Name: soap formation from triglycerides
Uploaded: 2020-03-26T07:22:28.000Z
Duration: 4 min 10 s
Channel: JoVE

植物油や動物性脂肪は、植物や動物に自然に存在する脂質です。油脂は、多くの場合、グリセロールの分子と3つの脂肪酸から形成されるトリグリセリドの形をしています。脂肪酸は、官能基として炭化水素鎖を持つ弱いカルボン酸です。トリグリセリドでは、3つの脂肪酸はエステル結合によってグリセロールの分子に結合されています。したがって、トリグリセリドには3つのエステル基があり、分子をトリエステルにします。
エステルは、カルボン酸のような有機分子の一種で、ヒドロキシルの水素がアルキル基またはアリール基に置き換えられています。このグループには、反対側のRグループとは異なる可能性があることを示すために、Rプライムとラベル付けされています。トリグリセリドでは、R-primeはグリセロール骨格であり、各R基は脂肪酸の鎖です。
炭素鎖に二重結合を持つ脂肪酸は、不飽和脂肪酸として知られています。これらの二重結合はシスコンフォメーションにある傾向があり、チェーンに曲がりが生じます。これらの曲がった鎖を持つトリグリセリドは互いに密接に適合できないため、それらの間の引力は通常、長距離で弱いです。
炭素原子間に単結合のみを持つ脂肪酸は飽和しています。これらの曲がっていない鎖により、トリグリセリドが互いに密集し、より強力で短距離の分子間相互作用が可能になります。これにより、飽和トリグリセリドは、通常は室温で液体である不飽和トリグリセリドよりも高い融点が得られます。
トリグリセリドは、3つのエステルを加水分解することにより、脂肪酸とグリセロールに戻すことができます。エステル加水分解は、水または水酸化物イオンの分子とエステル結合を切断してカルボン酸とアルコールを形成する反応です。エステル加水分解の一般的な用途の1つは、トリグリセリドからの脂肪酸の塩である石鹸を作成することです。このプロセスは鹸化と呼ばれます。
この反応では、水酸化物イオンがトリグリセリド中の3つのエステルカルボニルのそれぞれを攻撃し、3つの脂肪酸分子と1分子のグリセロールを生成します。脂肪酸カルボン酸塩は、塩基からの対イオン(通常はナトリウムまたはカリウム)と結合します。
しかし、石鹸はどのように機能しますか?長い炭素鎖は親油性で疎水性であり、脂肪には引き付けられますが、水には引き付けられません。カルボン酸基は親水性であり、水に引き付けられます。石鹸と水を混ぜると、長い炭素鎖は互いに相互作用して水分子との相互作用を避ける傾向がありますが、カルボン酸塩グループは水との相互作用を好みます。最終的に、石鹸分子はミセルと呼ばれるクラスターを形成し、親水性のカルボキシレートは外側を向いています。
さて、あなたの手に疎水性グリースがあると仮定しましょう。水で手をすすぐだけでは、グリースは落ちません。石鹸で洗うと、グリースが石鹸の炭素鎖と相互作用します。石鹸分子がミセルを形成すると、グリースが疎水性コアに運ばれ、親水性シェルに包まれ、水で洗い流すことができます。
このラボでは、ココナッツオイルと水酸化ナトリウムから石鹸を作るための鹸化反応を行います。次に、脱イオン水、水道水、および非常に硬水を模倣する塩化カルシウム溶液の泡立ち能力を比較することにより、硬水に対する石鹸の耐性をテストします。

エステルの加水分解

<h4>トリグリセリド</h4>
トリグリセリドは、3つの脂肪酸に結合したグリセロール骨格で構成されるトリエステル分子です。これらは、植物油脂に含まれる多くの生物学的脂質の基礎を形成しています。植物性油脂は植物油の原料となりますが、動物由来の脂質はラードや一般的な油脂源として利用されます。
脂肪酸分子は、12〜20個の炭素からなる長い炭素鎖を持ち、一方の端に弱い有機酸があります。一部の脂肪酸は、炭素鎖に二重結合を持っています。これらは「不飽和」脂肪です。炭素鎖の二重結合のため、これらの脂肪酸は、結合がトランスコンフォメーションではなくシスコンフォメーションを採用する傾向があるため、通常、曲がった鎖形状をしています。
不飽和脂肪酸中のトリグリセリド分子は均一に積み重ねることができず、分子間の引力が少なくなります。したがって、不飽和脂肪は通常、室温で液体です。対照的に、飽和脂肪、つまり炭素鎖に単結合のみを持つ脂肪は、鎖の形状がより規則的であるため、積み重ねることができます。したがって、飽和脂肪は分子間の引力が強く、その結果、融点が高くなります。したがって、飽和脂肪は室温で固体になる傾向があります。
<h4>加水分解反応</h4>
トリグリセリドは、エステル基を有する他の分子と同様に、加水分解を受けることができる。加水分解は、水分子が結合を切断する化学反応の一種です。エステル加水分解の場合、求核剤(水または水酸化物イオン)がエステル基のカルボニル炭素を攻撃してエステル結合を切断します。元の分子の一方の断片は水から水素イオンを獲得してアルコールを形成し、もう一方の断片は水酸化物基を獲得してカルボン酸の塩を形成します。
通常の条件下では、強酸または強塩基を添加しないと、加水分解反応はごくわずかしか起こりません。強酸または強塩基は反応をスピードアップするための触媒として作用し、最後に回収されます。加水分解反応は可逆的です。副産物として水を生成するため、縮合反応と呼ばれています。
トリグリセリドの加水分解は、何世紀にもわたって石鹸の製造に使用されてきたため、加水分解反応の最も古い例の1つです。この反応は鹸化と呼ばれます。
<h4>鹸化 </h4>
鹸化中、水酸化物イオンはトリグリセリドの3つのエステルのカルボニル基を攻撃します。したがって、トリグリセリドの1モルに3モルの水酸化ナトリウムを化学量論的に添加すると、3つのエステル基が加水分解されます。この反応により、3モルの石鹸分子と1モルのグリセロールが生成されます。多くの場合、反応は、石鹸の乾燥効果を減らすことができる未反応のトリグリセリドの量を最小限に抑えるために、制限試薬として水酸化ナトリウムを使用して行われます。
石鹸分子は、長い疎水性炭素鎖を持ち、もう一方の端には極性の親水性カルボン酸アニオンがあります。分子に沿った溶解度の違いにより、その洗浄能力が可能になります。水中では、石鹸分子の長い炭素鎖が互いに引き付けられ、極性水分子を避けるために再編成されます。これにより、極性カルボン酸ヘッドが水分子に向けられ、ミセルと呼ばれる球状構造が形成されます。中心部は疎水性で、外装は親水性であるため、ミセルを水溶液に溶けさせることができます。
石鹸のミセル特性は、その洗浄能力に不可欠です。表面のグリースやオイルを洗い流すだけでは、表面を取り除くことはできません。これは、グリースが疎水性であり、水溶性ではないためです。しかし、石鹸を使用すると、グリースはミセルの内部に入ります。ミセルの外側は親水性なので、水で洗い流すことができます。
石鹸の重大な欠点は、硬水に対する不耐性です。硬水は、マグネシウムイオン、鉄イオン、カルシウムイオンをミネラルの形で含む水溶液です。水の「硬度」は、これらのイオンの濃度に依存します。金属カチオンの存在下では、石鹸分子は分子と相互作用して分子を溶液から脱落させ、より一般的に石鹸カスと呼ばれる塩沈殿物を形成します。
<h4>参照</h4>
<ol>
	<li style="font-size:17px">Kotz, J.C., Treichel Jr, P.M., Townsend, J.R. (2012).化学および化学反応性。カリフォルニア州ベルモント:ブルックス/コール、Cengage Learning。</li>
	<li style="font-size:17px">Silberg, M.S. (2015).化学:物質と変化の分子的性質。マサチューセッツ州ボストン:マグロウヒル。</li>
	<li style="font-size:17px">Streiwiester, A., Heathcock, C.H., Kosower, E.M. (1998).有機化学入門。 ニュージャージー州アッパーサドルリバー:プレンティスホール。</li>
</ol>

トリグリセリド
トリグリセリドは、3つの脂肪酸に結合したグリセロール骨格で構成されるトリエステル分子です。これらは多くの生物学的な基礎を形成します...

Education

JoVE Lab Manual

Chemistry

化学

Hydrolysis of an Ester

soap formation from triglycerides

Triglycerides are lipids made of a glycerol backbone linked to three fatty acids. They are common in vegetable oils and animal fats. Plant lipids are the basis of vegetable oils, while animal lipids are used as lard or general sources of fats.

A fatty acid has a long carbon chain, usually between 12 and 20 carbons, with a weak organic acid at one end. Some fatty acids contain double bonds. These are unsaturated fats. The double bond usually gives the chain a bent, cis shape. As a result, unsaturated triglycerides do not stack evenly and have weaker attractions between molecules. They are usually liquid at room temperature. Saturated fats have only single bonds. Their chains are more regular, so they stack more easily. This gives them stronger attractions and higher melting points, which is why they are often solid at room temperature.

Triglycerides can also undergo hydrolysis because they contain ester groups. Hydrolysis is a reaction in which water breaks a bond. In ester hydrolysis, a nucleophile such as water or a hydroxide ion attacks the carbonyl carbon of the ester. One part of the molecule becomes an alcohol after gaining a hydrogen ion from water. The other part becomes a salt of a carboxylic acid after gaining the hydroxide group. Under normal conditions, only a few hydrolysis reactions occur without a strong acid or base. The acid or base acts as a catalyst and is recovered at the end. This reaction is reversible. It is also called a condensation reaction because water is formed as a side product.

The hydrolysis of triglycerides is one of the oldest examples of this chemistry and has been used for centuries to make soap. This reaction is called saponification. During saponification, hydroxide ions attack the carbonyl groups in the three ester bonds of the triglyceride. With three moles of sodium hydroxide for one mole of triglyceride, all three ester groups can be hydrolyzed. The products are three moles of soap molecules and one mole of glycerol. In practice, sodium hydroxide is often the limiting reagent so less triglyceride is left over. That helps reduce the drying effect of the soap.

Soap Formation from Triglycerides

lab techniques

Measuring with Accuracy in the Lab

Measuring with accuracy in the lab starts with careful records, the right tools, and correct reading of data. Scientists use lab notebooks to record how an experiment was done. These notes include the amounts of materials used and each step of the procedure. Without that record, an experiment cannot be repeated in the same way. Balances and glassware are used to measure solids and liquids for experiments. The precision of a measurement depends on the equipment used. Digital balances show the...

scientific measurement and lab skills

Graphs, Curve Fit, and Standard Deviation

Two-dimensional graphs help students compare an independent variable with a dependent variable in science data. In a chemistry example, temperature is the independent variable and volume is the dependent variable. After data are collected, the relationship between the two measurements must be quantified so it can be evaluated and compared with other relationships. A graph can also show when no relationship exists between the two variables. To make a two-dimensional graph, each data point needs...

stoichiometry, product yield, and limiting reactants

stoichiometry-product-yield-and-limiting-reactants

Balancing Equations and Reactant Limits

Chemical equations show how reactants change into products during a reaction. Stoichiometry is the study of the relative amounts of reactants and products. It is based on the Law of Conservation of Mass, which says matter is neither created nor destroyed. Because atoms are only rearranged, the number and identity of atoms must match on both sides of a reaction. That is why a chemical equation must be balanced. A balanced equation has the same number of atoms for each element in the reactants...

redox reactions

Oxidation States in Redox Reactions

Oxidation states help identify redox reactions. In a redox reaction, oxidation is the loss of one or more electrons, and reduction is the gain of one or more electrons. These reactions are often tracked by changes in oxidation state, also called oxidation number. Each atom in a molecule has an oxidation state. This number shows how oxidized an atom is compared with its free elemental form. It is written as the charge an atom would have if every bond were purely ionic. In that model, bonding...

ideal gas law

Gas Laws Behind the Ideal Gas Equation

The ideal gas equation brings together the main gas laws used in chemistry. Gases have molecules that are far apart, so their behavior is described with four measurable variables: pressure, volume, number of moles, and temperature. The ideal gas law links these variables with the gas constant, R, which equals 8.314 J·K−1 mol−1. Boyle’s law describes the link between pressure and volume. When temperature and the number of moles stay constant, pressure and volume change in opposite directions.

acid and base concentrations

Acids, Bases, and pH in Titration

Acids, bases, and pH explain how acidic or basic a solution is. An Arrhenius acid releases hydrogen ions when it dissolves in water, while an Arrhenius base releases hydroxide ions. These reactions also create conjugate partners: an acid forms a conjugate base after losing hydrogen, and a base forms a conjugate acid after losing hydroxyl. Every acid has a conjugate base, and every base has a conjugate acid. pH measures the amount of hydrogen ions in a solution. The pH scale runs from 0 to 14...

buffers

Buffer pH and the Common Ion Effect

Buffer solutions help keep pH steady when acids or bases are added. In water, an Arrhenius acid (HA) dissociates into hydrogen ions, H+, and a conjugate base, A-. More hydrogen ions make a solution more acidic and lower its pH. An Arrhenius base (BOH) dissociates into a conjugate acid, B+, and hydroxide ions, OH-. Strong acids and strong bases usually change pH a lot because they react completely in water and raise the amount of H+ or OH-. Buffers reduce those pH changes. A buffer usually...

enthalpy of reaction

Reaction Heat, Hess’s Law, and Calorimetry

Reaction heat is explained through enthalpy, Hess’s law, and calorimetry. These ideas show how heat moves during chemical reactions and how scientists measure it. Thermodynamics is the study of heat energy and other forms of energy, such as work. Its laws are used across science, from biology to physics. The first law says energy is conserved in an isolated system. Energy can change form, such as thermal energy becoming work, but it cannot be created or destroyed. The second law of...

solubility

Solubility in Water and Other Solvents

Solubility describes how much of a solute can dissolve in a specific solvent. It is usually reported as solute mass per solvent volume or as solute mass per solvent mass. For example, sodium chloride has a solubility of 36 g per 100 mL of water at room temperature. If solubility is given by solvent mass, that mass must be converted to volume for later calculations. Temperature changes solubility. Sodium carbonate dissolves at about 7 g per 100 mL of water at 0 °C, 22 g per 100 mL at room...

metal flame emission

Flame Test Metal Color Clues

Flame testing uses a metal sample and a flame to identify a substance by its color. Each element gives off a characteristic light emission in the flame, so the color can help distinguish one element from another. This same idea appears in fireworks, where different metal components create different colors. The color comes from energy absorbed by the metallic component. When a species absorbs energy, that energy can go into translation, vibration, rotation, or electron excitement. Electron...

balmer series

Hydrogen Emission Lines

Hydrogen emission lines show how electrons move between fixed energy levels in the Bohr model. Niels Bohr proposed this model for the hydrogen atom in 1913. In this model, an electron can only occupy certain orbits, and it cannot exist between them. These energy states are labeled with the quantum number n. The ground state is n = 1. Higher values, such as n = 2, 3, 4, and so on, are excited states. An electron changes state only by absorbing or emitting energy equal to the difference between...

beer's law

Absorbance Spectra and Beer-Lambert Analysis

Absorbance spectra and the Beer-Lambert Law show how light can be used to study molecules in solution. When light hits a substance, it may be absorbed, transmitted, or reflected. A substance often interacts with a range of wavelengths, and each wavelength can affect the molecules or atoms in a different way. When a molecule absorbs light, that energy can be used for translation, vibration, rotation, or electron excitement. Electron excitement is especially important in spectroscopy because it...

concentration dependence

Reaction Order and Rate Constants

Chemical kinetics describes the speed of a chemical reaction. The rate depends on the reaction mechanism, the complexity of the reaction, and the number of reactants involved. Reactant concentration also affects how fast a reaction happens. The rate law is the experimental relationship that connects these factors to reaction rate. In the rate law, each reactant contributes through a reaction order. The general form is r = k[A]^m[B]^n for aA + bB + ... → cC. Here, r is the reaction rate, k is...

temperature dependence

Reaction Rate, Arrhenius, and Catalysts

Chemical kinetics explains how fast a reaction happens and why that speed changes. The reaction rate is the speed of a chemical reaction. It is defined as the change in concentration of a reactant or product over time. Reaction speed depends on several factors, including the concentration of the reactants and the temperature of the reaction. Each reactant affects the rate in a specific way. That relationship is described by the rate law. The rate law is an equation that connects the...

galvanic cells

Battery Power from Redox Reactions

Electrochemistry studies how chemical change and electrical energy are linked. In this branch of chemistry, electrons move from one species to another. That movement can either produce current or be driven by an applied current. The main reaction in electrochemistry is the oxidation-reduction, or redox, reaction. A redox reaction has two half-reactions. Oxidation is the loss of electrons, and reduction is the gain of electrons. These changes also shift the oxidation state of each substance. The...

electrolytic cells

Electroplating with Electrolytic Cells

Electrochemistry links electrical energy with chemical change, and electrolytic cells show how electricity can drive a nonspontaneous reaction. In these reactions, electrons move from one species to another. The key chemistry is a redox reaction, or oxidation-reduction reaction, which happens in two half-reactions. Oxidation is the loss of electrons, and reduction is the gain of electrons. The substance that loses electrons is the reducing agent, and the substance that gains electrons is the...

proper lab notebook keeping

Recording a Reproducible Lab Experiment

Accurate lab notebook records are essential in science and organic chemistry labs. Without clear notes, descriptions, quantities, and observations, an experiment cannot be repeated or checked. Good record keeping supports reproducibility, which means other people can follow the same work and get similar results. A laboratory notebook is useful in school labs, research settings, and industry. It can also become a legal record when an idea, process, substance, or technique is patented and...

basic organic chemistry techniques

Organic Lab Glassware and Safe Handling

Organic chemistry labs use specific glassware, careful weighing steps, and controlled heating to keep reactions safe and accurate. Beakers and Erlenmeyer flasks are often used for mixing or holding solvents, but they are not meant for measuring volume unless only an approximate amount is needed. Volumetric glassware is used when a precise volume matters. This group includes graduated cylinders, volumetric pipettes, and volumetric flasks. A graduated cylinder is commonly used in the organic lab...

melting points

How Impurities Change Melting Points

Melting point helps identify an organic compound by showing the temperature where a solid turns into a liquid at 1 atmosphere of pressure. It is a physical property, like solubility, density, color, and electronegativity. Because the exact start of melting is hard to measure, the result is reported as a range. The lower end is when the first drops of liquid appear. The upper end is when the last solid has melted. Scientists compare this range with literature values to help identify a compound. <br...

boiling points

Boiling Point and Vapor Pressure

Boiling point and vapor pressure are key physical properties of a liquid. For a pure compound, the boiling point can help identify the substance. In experiments, the boiling point is usually recorded as a range because exact values are hard to measure and may differ by a few degrees from the literature value. Vapor pressure explains why a liquid boils. In a sealed container, some molecules at the liquid surface gain enough energy to escape into the gas phase. At the same time, some gas...

recrystallization

Purifying Crystals by Solubility

Purifying crystals by solubility is a key organic chemistry technique. Recrystallization uses differences in solubility to separate a desired solid product from starting materials, solvent, and impurities. It is one of the three standard purification methods, along with distillation and extraction. Solubility is the maximum amount of a substance that can dissolve in a fixed volume of solvent at a given temperature. Different solutes dissolve in different solvents, and their behavior can vary...

extraction

Separating Mixtures with Solvent Extraction

Solvent extraction is a common way to separate and isolate a target compound in organic chemistry. In this process, a solute moves from one phase to another so it can be separated from unreacted starting materials or impurities. Extraction is also useful when a product is dissolved in a reaction solvent that is hard to remove by evaporation, such as a solvent with a high boiling point. There are three main types of extraction. In solid-liquid extraction, the solute moves from a solid phase...

simple distillation

Separating Liquids by Boiling Point

Separating liquids by boiling point is the goal of distillation. A miscible mixture contains liquids that mix evenly, and it can be heated so that the more volatile liquid evaporates first. Volatility is a liquid’s tendency to vaporize, and boiling begins when bubbles form in the liquid phase. In a closed container, liquid and vapor can reach equilibrium, which means the rate of vaporization equals the rate of condensation. The pressure from the vapor above the liquid is called vapor pressure.

steam distillation

Steam Distillation and Low-Boiling Separation

Steam distillation is a separation method for temperature-sensitive organic compounds. It works best when the organic compound is immiscible in water, meaning the two liquids do not mix. The method helps remove the organic molecule from a non-volatile contaminant without using the higher temperatures needed for many other separations. In steam distillation, the immiscible mixture is heated until both water and the volatile organic compound distill together. The vapor rises to a condenser,...

thin-layer chromatography

TLC Separation by Polarity

Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) separates compounds in a mixture by polarity. It uses the same basic parts as other chromatography methods: a stationary phase, a mobile phase, and the solute. In TLC, the stationary phase is a thin coating on a plate instead of material packed into a column. The stationary phase in most TLC systems is polar silica gel, a form of silicon dioxide. Its surface has OH groups that can form hydrogen bonds. The sample is first spotted on a pencil start line with a...

column chromatography

Separating Mixtures by Polarity

Column chromatography separates compounds in an organic chemistry lab by using differences in physical properties. It is especially useful for microscale separations when less than 10 grams of material is available for analysis. The method can separate a mixture based on solubility, polarity, hydrophobicity, size, and charge. Any chromatography system has three main parts: the stationary phase, the mobile phase, and the sample mixture. In column chromatography, the stationary phase is usually...

hydrolysis of an ester

Triglycerides are lipids made of a glycerol backbone linked to three fatty acids. They are common in vegetable oils and animal fats. Plant lipids are the basis of vegetable oils, while animal lipids are used as lard or general sources of fats. A fatty acid has a long carbon chain, usually between 12 and 20 carbons, with a weak organic acid at one end. Some fatty acids contain double bonds. These are unsaturated fats. The double bond usually gives the chain a bent, cis shape. As a result,...

synthesis of luminol

Luminol Chemiluminescence in Forensics

Luminol chemiluminescence shows how a chemical reaction can produce light and help with blood detection. Chemical reactions may be endothermic or exothermic, depending on whether they absorb or release heat as reactants become products. The enthalpy of a reaction is the energy difference between reactants and products, or ΔH. A positive ΔH means the reaction is endothermic. A negative ΔH means it is exothermic. Many reactions do not happen in a single step. They can pass through intermediates...

esterification

Ester Formation and Everyday Fragrances

Esters are organic compounds with a carbonyl group attached to an oxygen that connects to another alkyl or aryl group. Their general formula is RCOOR'. They are often made by reacting a carboxylic acid with an alcohol in an esterification reaction. In this process, the hydroxyl group of the acid is replaced by an alkyl or aryl group. Many simple esters have familiar fruit and flower smells because their structures are small and less complex. Formic acid and methanol can combine to form methyl...

identification of unknown aldehydes and ketones

identification-of-unknown-aldehydes-and-ketones

Carbonyl Tests for Aldehydes and Ketones

Aldehydes and ketones are carbonyl compounds, which means they contain a C=O functional group. A ketone has two alkyl or aryl groups attached to the carbonyl carbon. Acetone is the simplest ketone, with two methyl groups. An aldehyde is similar, but it has at least one hydrogen attached to the carbonyl carbon. Formaldehyde is the simplest aldehyde, and acetaldehyde has one hydrogen and one methyl group. The carbonyl carbon in both aldehydes and ketones is electrophilic because the oxygen atom...

uv-vis spectroscopy of dyes

How Dyes Absorb Visible Light

Dyes absorb visible light because their molecular structure lets them interact with specific wavelengths. When light hits a substance, some light is absorbed and the rest is reflected or transmitted. The color we see depends on the wavelength that is reflected. A blue substance reflects blue light, around 430 to 480 nm, and absorbs the complementary orange region, around 590 to 630 nm. Compounds that do not absorb in the visible range appear colorless to the human eye. Light also has energy and...

identifying alcohols

Alcohol Tests for Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary

Alcohol tests can help sort alcohols by structure and reactivity. Alcohols are organic molecules with a hydroxyl group attached to an alkyl or aryl group, written as ROH. If the carbon with the hydroxyl group has one R group, the alcohol is primary. If it has two R groups, it is secondary. If it has three R groups, it is tertiary. Alcohols can also be aromatic when they contain a benzene ring. Phenol is the simplest aromatic alcohol. To identify an alcohol, chemists can use its chemical...

chemistry

入門化学ラボコースの指導者と学生のための、包括的でカリキュラムに焦点を当てたビデオ。

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Explore how triglycerides break down during saponification to form soap and glycerol, and learn how soap cleans grease and reacts in hard water.

Soap Formation from Triglycerides | JoVE K12

エステルの加水分解 を教える準備を、この 3 分間の教員向けガイドで行いましょう。JoVE Lab Manual の Chemistry ラボの主要な準備手順を解説します。

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Soap Formation from Triglycerides

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