Name: tlc separation by polarity
Uploaded: 2020-03-26T07:22:28.000Z
Duration: 3 min 7 s
Channel: JoVE

Thin-layer chromatography, or TLC, is a technique used to separate organic compounds based on differences in their polarities. There are three components of a TLC system: the stationary phase, the solute, and the development solvent.
The stationary phase is the surface on which the compounds will be separated, which is usually composed of extremely polar silica gel. The compounds or mixtures being analyzed are the solutes. Dilute solutions of the solutes are spotted on one edge of the plate using thin capillaries.
The bottom of the plate is then immersed in the development solvent, which is usually an organic solvent that is less polar than the stationary phase. The solvent travels up the plate by capillary action. As the solvent passes through the solute spots, it carries some of each solute with it. This solute-solvent mixture is the mobile phase.
The top of the mobile phase is called the solvent front. As the mobile phase travels up the plate, solute and solvent molecules temporarily stick to the stationary phase based on their polarity.
More polar solutes are strongly attracted to the stationary phase, so they stick more often and stay stuck for a while. Less polar solutes stick less often and don&#39;t stay stuck for long. This means that less polar solutes spend more time in the mobile phase than more polar solutes do. In other words, less polar solutes travel faster than more polar solutes.
To achieve good separation between compounds, the solvent should be just polar enough to move the most polar solute. Here are some common solvents in order of increasing polarity. Sometimes, two solvents are combined to achieve the desired polarity.
Because most organic compounds are white or colorless, TLC plates usually have a fluorescent compound in them. Under UV light, the organic compounds will appear as dark spots on the glowing plate.
Once the compounds are visualized, you can measure how far they traveled and calculate the retardation factor, or Rf, for each one. This value is the distance traveled by the solute divided by the total distance traveled by the mobile phase.
If the solvent is chosen properly, each solute will have a distinctly different Rf. This allows us to identify the component compounds in mixtures by matching the Rf values to known compounds.
In this lab, you will use TLC to determine the Rf of several known compounds, and then you will use those Rf values to determine the identity of an unknown compound.

박층 크로마토그래피

크로마토그래피
크로마토그래피는 유기 화학에서 두 상(2 상) 사이의 용해도 차이에 따라 혼합물의 화합물을 분리하는 데 사용되는 기술입니다. 이 개념은 액체-액체 추출과 유사하지만 크로마토그래피에서 두 상이 고정상과 이동상으로 구성된다는 점을 제외하면 두 단계가 있습니다. 고정상은 고체(일반적으로 마이크로 스케일 하이드로겔 비드)이고 이동상은 캐리어 용매입니다.
전통적인 크로마토그래피에서는 고정상이 수직 컬럼에 패킹되고 용액 혼합물이 컬럼 상단에 주입됩니다. 혼합물이 고정상을 통해 흐를 때 화합물은 구조와 극성에 따라 고정상과 이동상 사이를 분할하여 개별 대역을 형성합니다. 고정상과 약하게 상호 작용하는 용질은 컬럼을 통해 더 빠르게 이동하여 먼저 빠져나가거나 용리됩니다. 고정상과 더 강하게 상호 작용하는 용질은 컬럼을 통해 천천히 이동하고 나중에 용리됩니다. 밴드는 혼합물에서 화합물을 분리하고 정제하기 위해 개별적으로 수집할 수 있습니다.
크로마토그래피에는 여러 가지 유형이 있으며, 각각 분리를 달성하기 위해 서로 다른 화학적 특성을 활용합니다. 예를 들어, 이온 교환 크로마토그래피에서 고정상 비드는 양전하 또는 음전하를 띨 수 있어 반대 전하만 있는 분자를 끌어당길 수 있습니다. 크기 배제 크로마토그래피에서 다공성 고정상은 아가로스 또는 덱스트란 폴리머와 같은 비드로 구성됩니다. 더 작은 분자는 공극에 더 쉽게 들어갈 수 있는 반면, 더 큰 분자는 공극을 지나 더 빨리 용리됩니다.
<h4>박층 크로마토그래</h4>피
박층 크로마토그래피(TLC)는 극성에 따라 화합물을 분리하는 크로마토그래피 기법의 한 유형입니다. 기존 크로마토그래피와 마찬가지로 TLC 시스템에는 고정상(stationary phase), 이동상(mobile phase) 및 용질(solute)의 세 가지 구성 요소가 있습니다. 그러나 기존의 크로마토그래피와 달리 고정상은 컬럼에 패킹되지 않고 플레이트의 얇은 층으로 배열됩니다. TLC는 이산화규소의 한 형태인 극성 실리카겔을 고정상으로 가장 자주 사용합니다. 고정상은 표면의 OH 그룹으로 인해 수소 결합을 형성합니다.
먼저 연필을 사용하여 TLC 플레이트 바닥에 시작점을 그립니다. 분석 중인 화합물 또는 혼합물은 얇은 모세관을 사용하여 출발선에서 발견됩니다. 그런 다음 플레이트의 바닥을 이동상에 담그는데, 이는 일반적으로 고정상보다 극성이 적은 유기 용매입니다. 용매는 모세관 작용에 의해 플레이트 위로 이동하여 용질 지점을 통과하고 각 구성 요소의 일부를 운반합니다.
용매가 플레이트 위로 이동함에 따라 성분은 이동상 또는 고정상으로 분할됩니다. 구성 요소가 극성인 경우 극성 고정상과 더 많이 상호 작용합니다. 천천히 이동하고 TLC 플레이트에서 짧은 거리만 이동합니다. 샘플의 성분이 극성이 적고 고정상보다 이동상에서 더 잘 용해되는 경우 이동상과 더 많이 상호 작용하고 TLC 플레이트에서 더 멀리 이동합니다. 구성 요소의 극성과 이동상의 정도는 분리를 이해하고 예측하는 데 필수적입니다.
TLC 플레이트에는 일반적으로 254나노미터의 자외선 공급원에서 빛나는 UV 반응성 형광 염료가 포함되어 있습니다. 따라서 TLC 플레이트는 자외선 아래에서 관찰하여 분석할 수 있습니다. 관심 용질과 같은 TLC 플레이트 내의 화합물은 녹색 배경에 비해 어두운 점으로 나타납니다. 흑연 연필로 반점을 동그라미로 그리면 화합물이 용매 전면에 비해 이동한 거리를 측정할 수 있습니다. 유기 화합물의 반점은 형광성 자체가 아니라면 플레이트의 형광을 가리고 어두운 반점으로 나타납니다. 일부 유기 화합물은 자외선에 활성이며 자외선에 노출되면 빛을 방출합니다. 이들은 일반적으로 이중 결합과 단일 결합이 번갈아 가며 있는 화합물을 의미하며 방출되는 파장으로 식별할 수 있습니다.
<h4>지연 계수</h4>
특정 용매가 있는 성분의 지연 계수(R, f)를 분석함으로써 TLC를 사용하여 미지의 용질을 측정할 수 있습니다. 지연 계수는 이동상이 이동한 거리에 대한 구성 요소가 이동한 거리의 비율입니다.
<img src="/CDNSource/lm/labs/62/62_Concepts_1.jpg">
용질에 의해 이동한 거리는 시작점에서 스폿의 중심점까지 측정되며, 이동상에 의해 이동한 거리는 동일한 시작점에서 용매 선단까지 측정됩니다. 화합물의 지연 계수는 사용된 이동상에 따라 달라집니다. 지연 계수는 비극성 이동상을 가진 매우 비극성인 화합물에 대해 큽니다. 낮은 retardation factor 값은 non-polar mobile phase를 가진 극성 구성 요소에 대해 나타납니다.
고도의 비극성 이동상의 경우 일부 극성 구성 요소가 전혀 움직이지 않을 수 있습니다. 그 결과 지연 계수가 매우 낮고 분리가 불충분해집니다. 극성이 높은 이동상은 화합물이 용매와 함께 이동하도록 하고 매우 높은 지연 계수를 생성합니다. 이로 인해 구성 요소 간의 분리가 거의 발생하지 않습니다.
분리가 효과적이려면 구성 요소의 지연 계수가 약 0.3 - 0.7 떨어져 있어야 합니다. 효율적인 이동상을 찾기 위해 시행착오를 거칩니다. 종종 두 가지 용매를 혼합하는 것이 가장 효과적인 것으로 입증되었습니다.
<h4>참조</h4>
<ol>
	<li style="font-size:17px">Harris, D.C. (2015). 정량적 화학 분석. 뉴욕, 뉴욕 : WH 프리먼 앤 컴퍼니.</li>
</ol>

Chromatography
Chromatography is a technique used in organic chemistry to separate compounds in a mixture based on their differences in solubility between ...

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화학

Thin-Layer Chromatography

tlc separation by polarity

Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) separates compounds in a mixture by polarity. It uses the same basic parts as other chromatography methods: a stationary phase, a mobile phase, and the solute. In TLC, the stationary phase is a thin coating on a plate instead of material packed into a column.

The stationary phase in most TLC systems is polar silica gel, a form of silicon dioxide. Its surface has OH groups that can form hydrogen bonds. The sample is first spotted on a pencil start line with a thin capillary. Then the bottom of the plate is placed in the mobile phase, which is usually an organic solvent that is less polar than the stationary phase.

As the solvent moves up the plate by capillary action, it carries the sample components with it. Each compound then partitions between the mobile phase and the stationary phase. A polar component interacts more with the polar stationary phase, so it moves more slowly and stays near the start. A less polar component is more soluble in the mobile phase, so it travels farther up the plate.

TLC plates often include a UV-reactive fluorescent dye that glows under 254 nm UV light. The compounds appear as dark spots against the green background, and the spots can be circled with a graphite pencil so their movement can be measured. Some organic compounds are UV-active and emit light when exposed to UV light. These are often conjugated compounds, which have alternating double and single bonds, and they can be identified by the wavelength they emit.

The retardation factor, or Rf, helps identify an unknown solute from TLC results. It is the ratio of the distance traveled by the compound to the distance traveled by the solvent front. The compound distance is measured from the start line to the center of the spot, and the solvent distance is measured from the same start line to the solvent front. Rf depends on the mobile phase used.

Rf values are high for highly non-polar compounds with a non-polar mobile phase, and low for polar compounds with a non-polar mobile phase. If the mobile phase is too non-polar, some polar compounds may not move at all. If it is too polar, the compound may move with the solvent and the separation may be poor. For an effective separation, the Rf values of the components should be about 0.3 to 0.7 apart. Choosing the best mobile phase usually takes trial and error, and a mixture of two solvents often works well.

TLC Separation by Polarity

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synthesis of luminol

Luminol Chemiluminescence in Forensics

Luminol chemiluminescence shows how a chemical reaction can produce light and help with blood detection. Chemical reactions may be endothermic or exothermic, depending on whether they absorb or release heat as reactants become products. The enthalpy of a reaction is the energy difference between reactants and products, or ΔH. A positive ΔH means the reaction is endothermic. A negative ΔH means it is exothermic. Many reactions do not happen in a single step. They can pass through intermediates...

esterification

Ester Formation and Everyday Fragrances

Esters are organic compounds with a carbonyl group attached to an oxygen that connects to another alkyl or aryl group. Their general formula is RCOOR'. They are often made by reacting a carboxylic acid with an alcohol in an esterification reaction. In this process, the hydroxyl group of the acid is replaced by an alkyl or aryl group. Many simple esters have familiar fruit and flower smells because their structures are small and less complex. Formic acid and methanol can combine to form methyl...

identification of unknown aldehydes and ketones

identification-of-unknown-aldehydes-and-ketones

Carbonyl Tests for Aldehydes and Ketones

Aldehydes and ketones are carbonyl compounds, which means they contain a C=O functional group. A ketone has two alkyl or aryl groups attached to the carbonyl carbon. Acetone is the simplest ketone, with two methyl groups. An aldehyde is similar, but it has at least one hydrogen attached to the carbonyl carbon. Formaldehyde is the simplest aldehyde, and acetaldehyde has one hydrogen and one methyl group. The carbonyl carbon in both aldehydes and ketones is electrophilic because the oxygen atom...

uv-vis spectroscopy of dyes

How Dyes Absorb Visible Light

Dyes absorb visible light because their molecular structure lets them interact with specific wavelengths. When light hits a substance, some light is absorbed and the rest is reflected or transmitted. The color we see depends on the wavelength that is reflected. A blue substance reflects blue light, around 430 to 480 nm, and absorbs the complementary orange region, around 590 to 630 nm. Compounds that do not absorb in the visible range appear colorless to the human eye. Light also has energy and...

identifying alcohols

Alcohol Tests for Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary

Alcohol tests can help sort alcohols by structure and reactivity. Alcohols are organic molecules with a hydroxyl group attached to an alkyl or aryl group, written as ROH. If the carbon with the hydroxyl group has one R group, the alcohol is primary. If it has two R groups, it is secondary. If it has three R groups, it is tertiary. Alcohols can also be aromatic when they contain a benzene ring. Phenol is the simplest aromatic alcohol. To identify an alcohol, chemists can use its chemical...

chemistry

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Learn how thin-layer chromatography separates compounds by polarity, how spots are seen under UV light, and how to use Rf values to compare samples.

TLC Separation by Polarity | JoVE K12

6분 길이의 강사용 가이드를 통해 박층 크로마토그래피 수업을 준비하세요. JoVE Lab Manual의 Chemistry 실험을 위한 핵심 준비 단계를 다룹니다.

Chemistry의 박층 크로마토그래피 강사용 준비 - 8.8K+ 조회수 | JoVE Lab Manual

15분 길이의 학생 프로토콜 영상을 통해 박층 크로마토그래피 절차를 단계별로 따라 해보세요. JoVE Lab Manual의 Chemistry 컬렉션의 일부입니다.

Chemistry의 박층 크로마토그래피 학생 프로토콜 - 62K+ 조회수 | JoVE Lab Manual

TLC Separation by Polarity

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