Name: plant nutrients: macro and micro needs
Uploaded: 2026-08-26T08:19:40.867Z
Duration: 3 min 12 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Alabama Course of Study Science

9-12

Environmental Science

Earth and Human Activity

9-12.EVS.4.11

Key Elements for Plant Nutrition

Als een huisplant jarenlang niet is verpot of bemest, vind je wellicht tekenen van stress zoals vergeling van bladeren.
 Zoals alles wat leeft hebben planten nutri&#xEB;nten nodig voor de voortplanting, fotosynthese en homeostase.
 Welke nutri&#xEB;nten hebben planten nodig? Gezonde planten hebben organische verbindingen nodig op koolstofbasis en anorganische nutri&#xEB;nten, vaak mineralen genoemd.
Er zijn ongeveer 17 nutri&#xEB;nten die alle biochemische behoeften van de plant ondersteunen.
 Deze elementen zijn essenti&#xEB;le nutri&#xEB;nten; geen andere elementen kunnen essenti&#xEB;le elementen vervangen en zonder deze kan een plant zijn levenscyclus niet voltooien.
 Onder essenti&#xEB;le nutri&#xEB;nten vallen koolstof, waterstof en zuurstof, die uit de atmosfeer en uit water gehaald worden.
De meeste planten vergaren alle andere essenti&#xEB;le nutri&#xEB;nten uit de bodem waar ze in staan.
 De twee groepen essenti&#xEB;le nutri&#xEB;nten zijn macronutri&#xEB;nten en micronutri&#xEB;nten.
 Macronutri&#xEB;nten zijn koolstof, waterstof, zuurstof, stikstof, fosfor, kalium, calcium, magnesium en zwavel.
Planten hebben relatief veel van deze elementen nodig.
 Ongeveer 45 procent van de droge stof van planten is koolstof, een belangrijk bestanddeel van eiwitten, nucle&#xEF;nezuren en koolhydraten.
 Stikstof is ook een belangrijk bestanddeel van nucle&#xEF;nezuren, eiwitten en het fotosynthetische pigment chlorofyl.
Kalium is belangrijk voor de regulatie van de gaswisseling, een belangrijk proces bij de fotosynthese.
 Essenti&#xEB;le plantnutri&#xEB;nten die in mindere mate nodig zijn heten micronutri&#xEB;nten; de micronutri&#xEB;nten chloor, ijzer, mangaan, boor, zink, koper, nikkel en molybdeen zijn nodig voor het functioneren van de plant.
 Sommige micronutri&#xEB;nten doen dienst als cofactoren, substanties die enzymen helpen goed te werken.
Zo is ijzer een cofactor voor enzymen in de mitochondri&#xEB;n en chloroplasten.
 Als een plant te weinig heeft van een essentieel nutri&#xEB;nt vertoont het symptomen zoals chlorose of gele bladeren.
 Het precieze nutri&#xEB;ntgebrek kan vaak worden bepaald door onderzoek van de plant en de nutri&#xEB;nten in de bodem.
Al zijn essenti&#xEB;le nutri&#xEB;nten slechts een klein deel van de massa van de plant, zijn ze cruciaal voor de groei en de homeostase.

sleutelelementen voor plantenvoeding

Zoals alle levende organismen hebben planten organische en anorganische voedingsstoffen nodig om te overleven, zich voort te planten, te groeien en de homeostase te behouden. Om voedingsstoffen te identificeren die essentieel zijn voor het functioneren van planten, hebben onderzoekers gebruik gemaakt van een techniek die hydrocultuur wordt genoemd. In hydrocultuursystemen worden planten gekweekt &#x2013; zonder aarde &#x2013; in oplossingen op waterbasis die voedingsstoffen bevatten. Er zijn minstens 17 voedingsstoffen ge&#xEF;dentificeerd als essenti&#xEB;le elementen die planten nodig hebben. Planten verwerven deze elementen uit de atmosfeer, de grond waarin ze zijn geworteld en water.

Negen van deze essenti&#xEB;le voedingsstoffen&#x2014;gezamenlijk macronutri&#xEB;nten genoemd&#x2014; zijn voor planten in grotere hoeveelheden nodig. De macronutri&#xEB;nten omvatten koolstof, zuurstof, waterstof, stikstof, fosfor, zwavel, calcium, magnesium en kalium. Essenti&#xEB;le plantaardige stoffen, zoals water, eiwitten, nucle&#xEF;nezuren en koolhydraten, bevatten macronutri&#xEB;nten. Macronutri&#xEB;nten reguleren ook cellulaire processen. Kalium reguleert bijvoorbeeld het openen en sluiten van huidmondjes voor gasuitwisseling.

Planten hebben micronutri&#xEB;nten in kleinere hoeveelheden nodig. Deze omvatten chloor, ijzer, mangaan, boor, zink, koper, nikkel en molybdeen. Veel micronutri&#xEB;nten fungeren als cofactoren, die de activiteit van enzymen mogelijk maken. Daarom zijn planten zonder micronutri&#xEB;nten niet in staat kritische functies uit te voeren.

Een plant met een tekort aan essenti&#xEB;le voedingsstoffen kan symptomen vertonen, zoals uitdrogende en vergelende bladeren. Oude en jonge bladeren zijn gevoelig voor duidelijke tekorten aan voedingsstoffen. Zo hebben de jongere bladeren van een plant vaak meer last van ijzertekort dan de oudere bladeren.

De effectieve behandeling van tekorten aan voedingsstoffen in planten is een integraal onderdeel van landbouw- en milieupraktijken. Zo worden optische sensoren gebruikt om het stikstofgehalte in de bodem te meten. Stikstof is van cruciaal belang voor planten, maar het overmatig gebruik van stikstofhoudende meststoffen (dat wil zeggen het handhaven van een stikstofniveau in de bodem dat hoger is dan wat de planten kunnen absorberen) heeft een negatieve invloed op de werking van het ecosysteem en kan bijdragen aan de opwarming van de aarde.

Sleutelelementen voor plantenvoeding

Like all living organisms, plants require organic and inorganic nutrients to survive, reproduce, grow and maintain homeostasis. To identify nutrients that ...

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Education

JoVE Core

Biology

Biologie

Plant Biology

Plantenbiologie

Plant Structure, Growth and Function

Plantstructuur, groei en voeding

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

BELANGRIJKE TERMEN EN CONCEPTEN

plant nutrients: macro and micro needs

Plants need both organic and inorganic nutrients to survive, grow, reproduce, and keep normal cell function. Researchers use hydroponics to study these essential nutrients. In hydroponic culture, plants grow without soil in water-based nutrient solutions.

At least 17 nutrients are known to be essential for plants. Plants get these elements from the atmosphere, the soil around their roots, and water. Nine of them are macronutrients, which plants need in larger amounts. These macronutrients are carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, calcium, magnesium, and potassium.

Macronutrients are part of important plant molecules. Water, proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates all contain them. They also help control cell processes. For example, potassium helps regulate the opening and closing of stomata, the pores used for gas exchange.

Plants also need micronutrients, but only in small amounts. These include chlorine, iron, manganese, boron, zinc, copper, nickel, and molybdenum. Many micronutrients act as cofactors, which are helper molecules that allow enzymes to work. Without them, plants cannot carry out critical functions.

A plant with an essential nutrient deficiency may show drying or yellowing leaves. Old leaves and young leaves can be affected in different ways. For instance, iron deficiency often affects younger leaves more than older leaves. Finding and treating nutrient shortages is important in farming and environmental work.

Optical sensors can measure nitrogen levels in soil. Nitrogen is important for plant growth, but too much nitrogen fertilizer can be harmful. When soil nitrogen exceeds what plants can absorb, it can disrupt ecosystems and may contribute to global warming.

Plant Nutrients: Macro and Micro Needs

introduction to plant diversity

Plant Adaptations for Life on Land

Plant adaptations for life on land explain how Kingdom Plantae moved from water to land about 410 million years ago. This shift happened when green algae began colonizing a new environment that had not been widely occupied. Land offered more light and carbon dioxide for growth, but it also created major challenges for early plants. One key adaptation was the cuticle, a waxy outer layer that helps prevent water loss. It traps moisture inside the plant. But it also limited direct gas exchange...

non-vascular seedless plants

Nonvascular Plants and Their Life Cycle

Nonvascular plants include some of the earliest plants on Earth. Today, this group includes liverworts, mosses, and hornworts. These plants are also called bryophytes. They have no true roots, leaves, or stems because they lack extensive vascular tissue. Bryophytes reproduce with spores instead of seeds. Their life cycle is dominated by the haploid gametophyte stage, which produces eggs and sperm. The sporophyte stage makes haploid spores that can grow by mitosis into new gametophytes. In many...

seedless vascular plants

Fern Life Cycles and Vascular Tissue

Seedless vascular plants include ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns, and lycophytes. Ferns are the most common example. Whisk ferns and their relatives, along with horsetails, are monilophytes. Lycophytes include club mosses, spikemosses, and quillworts, and none of these are true mosses. Seedless vascular plants differ from nonvascular plants because they have vascular tissue. This tissue includes xylem and phloem, which move water and nutrients through the plant. Most seedless vascular plants...

introduction to seed plants

Seed Plants: Cones, Flowers, and Fruits

Seed plants are land plants that make seeds, use pollen, and have reduced gametophytes. This group includes gymnosperms and angiosperms. Gymnosperms include cycads, Ginkgo biloba, gnetophytes, and conifers. Gymnosperms usually form cones. Pollen cones contain the male gametophytes. Ovulate cones contain the female gametophytes and produce exposed seeds after fertilization. Angiosperms are the most diverse and widespread land plants. They form flowers and fruit, and both structures support...

basic plant anatomy: roots, stems, and leaves

basic-plant-anatomy-roots-stems-and-leaves

Plant Organs and Their Specialized Roles

Plants are built from roots, stems, and leaves, but each organ can change to fit a plant’s environment. These structures may look very different from one species to another. They still carry out the main jobs needed for growth and survival. Roots are usually underground, but that is not always true. Aerial roots grow aboveground. Epiphytic plants, such as orchids, can live without ever touching soil. In strangler figs and banyans, aerial roots begin aboveground, grow downward, and later reach...

plant cells and tissues

Plant Growth and Support Tissues

Plant growth and support tissues help plants grow, protect themselves, and move materials through the body. Plant tissues are groups of similar cells that do related jobs. These tissues combine to form organs such as flowers, fruit, stems, and leaves. Two major kinds of plant tissue are meristematic tissue and permanent tissue. Meristematic tissue is the main growth tissue in plants. It can keep dividing and renewing itself, and every plant cell begins in a meristem. Meristematic tissue is...

meristems and plant growth

Plant Growth from Root and Shoot Tips

Plants grow throughout their lives, and that pattern is called indeterminate growth. This trait sets plants apart from most animals. Some plant parts stop growing, such as leaves and flowers, but roots and stems can keep growing for a long time. Meristems make this ongoing growth possible. A meristem is a plant tissue that contains undifferentiated cells called meristematic cells. When these cells divide, some daughter cells stay in the meristem. That keeps a supply of cells that can keep...

primary and secondary growth in roots and shoots

primary-and-secondary-growth-in-roots-and-shoots

Root and Shoot Growth: Length vs. Width

Root and shoot growth in vascular plants happens in two main ways: primary growth and secondary growth. Primary growth makes roots and shoots longer. Secondary growth makes them thicker. Many woody plants show both kinds of growth, and the two can happen at the same time. Primary growth happens in newer parts of the plant. Secondary growth happens in regions that have already finished primary growth. In roots and shoots, the process starts in apical meristems, which are areas of actively...

morphogenesis

Plant Flowering and Organ Identity

Plant flowering and organ identity shape a plant’s form and structure. These changes depend on growth and cell differentiation, which work together during plant morphogenesis. Precursor cells become specialized cell types, and those cells are organized into tissues and organ systems that support the whole plant. Plant growth and cell differentiation are controlled by hormones. Plant hormones regulate gene expression, often in response to environmental stimuli. Temperature and day length are...

light acquisition

How Plants Maximize Sunlight Capture

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water and mineral acquisition

How Roots Absorb Water and Minerals

Roots absorb water and minerals from the soil using specialized tissues. Their branching patterns help them reach more soil, and root hairs on the outer cells increase surface area for contact with the ground. Water enters roots passively because the water concentration in the soil is higher than in root tissue. Minerals move in a different way. They are taken up actively by root cells, which requires energy and transport proteins. Soil particles carry a negative charge, so positive ions...

short-distance transport of resources

Plant Cell Membranes and Water Balance

Plant cell membranes control how water, ions, and other solutes move over short distances. This transport can happen across just 2 to 3 cells, and it begins at the plasma membrane. Small uncharged molecules, such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water, can diffuse through the membrane on their own. Ions and larger molecules need transport proteins because of their charge or size. Membrane transport also happens inside plant cells. The central vacuole stores resources and helps manage the cell’s...

xylem and transpiration-driven transport of resources

xylem-and-transpiration-driven-transport-of-resources

How Xylem Moves Water in Plants

Xylem moves water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant. The cells that carry xylem sap are dead when mature, so the flow is passive. Xylem transport depends on special tracheary elements, which connect directly with the extracellular space in the apoplast. There are two main tracheary elements: tracheids and vessel elements. Tracheids are long cells with lignified walls and small pits. These pits let xylem sap move from one cell to the next where the walls overlap.

regulation of transpiration by stomata

How Guard Cells Open Plant Stomata

How guard cells open and close plant stomata controls gas exchange in leaves. A stoma is a tiny opening in the leaf epidermis. The word comes from the Greek word for “mouth.” These openings let plants take in carbon dioxide for photosynthesis and release oxygen into the air. Each stoma is surrounded by two guard cells. When these cells take up water, they create an opening. Ion transport controls how much water stays in the guard cells. A trigger causes pumps to move hydrogen ions out of the...

adaptations that reduce water loss

Plant Features That Limit Water Loss

Plant features that limit water loss help plants survive in dry or hot environments. Water is needed for photosynthesis and other cell processes, so plants have evolved several ways to slow evaporation from their leaves. One major barrier is the cuticle, a waxy layer on the leaf epidermis. The epidermis is the outer cell layer, and it makes cutin and other plant waxes that form this hydrophobic coating. The cuticle helps stop water from escaping and also keeps out unwanted solutes. Its...

phloem and sugar transport

How Phloem Moves Sugars in Plants

Phloem moves sugars and other materials through plants. In angiosperms, sugar production is mostly limited to photosynthetic cells in the leaves. These leaves act as sugar sources because they make more sugar than they use. Roots, shoots, flowers, and fruits are usually sugar sinks because they need more sugar than they can make. This movement is called translocation. It carries sugar, hormones, amino acids, and some signaling molecules from source tissues to sink tissues. The transport...

the soil ecosystem

Soil Layers and How Soil Forms

Soil supplies plants with water and inorganic minerals. It is the natural medium for land plants, and its quality depends on both chemical makeup and living organisms in the soil. Healthy soil contains enough air, water, minerals, and organic matter to support plant growth. Soil is made of three major components. Inorganic mineral matter makes up about 40 to 45 percent of soil volume. Organic matter, also called humus, makes up about 5 percent. Water and air fill about 50 percent of the volume.

key elements for plant nutrition

Plants need both organic and inorganic nutrients to survive, grow, reproduce, and keep normal cell function. Researchers use hydroponics to study these essential nutrients. In hydroponic culture, plants grow without soil in water-based nutrient solutions. At least 17 nutrients are known to be essential for plants. Plants get these elements from the atmosphere, the soil around their roots, and water. Nine of them are macronutrients, which plants need in larger amounts. These macronutrients are...

the roles of bacteria and fungi in plant nutrition

the-roles-of-bacteria-and-fungi-in-plant-nutrition

How Soil Microbes Help Plants Get Nutrients

Soil microbes help plants get nutrients, water, and protection. Plants can make their own food by photosynthesis, but they still depend on organisms in the soil to get the nutrients they need to work properly. Bacteria and fungi form symbiotic relationships with plants, which helps both partners survive in many environments. The bacteria living in and around plant roots are called the rhizosphere. This community is very diverse. Some bacteria can cause disease, but most help plant health. In...

epiphytes, parasites, and carnivores

Plant Nutritional Adaptations in Nature

Plant nutritional adaptations help some species survive by using fungi, bacteria, or other plants and animals. Many plants also rely on mutualistic partners in the soil. Root-colonizing fungi, such as mycorrhizae, increase root surface area and improve nutrient absorption. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria, such as rhizobia, convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into ammonia (NH3), which plants can use to build essential molecules like chlorophyll. These relationships benefit both sides. The plant gets...

the apoplast and symplast

Plant Water Transport Pathways

Plant water transport pathways help roots absorb water and dissolved minerals from the soil. These pathways move materials through plant tissues that support growth and nutrient uptake. The main tissue regions involved are the apoplast and the symplast. The apoplast includes everything outside the plasma membrane of living cells. It contains cell walls, extracellular spaces, xylem, phloem, and tracheids. The symplast is the cytosol of all living plant cells, along with the plasmodesmata that...

key terms and concepts

Learn how plants use macronutrients and micronutrients, how deficiencies appear in leaves, and why nitrogen testing matters in agriculture and ecosystems.

Plant Nutrients: Macro and Micro Needs | JoVE K12

JoVE Core series brings biology to life through over 300 concise and easy-to-understand animated video lessons that explain key concepts in biology, plus more than 150 scientist-in-action videos that show actual research experiments conducted in today’s laboratories.

biology

Florida Department of Education

High School

Life Science

SC.912.L.14

SC.912.L.14.7

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9-12.EVS.4.8

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9-12.EVS.4.10

Plant Nutrients: Macro and Micro Needs

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