Name: nonvascular plants and their life cycle
Uploaded: 2026-08-26T08:19:40.176Z
Duration: 2 min 45 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Next Generation Science Standards

High School

Earth and Space Science

Earth’s Systems

HS-ESS2-6

Non-vascular Seedless Plants

Plant life on Earth consists of nonvascular, seedless vascular, and seed plants.

While seed plants are the most widespread on Earth today, nonvascular plants were once one of the key features of the terrestrial landscape.&#xA0;

Today, this group includes three phyla of small, herbaceous plants: mosses, liverworts, and hornworts-which include many aquatic species. These plants are often collectively called bryophytes.&#xA0;

Like all plants, bryophytes alternate between haploid gametophyte&#x2014;here, the main body of the moss-and diploid sporophyte stages during their life cycles. This process is called the alternation of generations.

Unlike other plants, bryophytes have life cycles dominated by gametophytes. Bryophyte gametophytes are typically larger and live longer than their sporophyte counterparts which depend upon them for nourishment and protection. &#xA0;

One major characteristic of the bryophytes is that they lack seeds and reproduce using spores produced by the diploid sporophyte. These spores then grow via mitosis to form the gametophyte.

Fertilization in non-vascular plants still occurs using male and female gametes. However, instead of pollen, the male gametes of nonvascular plants are self-motile, requiring water-even in small amounts such as a light morning dew-to disperse and actively swim to the female gamete.

Finally, the fertilized diploid egg, remaining attached to the gametophyte, grows via mitosis to form a new sporophyte.&#xA0;

Bryophytes are also unique in that they lack extensive vascular tissue-with no true roots, leaves or stems-and therefore rely on diffusion through cells to distribute nutrients and water. This also means that they cannot reach large sizes, and often remain low-growing.

So while today most plants on Earth grow from seeds, because of the many and varied adaptations of nonvascular plants, they continue to thrive in moist habitats across the globe. 
&#xA0;

Delwiche'a, Charlesa Francisa i Endymiona Dantego Coopera. 2015. "Ewolucyjne pochodzenie flory lądowej." Aktualna biologia 25 (19). [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2015.08.029" target="_blank">Źródło</a>]

Pires, Nuno D. i Liam Dolan. 2012. "Ewolucja morfologiczna roślin lądowych: nowe projekty ze starymi genami." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 367 (1588): 508–18. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0252" target="_blank">Źródło</a>]

beznasienne rośliny nienaczyniowe

R&#xF3;&#x17C;norodne &#x17C;ycie ro&#x15B;linne na Ziemi&#x2014;sk&#x142;adaj&#x105;ce si&#x119; z prawie 400 000 gatunk&#xF3;w&#x2014;mo&#x17C;na podzieli&#x107; na trzy szerokie kategorie w oparciu o cechy biologiczne: ro&#x15B;liny niekom&#xF3;rkowe, naczyniowe bez nasion i ro&#x15B;liny nasienne.

Ro&#x15B;liny nienaczyniowe by&#x142;y pierwszymi ro&#x15B;linami na Ziemi

Ro&#x15B;liny nienaczyniowe, kt&#xF3;re &#x17C;yj&#x105; dzisiaj, obejmuj&#x105; w&#x105;trobowce, mchy i rogi &#x2014; zbiorczo i nieformalnie zwane mszakami.

Ro&#x15B;liny nienaczyniowe charakteryzuj&#x105; si&#x119; brakiem rozleg&#x142;ej tkanki naczyniowej i nie maj&#x105; prawdziwych korzeni, li&#x15B;ci ani &#x142;odyg. Inn&#x105; cech&#x105; tej grupy jest wykorzystywanie do rozmna&#x17C;ania raczej zarodnik&#xF3;w ni&#x17C; nasion oraz cykl &#x17C;yciowy zdominowany przez faz&#x119; haploidaln&#x105;, gametofitow&#x105; wytwarzaj&#x105;c&#x105; jaja i plemniki.

Poniewa&#x17C; ich plemniki zazwyczaj potrzebuj&#x105; wody, aby dotrze&#x107; do kom&#xF3;rki jajowej, ro&#x15B;liny nienaczyniowe cz&#x119;sto mo&#x17C;na spotka&#x107; w wilgotnych siedliskach i rozmna&#x17C;aj&#x105; si&#x119; skuteczniej w pobli&#x17C;u innych przedstawicieli swojego gatunku.

Cykl &#x17C;yciowy ro&#x15B;lin nienaczyniowych

U typowego mszaka haploidalne zarodniki wytwarzane przez sporofit b&#x119;d&#x105; ros&#x142;y w wyniku mitozy, tworz&#x105;c haploidalny gametofit. Po osi&#x105;gni&#x119;ciu dojrza&#x142;o&#x15B;ci te gametofity wytwarzaj&#x105; haploidalne gamety m&#x119;skie (plemniki) lub &#x17C;e&#x144;skie (jaja) w strukturach zwanych antheridiami lub archegoniami.

W obecno&#x15B;ci wody (nawet tak ma&#x142;ej jak poranna rosa) plemniki b&#x119;d&#x105; p&#x142;ywa&#x107; w kierunku archegonii, aby znale&#x17A;&#x107; i zap&#x142;odni&#x107; kom&#xF3;rki jajowe. Po zako&#x144;czeniu zap&#x142;odnienia diploidalna zygota b&#x119;dzie ros&#x142;a poprzez mitoz&#x119; ze struktury gametofitu, tworz&#x105;c nowy sporofit. Gdy sporofit dojrzeje, wytwarza haploidalne zarodniki i cykl zaczyna si&#x119; od nowa.

Wi&#x119;kszo&#x15B;&#x107; ro&#x15B;lin na Ziemi to ro&#x15B;liny nasienne

Podczas gdy wi&#x119;kszo&#x15B;&#x107; wsp&#xF3;&#x142;czesnych ro&#x15B;lin wyrasta z nasion, ro&#x15B;liny inne ni&#x17C; naczyniowe by&#x142;y kiedy&#x15B; g&#x142;&#xF3;wnymi kolonizatorami krajobrazu l&#x105;dowego. Obecnie ro&#x15B;liny te nadal rozwijaj&#x105; si&#x119; w wilgotnych &#x15B;rodowiskach na ca&#x142;ym &#x15B;wiecie.

Beznasienne rośliny nienaczyniowe

The diverse plant life on Earth&#x2014;consisting of nearly 400,000 species&#x2014;can be divided into three broad categories based on biological ...

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Biology

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Kluczowe terminy i pojęcia

nonvascular plants and their life cycle

Nonvascular plants include some of the earliest plants on Earth. Today, this group includes liverworts, mosses, and hornworts. These plants are also called bryophytes. They have no true roots, leaves, or stems because they lack extensive vascular tissue.

Bryophytes reproduce with spores instead of seeds. Their life cycle is dominated by the haploid gametophyte stage, which produces eggs and sperm. The sporophyte stage makes haploid spores that can grow by mitosis into new gametophytes. In many bryophytes, the male structures are called antheridia and the female structures are called archegonia.

Water is important for fertilization in these plants. The sperm usually need water to swim to the egg, so bryophytes are often found in moist habitats. Even a morning dew can help fertilization happen. They also reproduce more successfully when they grow close to other members of their species.

The life cycle continues after fertilization. The sperm and egg form a diploid zygote, which grows by mitosis into a new sporophyte on the gametophyte structure. When the sporophyte matures, it produces more haploid spores, and the cycle begins again. Although most plants on Earth today are seed plants, nonvascular plants were once the main colonizers of land and still thrive in wet places around the world.

Nonvascular Plants and Their Life Cycle

introduction to plant diversity

Plant Adaptations for Life on Land

Plant adaptations for life on land explain how Kingdom Plantae moved from water to land about 410 million years ago. This shift happened when green algae began colonizing a new environment that had not been widely occupied. Land offered more light and carbon dioxide for growth, but it also created major challenges for early plants. One key adaptation was the cuticle, a waxy outer layer that helps prevent water loss. It traps moisture inside the plant. But it also limited direct gas exchange...

non-vascular seedless plants

Nonvascular plants include some of the earliest plants on Earth. Today, this group includes liverworts, mosses, and hornworts. These plants are also called bryophytes. They have no true roots, leaves, or stems because they lack extensive vascular tissue. Bryophytes reproduce with spores instead of seeds. Their life cycle is dominated by the haploid gametophyte stage, which produces eggs and sperm. The sporophyte stage makes haploid spores that can grow by mitosis into new gametophytes. In many...

seedless vascular plants

Fern Life Cycles and Vascular Tissue

Seedless vascular plants include ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns, and lycophytes. Ferns are the most common example. Whisk ferns and their relatives, along with horsetails, are monilophytes. Lycophytes include club mosses, spikemosses, and quillworts, and none of these are true mosses. Seedless vascular plants differ from nonvascular plants because they have vascular tissue. This tissue includes xylem and phloem, which move water and nutrients through the plant. Most seedless vascular plants...

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basic plant anatomy: roots, stems, and leaves

basic-plant-anatomy-roots-stems-and-leaves

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primary and secondary growth in roots and shoots

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Root and Shoot Growth: Length vs. Width

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water and mineral acquisition

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short-distance transport of resources

Plant Cell Membranes and Water Balance

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xylem and transpiration-driven transport of resources

xylem-and-transpiration-driven-transport-of-resources

How Xylem Moves Water in Plants

Xylem moves water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant. The cells that carry xylem sap are dead when mature, so the flow is passive. Xylem transport depends on special tracheary elements, which connect directly with the extracellular space in the apoplast. There are two main tracheary elements: tracheids and vessel elements. Tracheids are long cells with lignified walls and small pits. These pits let xylem sap move from one cell to the next where the walls overlap.

regulation of transpiration by stomata

How Guard Cells Open Plant Stomata

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adaptations that reduce water loss

Plant Features That Limit Water Loss

Plant features that limit water loss help plants survive in dry or hot environments. Water is needed for photosynthesis and other cell processes, so plants have evolved several ways to slow evaporation from their leaves. One major barrier is the cuticle, a waxy layer on the leaf epidermis. The epidermis is the outer cell layer, and it makes cutin and other plant waxes that form this hydrophobic coating. The cuticle helps stop water from escaping and also keeps out unwanted solutes. Its...

phloem and sugar transport

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the roles of bacteria and fungi in plant nutrition

the-roles-of-bacteria-and-fungi-in-plant-nutrition

How Soil Microbes Help Plants Get Nutrients

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epiphytes, parasites, and carnivores

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the apoplast and symplast

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key terms and concepts

Learn how bryophytes like mosses, liverworts, and hornworts reproduce with spores and why water is key to their life cycle and fertilization.

Nonvascular Plants and Their Life Cycle | JoVE K12

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Botany

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Change in plant straucture through geological time

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HS-ESS2-2

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Nonvascular Plants and Their Life Cycle

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