Nucleosomes are the DNA-histone complex, where the DNA strand is wound around the histone core. The histone core is an octamer containing two copies of ...

Chromatin Packaging

Each human somatic cell contains 6 billion base pairs of DNA. Each base pair is 0.34 nm long, meaning each diploid cell contains a staggering 2 meters of ...

The Endoplasmic Reticulum

Golgi Apparatus

Lysosomes

Mitochondria

Mitochondrial Membranes

Peroxisomes

Ribosomes

Introduction to Cytoskeleton

Centrioles and Centrosomes

Most animal cells comprise a pair of centrioles together called a centrosome. The cell duplicates its centrosome and contains two centrosomes ...

Functions of Life

Human life is characterized by a variety of functions that are essential for survival and well-being. These functions include metabolism, movement, ...

Requirements for Human Life

The Earth and its atmosphere have provided humans with air, water, and food, but these are not the only requirements for survival. Humans also require a ...

The student will investigate and understand that all living things are composed of one or more cells that support life processes, as described by the cell theory. Key ideas include cell structure and organelles support life processes;

LS.2.b

Visualizing Onion and Cheek Cells
ExpandImmediately before the experiment, wash and peel onion bulbs for the class.
Remove the entire brown outer skin and ...

Visualizing Onion and Human Cells
ExpandIn this experiment you will prepare different types of cells from a plant and animal, onion and human ...

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells represent two fundamental types of cellular organization, differing significantly in structure, complexity, and function. ...

Tissues

Cells with similar structure and function are grouped into tissues. A group of tissues with a specialized function is called an organ. There are four main ...

The student will investigate and understand that all living things are composed of one or more cells that support life processes, as described by the cell theory. Key ideas include similarities and differences between plant and animal cells determine how they support life processes;

Mitosis and Cytokinesis

In eukaryotes, the cell division cycle is divided into distinct, coordinated cellular processes that include cell growth, DNA replication/chromosome ...

What is the Cell Cycle?

The cell cycle refers to the sequence of events occurring throughout a typical cell&#8217;s life. In eukaryotic cells, the somatic cell cycle has two ...

Binary Fission

Fission is the division of a single entity into two or more parts, which regenerate into separate entities that resemble the original. Organisms in the ...

Live Cell Imaging of Mitosis

Mitosis is a form of cell division in which a cell&#8217;s genetic material is divided equally between two daughter cells. Mitosis can be broken down into ...

The Cell Cycle Control System

The cell cycle is an organized set of events that leads the cell to divide into two daughter cells, each containing chromosomes identical to the parent ...

Cell Division

Cell division is fundamental to all living organisms and required for growth and development. As an essential means of reproduction for all living things, ...

Preparation of Onion Root Tips and Solutions
ExpandFor the cell cycle experiment using root tips, first, leave an onion suspended over a beaker of water ...

Observing the Cell Cycle in a Root Tip
ExpandHypotheses: The experimental hypothesis is that in root tips slices that have been treated with nocodazole, a ...

The student will investigate and understand that all living things are composed of one or more cells that support life processes, as described by the cell theory. Key ideas include cell division is the mechanism for growth and reproduction; and

LS.2.d

What are Membranes?

A key characteristic of life is the ability to separate the external environment from the internal space. To do this, cells have evolved semi-permeable ...

Membrane Fluidity

Cell membranes are composed of phospholipids, proteins, and carbohydrates loosely attached to one another through chemical interactions. Molecules are ...

Fluid Mosaic Model

The fluid mosaic model was first proposed as a visual representation of research observations. The model comprises the composition and dynamics of ...

What is an Electrochemical Gradient?

Adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, is considered the primary energy source in cells. However, energy can also be stored in the electrochemical gradient of an ...

Diffusion

Diffusion is the passive movement of substances down their concentration gradients&#x2014;requiring no expenditure of cellular energy. Substances, such as ...

Osmosis

Approximately 60% to 95% of the weight of living organisms is attributed to water. Therefore, maintaining appropriate water balance within cells is of ...

Tonicity in Animals

The tonicity of a solution determines if a cell gains or loses water in that solution. The tonicity depends on the permeability of the cell membrane for ...

Tonicity in Plants

Tonicity describes the capacity of a cell to lose or gain water. It depends on the quantity of solute that does not penetrate the membrane. Tonicity ...

Introduction to Membrane Proteins

The cell membrane, or plasma membrane, is an ever-changing landscape. It is described as a fluid mosaic where various macromolecules are embedded in the ...

Facilitated Transport

The chemical and physical properties of plasma membranes cause them to be selectively permeable. Since plasma membranes have both hydrophobic and ...

Primary Active Transport

In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or ...

Secondary Active Transport

One example of how cells use the energy contained in electrochemical gradients is demonstrated by glucose transport into cells. The ion vital to this ...

Receptor-mediated Endocytosis

Overview

Receptor-mediated endocytosis is a process through which bulk amounts of specific molecules can be imported into a cell after binding to cell ...

Pinocytosis

Cells use energy-requiring bulk transport mechanisms to transfer large particles, or large amounts of small particles, into or out of the cell. The cells ...

The student will investigate and understand that all living things are composed of one or more cells that support life processes, as described by the cell theory. Key ideas include cellular transport (osmosis and diffusion) is important for life processes.

LS.2.e

Plant Growth and Support Tissues

Description

Transcript

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