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Q1: What are the main structural components of the cervical spine?
The cervical spine consists of seven vertebrae stacked in a gentle, lordotic C-shaped curve. Each vertebra has a thick bony body linked by intervertebral discs that provide stability and shock absorption. Posterior elements include laminae, transverse and spinous processes, and facet joints, which together form a protective canal for the cervical spinal cord and nerve roots.
Q2: How do you perform palpation during a neck examination?
Use the tips of your index and middle fingers to check for tenderness, muscle spasm, or bony deformity. Palpate the spinous processes from the base of the skull down to C7, then move a few centimeters left or right to assess the posterior facet joints. Finally, palpate the paraspinous muscles along either side of the spinous processes to evaluate for tenderness or spasm.
Q3: What are the normal ranges of motion for the cervical spine?
Forward flexion should reach approximately 45 degrees, while extension reaches about 55 degrees. Rotation in each direction is normally around 70 degrees, and side bending is approximately 40 degrees in each direction. These movements can be assessed actively or passively to evaluate cervical spine mobility and identify restrictions.
Q4: What do Spurling's test and the Forward Flexion test evaluate?
Both tests assess nerve root impingement caused by abnormal disc or bone. Spurling's test involves rotating the head to one side and applying axial load while the neck is twisted; radicular pain suggests cervical nerve root irritation. The Forward Flexion test involves turning the head to one side and passively flexing the neck; radicular pain indicates disc impingement on a cervical nerve root.
Q5: How do you test muscle strength in the neck?
Perform range of motion maneuvers against resistance applied by the examiner. For forward flexion, resist chin-to-chest movement with your hand on the forehead. For extension, resist upward chin movement with your hand on the back of the head. Assess rotation by resisting chin movement from side to side, and evaluate side bending by resisting lateral head movement to test the scalene muscles.
Q6: What sensory and motor tests are performed to assess cervical nerve function?
Sensory testing evaluates the lateral neck for C4, deltoid and medial arm for C5 and T1, and hands for radial, median, and ulnar nerves. Motor testing assesses shoulder abduction, elbow flexion and extension, and wrist flexion and extension. Tendon reflex testing using a reflex hammer checks the biceps tendon for C5 function and triceps tendon for C7 function.
Q7: Why is the neck examination important for shoulder assessment?
The cervical spine is a common source of radicular pain in the shoulder, so the neck should be evaluated as a routine part of every shoulder exam. Injuries or disorders affecting the neck can affect the underlying spinal cord and have potentially catastrophic consequences. Thorough neck examination helps identify whether shoulder pain originates from cervical pathology rather than primary shoulder dysfunction.