Name: plant growth from root and shoot tips
Uploaded: 2026-08-26T08:20:40.375Z
Duration: 3 min 14 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Florida Department of Education

High School

Life Science

SC.912.L.14

SC.912.L.14.7

Meristems and Plant Growth

Unlike most animals, plants can grow throughout their lives. Plant growth is facilitated by meristems, tissues containing undifferentiated cells that can perpetually divide&#x2014;akin to animal stem cells. &#xA0;

All vascular plants undergo primary growth, which lengthens roots and shoots.&#xA0;

Primary growth begins in apical meristems, located at the tips of stems and roots. Here, undifferentiated cells divide. Some daughter cells remain in the meristem and go on to divide again. Others partially differentiate into primary meristems.

The primary meristems&#x2014;the protoderm, ground meristem, and procambium&#x2014;differentiate into distinct primary tissues.

The protoderm becomes dermal tissue, the protective outer layers. The ground meristem develops into ground tissue, which makes up most of the body of a young plant. The procambium forms vascular tissue, including xylem and phloem.

In addition to primary growth, woody plants also undergo secondary growth. Secondary growth widens roots and stems, but rarely leaves.

Two lateral meristems contribute to secondary growth: the cork cambium and the vascular cambium.

The cork cambium produces cork to the outside and phelloderm to the inside, forming the periderm.&#xA0;

The vascular cambium is located between the primary xylem and primary phloem. Here, secondary growth generates secondary phloem to the outside and secondary xylem, also known as wood, to the inside.

In many trees, this activity produces annual growth rings, which scientists can use to study climate.

Wood grown in the spring contains cells with larger diameters and thinner walls than wood produced later in the growing season. A year of growth, therefore, manifests as a distinct ring.

Since trees grow well in warm environments with plenty of water, thick rings indicate warm, wet years and thin rings indicate cold or dry years.

Overall, primary growth allows plants to extend their shoots in search of light and their roots to gather moisture and nutrients. Meanwhile, secondary growth provides structural support to accommodate the lengthening of woody plants.

Gaillochet, C. 및 J. U. Lohmann. 2015. "끝나지 않는 이야기: 다능성에서 식물 발달 가소성까지." 개발 142 (13): 2237–49. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.117614" target="_blank">소스</a>]

Sablowski, R. (2010) 식물과 동물의 줄기 세포. 자연 교육 3(9):4. [<a href="https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/stem-cells-in-plants-and-animals-14164783/" target="_blank">출처</a>]

분열조직과 식물 성장

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Plants grow throughout their lives; this is called indeterminate growth, and it distinguishes plants from most animals. Although certain parts of plants ...

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Education

교육

JoVE Core

Biology

생물학

Plant Biology

식물생물학

Plant Structure, Growth and Function

식물의 구조, 성장 및 영양

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

주요 용어 및 개념

plant growth from root and shoot tips

Plants grow throughout their lives, and that pattern is called indeterminate growth. This trait sets plants apart from most animals. Some plant parts stop growing, such as leaves and flowers, but roots and stems can keep growing for a long time.

Meristems make this ongoing growth possible. A meristem is a plant tissue that contains undifferentiated cells called meristematic cells. When these cells divide, some daughter cells stay in the meristem. That keeps a supply of cells that can keep dividing. Other daughter cells elongate and later differentiate into mature tissue.

Plant growth has two main forms: primary growth and secondary growth. Primary growth increases the length of roots and shoots and also produces leaves. Secondary growth increases the thickness of roots and shoots, but it rarely affects leaves. It happens in regions where primary growth has already ended.

Most of this growth comes from two kinds of meristems. Apical meristems are found at the tips of roots and shoots, and they drive primary growth. Lateral meristems run along the lengths of roots and shoots, and they drive secondary growth. All vascular plants undergo primary growth, which helps roots spread through soil and shoots reach more light.

Primary growth begins when cells divide in the apical meristem. Daughter cells that leave the meristem become partially differentiated primary meristematic cells. These cells divide again and elongate. They then fully differentiate into mature tissues, which lengthens the root or shoot.

Woody plants undergo secondary growth in addition to primary growth. This growth depends on two lateral meristems: the vascular cambium and the cork cambium. The vascular cambium forms secondary xylem, also called wood, and secondary phloem. The cork cambium replaces the epidermis with the tougher periderm, which increases the width of roots and shoots.

Plant Growth from Root and Shoot Tips

introduction to plant diversity

Plant Adaptations for Life on Land

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primary and secondary growth in roots and shoots

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key terms and concepts

Explore how apical and lateral meristems drive plant growth, from lengthening roots and shoots to secondary thickening in woody plants.

Plant Growth from Root and Shoot Tips | JoVE K12

JoVE Core series brings biology to life through over 300 concise and easy-to-understand animated video lessons that explain key concepts in biology, plus more than 150 scientist-in-action videos that show actual research experiments conducted in today’s laboratories.

biology

JoVE Core 시리즈는 생물학의 주요 개념을 설명하는 300개가 넘는 간결하고 이해하기 쉬운 애니메이션 비디오 강의와 오늘날 실험실에서 수행된 실제 연구 실험을 보여주는 150개가 넘는 과학자 활동 비디오를 통해 생물학에 활기를 불어 넣습니다.

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

Structure and Function

HS-LS1-2.

Georgia Standards of Excellence

9-12

Botany

SBO1.

Growth

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Golgi Apparatus

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Cell membranes are composed of phospholipids, proteins, and carbohydrates loosely attached to one another through chemical interactions. Molecules are ...

Fluid Mosaic Model

The fluid mosaic model was first proposed as a visual representation of research observations. The model comprises the composition and dynamics of ...

What is an Electrochemical Gradient?

Adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, is considered the primary energy source in cells. However, energy can also be stored in the electrochemical gradient of an ...

Diffusion

Diffusion is the passive movement of substances down their concentration gradients&#x2014;requiring no expenditure of cellular energy. Substances, such as ...

Osmosis

Approximately 60% to 95% of the weight of living organisms is attributed to water. Therefore, maintaining appropriate water balance within cells is of ...

Tonicity in Animals

The tonicity of a solution determines if a cell gains or loses water in that solution. The tonicity depends on the permeability of the cell membrane for ...

Tonicity in Plants

Tonicity describes the capacity of a cell to lose or gain water. It depends on the quantity of solute that does not penetrate the membrane. Tonicity ...

Introduction to Membrane Proteins

The cell membrane, or plasma membrane, is an ever-changing landscape. It is described as a fluid mosaic where various macromolecules are embedded in the ...

Facilitated Transport

The chemical and physical properties of plasma membranes cause them to be selectively permeable. Since plasma membranes have both hydrophobic and ...

Primary Active Transport

In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or ...

Secondary Active Transport

One example of how cells use the energy contained in electrochemical gradients is demonstrated by glucose transport into cells. The ion vital to this ...

Receptor-mediated Endocytosis

Overview

Receptor-mediated endocytosis is a process through which bulk amounts of specific molecules can be imported into a cell after binding to cell ...

Pinocytosis

Cells use energy-requiring bulk transport mechanisms to transfer large particles, or large amounts of small particles, into or out of the cell. The cells ...

Phagocytosis

Cells pull particles inward and engulf them in spherical vesicles in an energy-requiring process called endocytosis. Phagocytosis (&#x201C;cellular ...

Exocytosis

Exocytosis is used to release material from cells. Like other bulk transport mechanisms, exocytosis requires energy.

While endocytosis takes particles ...

Relate structure to function for the components of plant and animal cells. Explain the role of cell membranes as a highly selective barrier (passive and active transport).

SC.912.L.14.2

Cell Structure

Background
Cells represent the most basic biological units of all organisms, whether it be simple, single-celled organisms like bacteria, or large, ...

Compare and contrast the general structures of plant and animal cells. Compare and contrast the general structures of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

SC.912.L.14.3

Overview of Microscopy Techniques

The early pioneers of microscopy opened a window into the invisible world of microorganisms. In 1830, Joseph Jackson Lister created an essentially modern ...

Introduction to Light Microscopy

The light microscope is an instrument used by researchers in many different fields to magnify specimens to as much as a thousand times their original ...

Overview of Electron Microscopy

The wavelengths of visible light ultimately limit the maximum theoretical resolution of images created by light microscopes. Most light microscopes can ...

phase-contrast-and-differential-interference-contrast-microscopy

Phase Contrast and Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy

Phase-Contrast Microscopes
In-phase-contrast microscopes, interference between light directly passing through a cell and light refracted by cellular ...

Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy

Confocal microscopy is an advanced microscopic technique. The prime advantage of the confocal microscope over other microscopy techniques is its ability ...

Compare and contrast structure and function of various types of microscopes.

SC.912.L.14.4

A. Cells have characteristic structures and functions that make them distinctive.

B. Processes in a cell can be classified broadly as growth, maintenance, reproduction, and homeostasis.

C. Life can be organized in a functional and structural hierarchy ranging from cells to the biosphere.

D. Most multicellular organisms are composed of organ systems whose structures reflect their particular function.

Plant Growth from Root and Shoot Tips

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