Name: luminol chemiluminescence in forensics
Uploaded: 2020-03-26T07:22:29.000Z
Duration: 3 min 2 s
Channel: JoVE

일반적으로 반응물이 생성물로 변할 때 에너지의 차이를 반응의 엔탈피로 알려져 있으며, 이는 열이 방출되는 발열 또는 열이 흡수되는 흡열일 수 있습니다.
화학발광 반응에서 반응물은 전자적으로 여기 상태인 중간체를 형성합니다. 이 중간체는 불안정합니다. 바닥 상태로 이완됨에 따라 중간의 전자는 열의 형태가 아닌 가시광선을 방출하여 에너지를 방출합니다.
이 현상은 형광과 유사합니다. 분자의 전자가 바닥 상태를 차지한다는 것을 기억하십시오. 특정 파장의 빛에 노출될 때와 같이 에너지를 흡수할 때, 그들은 흥분하게 되고 더 높고 흥분된 에너지 수준으로 전환됩니다. 여기 상태가 다시 지면 상태로 이완됨에 따라 초과 에너지는 가시광선의 형태로 방출됩니다.
그러나 둘을 구별하는 것이 중요합니다. 차이점은 분자의 전자가 여기되는 방식입니다. 화학발광에서는 화학 반응에서 생성된 에너지가 전자를 여기시키는 반면, 형광에서는 전자가 빛 에너지 또는 기타 전자기 복사의 직접적인 흡수에 의해 여기됩니다. 전자가 이완되어 바닥 상태로 내려가면 두 가지 유형의 발광 모두 에너지를 방출된 빛으로 방출합니다.
각각의 예를 살펴보겠습니다. 토닉 워터 한 병에 자외선을 비추면 퀴닌의 전자가 에너지를 흡수하고 더 높은 에너지 수준으로 여기됩니다. 전자가 이완되면 청색광의 형태로 에너지를 방출합니다.
이제 디페닐 옥살레이트와 염료가 들어 있는 외부 튜브와 과산화수소가 들어 있는 내부 튜브가 있는 글로우 스틱을 생각해 보십시오. 글로우 스틱을 구부리면 내부 튜브가 끊어져 반응물이 혼합될 수 있습니다. 과산화수소는 디페닐 옥살레이트를 산화시켜 페놀과 고리형 과산화물을 형성합니다. 고리형 과산화물은 이산화탄소로 분해되어 염료를 더 높은 에너지 수준으로 여기시키는 에너지를 방출합니다. 염료가 바닥 상태로 이완됨에 따라 빛의 광자가 방출됩니다. 여기서 공정은 염료를 여기시키기 위해 제공되는 에너지가 화학 반응에서 나오기 때문에 화학발광입니다.
이 실험실에서는 일련의 반응을 수행하여 루미놀이라고도 하는 3-아미노프탈히드라지드를 합성합니다. 그런 다음 고체 수산화칼륨에서 루미놀을 디메틸 설폭사이드와 반응시켜 화학발광을 관찰합니다.

루미놀의 합성

Synthesis of Luminol

화학 반응은 반응이 제품으로 변할 때 열을 흡수하거나 방출하는지 여부에 따라 흡열 또는 발열로 분류할 수 있습니다. 반응물과 생성물 사이의 에너지 차이를 반응 엔탈피라고 합니다. 이것은 생성물과 반응물 사이의 에너지 차이 또는 ΔH를 계산하여 찾을 수 있습니다. ΔH가 양수이면 반응은 흡열입니다. 음성이면 반응이 발열입니다. 화학 반응은 전통적으로 반응물이 생성물로 전환되는 것으로 생각되지만, 많은 반응이 여러 단계로 일어나 중간체를 형성합니다. 화학발광 반응에서 이러한 중간체는 고에너지 상태에서 기저 상태로 전환되어 반응이 진행됨에 따라 볼 수 있는 광자를 방출합니다.
<h4>원자 에너지 수준</h4>
덴마크의 물리학자인 닐스 보어(Niels Bohr)는 원자핵 주위를 도는 전자가 특정 궤도 또는 에너지 준위만 차지할 수 있다는 이론을 제안했습니다. 가능한 가장 낮은 에너지 준위에 있는 모든 전자를 가진 원자는 바닥 상태에 있다고 합니다. 전자가 바닥 상태보다 높은 에너지 준위를 차지하면 원자는 여기 상태가 됩니다.
보어의 이론에서 핵심 가정은 전자가 방해를 받을 때까지 기저 상태로 유지된다는 것입니다. 따라서 전자는 에너지를 흡수함으로써 여기 상태로만 상승합니다. 전자가 다시 바닥 상태로 이완되면 해당 에너지를 방출합니다. 종종 이것은 빛의 광자 형태이며, 파장은 여기 상태와 바닥 상태 사이의 에너지 차이와 직접적인 관련이 있습니다.
전자가 특정 에너지나 파장의 빛을 흡수하여 더 높은 에너지 수준으로 여기될 때 발생하는 현상을 형광이라고 합니다. 이 효과는 세탁한 흰색 티셔츠를 검은색이나 자외선에 노출시켰을 때 볼 수 있습니다. 특유의 광채는 셔츠의 세제와 표백 화합물의 형광으로 인해 발생하며, 이로 인해 일반 조명에서 하얗게 보입니다.
<h4>화학발광</h4>
화학발광 반응에서 전자는 반응 중에 방출되는 열을 흡수하여 여기됩니다. 그런 다음 전자가 다시 바닥 상태로 이완될 때 빛이 방출됩니다. 화학발광과 형광의 가장 큰 차이점은 화학발광에서 전자를 여기시키는 에너지가 반응에서 직접 나온다는 것입니다.
화학발광의 한 가지 실용적인 응용 분야는 상업용 글로우 스틱에 있습니다. 글로우 스틱에는 두 개의 개별 솔루션이 포함되어 있습니다: 하나는 과산화물을 포함하고 다른 하나는 디페닐 옥살레이트와 착색 염료를 포함합니다. 글로우 스틱을 활성화할 때 발생하는 두 용액이 혼합되면 과산화물과 디페닐 옥살레이트 사이의 결과 반응으로 염료를 더 높은 에너지 상태로 여기시키는 에너지가 생성됩니다. 반응물이 소진되면 염료는 바닥 상태로 돌아가 빛을 방출합니다. 이것이 글로우 스틱에 특징적인 색상을 부여하는 것입니다.
<h4>루미놀</h4>
루미놀은 화학발광 특성을 나타내는 화학 물질이며 광범위한 응용 분야, 특히 법의학에 활용됩니다. 루미놀(C, 8, H, 7, N, 3,O2)은 산화제와 혼합될 때 파란색을 방출합니다. 법의학의 경우, 루미놀은 헤모글로빈의 철과 반응하여 법의학 과학자들이 매우 작은 혈액 흔적을 식별할 수 있도록 합니다.
루미놀은 3-니트로프탈산과 히드라진의 탈수 반응에 의해 합성됩니다. 반응을 가열하여 물을 제거하고 트리에틸렌 글리콜을 첨가하여 온도를 더욱 높입니다. 그런 다음 3-니트로프탈히드라지드의 니트로기를 디티오나이트나트륨을 사용하여 환원시켜 높은 pH에서 아미노기를 형성합니다. 염기성 조건에서 3-니트로프탈히드라지드는 용해됩니다. 빙초산의 첨가는 루미놀을 침전시킵니다.
수산화칼륨과 함께 루미놀은 다이아니온을 형성합니다. 수산화물 음이온은 루미놀의 질소에 부착된 두 개의 수소를 탈양성자화합니다. 산소 가스는 루미놀을 여기 상태로 산화시킵니다. 다시 지면 상태로 이완되면서 청백색 빛을 방출합니다.
<h4>참조</h4>
<ol>
	<li style="font-size:17px">Kotz, J.C., Treichel Jr, P.M., Townsend, J.R. (2015). 화학 및 화학 반응성. 캘리포니아 벨몬트 : Brooks / Cole, Cengage Learning.</li>
</ol>

화학 반응은 반응이 제품으로 변할 때 열을 흡수하거나 방출하는지 여부에 따라 흡열 또는 발열로 분류할 수 있습니다. ...

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luminol chemiluminescence in forensics

Luminol chemiluminescence shows how a chemical reaction can produce light and help with blood detection. Chemical reactions may be endothermic or exothermic, depending on whether they absorb or release heat as reactants become products. The enthalpy of a reaction is the energy difference between reactants and products, or ΔH. A positive ΔH means the reaction is endothermic. A negative ΔH means it is exothermic.

Many reactions do not happen in a single step. They can pass through intermediates along the way. In chemiluminescent reactions, these intermediates move from a high-energy state to the ground state and release a photon of light. That light can be seen as the reaction continues.

Atomic energy levels help explain why this glow happens. Niels Bohr proposed that electrons can occupy only certain orbits, or energy levels, around the nucleus. An atom is in the ground state when its electrons are in the lowest possible energy level. When an electron moves to a higher level, the atom is in an excited state. The electron must absorb energy to move up, and it releases that energy when it falls back down. This release is often a photon of light, and the light wavelength depends on the energy gap. When light causes this kind of excitation, the process is called fluorescence, such as the glow seen under a black light on a white T-shirt washed with detergent and bleach compounds.

Chemiluminescence is related to fluorescence, but the energy comes from the chemical reaction itself. In glow sticks, one solution contains peroxide and the other contains diphenyl oxalate and a color dye. When the solutions mix, the reaction produces energy that excites the dye. As the reactants are used up, the dye returns to the ground state and gives off light. This is why glow sticks have their characteristic color.

Luminol is a chemiluminescent chemical with an important forensic use. It emits blue light when mixed with an oxidizing agent. In forensic science, luminol reacts with the iron in hemoglobin, which helps detect very small traces of blood. Luminol is made by dehydrating 3-nitrophthalic acid with hydrazine. The reaction is heated to remove water, and triethylene glycol is added to raise the temperature further. Next, the nitro group in 3-nitrophthalhydrazide is reduced with sodium dithionite to form an amino group at high pH. The compound is soluble in basic conditions, and glacial acetic acid is added to precipitate the luminol. With potassium hydroxide, luminol forms a dianion because hydroxide ions remove the two hydrogens attached to the nitrogens. Oxygen gas then oxidizes luminol to its excited state. When it relaxes back to the ground state, it gives off a blue-white light.

Luminol Chemiluminescence in Forensics

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steam distillation

Steam Distillation and Low-Boiling Separation

Steam distillation is a separation method for temperature-sensitive organic compounds. It works best when the organic compound is immiscible in water, meaning the two liquids do not mix. The method helps remove the organic molecule from a non-volatile contaminant without using the higher temperatures needed for many other separations. In steam distillation, the immiscible mixture is heated until both water and the volatile organic compound distill together. The vapor rises to a condenser,...

thin-layer chromatography

TLC Separation by Polarity

Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) separates compounds in a mixture by polarity. It uses the same basic parts as other chromatography methods: a stationary phase, a mobile phase, and the solute. In TLC, the stationary phase is a thin coating on a plate instead of material packed into a column. The stationary phase in most TLC systems is polar silica gel, a form of silicon dioxide. Its surface has OH groups that can form hydrogen bonds. The sample is first spotted on a pencil start line with a...

column chromatography

Separating Mixtures by Polarity

Column chromatography separates compounds in an organic chemistry lab by using differences in physical properties. It is especially useful for microscale separations when less than 10 grams of material is available for analysis. The method can separate a mixture based on solubility, polarity, hydrophobicity, size, and charge. Any chromatography system has three main parts: the stationary phase, the mobile phase, and the sample mixture. In column chromatography, the stationary phase is usually...

hydrolysis of an ester

Soap Formation from Triglycerides

Triglycerides are lipids made of a glycerol backbone linked to three fatty acids. They are common in vegetable oils and animal fats. Plant lipids are the basis of vegetable oils, while animal lipids are used as lard or general sources of fats. A fatty acid has a long carbon chain, usually between 12 and 20 carbons, with a weak organic acid at one end. Some fatty acids contain double bonds. These are unsaturated fats. The double bond usually gives the chain a bent, cis shape. As a result,...

synthesis of luminol

Luminol chemiluminescence shows how a chemical reaction can produce light and help with blood detection. Chemical reactions may be endothermic or exothermic, depending on whether they absorb or release heat as reactants become products. The enthalpy of a reaction is the energy difference between reactants and products, or ΔH. A positive ΔH means the reaction is endothermic. A negative ΔH means it is exothermic. Many reactions do not happen in a single step. They can pass through intermediates...

esterification

Ester Formation and Everyday Fragrances

Esters are organic compounds with a carbonyl group attached to an oxygen that connects to another alkyl or aryl group. Their general formula is RCOOR'. They are often made by reacting a carboxylic acid with an alcohol in an esterification reaction. In this process, the hydroxyl group of the acid is replaced by an alkyl or aryl group. Many simple esters have familiar fruit and flower smells because their structures are small and less complex. Formic acid and methanol can combine to form methyl...

identification of unknown aldehydes and ketones

identification-of-unknown-aldehydes-and-ketones

Carbonyl Tests for Aldehydes and Ketones

Aldehydes and ketones are carbonyl compounds, which means they contain a C=O functional group. A ketone has two alkyl or aryl groups attached to the carbonyl carbon. Acetone is the simplest ketone, with two methyl groups. An aldehyde is similar, but it has at least one hydrogen attached to the carbonyl carbon. Formaldehyde is the simplest aldehyde, and acetaldehyde has one hydrogen and one methyl group. The carbonyl carbon in both aldehydes and ketones is electrophilic because the oxygen atom...

uv-vis spectroscopy of dyes

How Dyes Absorb Visible Light

Dyes absorb visible light because their molecular structure lets them interact with specific wavelengths. When light hits a substance, some light is absorbed and the rest is reflected or transmitted. The color we see depends on the wavelength that is reflected. A blue substance reflects blue light, around 430 to 480 nm, and absorbs the complementary orange region, around 590 to 630 nm. Compounds that do not absorb in the visible range appear colorless to the human eye. Light also has energy and...

identifying alcohols

Alcohol Tests for Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary

Alcohol tests can help sort alcohols by structure and reactivity. Alcohols are organic molecules with a hydroxyl group attached to an alkyl or aryl group, written as ROH. If the carbon with the hydroxyl group has one R group, the alcohol is primary. If it has two R groups, it is secondary. If it has three R groups, it is tertiary. Alcohols can also be aromatic when they contain a benzene ring. Phenol is the simplest aromatic alcohol. To identify an alcohol, chemists can use its chemical...

chemistry

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Luminol Chemiluminescence in Forensics

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