Name: how roots absorb water and minerals
Uploaded: 2026-08-26T08:20:22.107Z
Duration: 3 min 3 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Florida Department of Education

High School

Life Science

SC.912.L.14

SC.912.L.14.7

Water and Mineral Acquisition

Water accounts for over 80% of the mass of most plants. It is essential for photosynthesis, metabolism, and the transport of nutrients and other molecules. Inorganic nutrients are likewise crucial for plant growth and reproduction. For instance, nitrogen is a building block for key biomolecules, such as amino acids, while potassium is critical for the opening and closing of stomata. How do plants reliably absorb nutrients and large amounts of water?

Most plants acquire water and minerals from the soil in which they are rooted. Plant roots release hydrogen ions and carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide reacts with water, forming a bicarbonate anion, and additional hydrogen ions. The hydrogen ions bind to negatively charged soil particles, which releases positively charged ions, like potassium, into the soil solution. This process is called cation exchange and makes nutrients available to the plant.

The root architecture and branching patterns are essential for efficient water and nutrient uptake. For instance, the outer layer of cells that is in contact with the soil forms tiny root hairs. These specialized cells have a large surface area that absorbs water through both active and passive processes.

For instance, water and dissolved nutrients may passively diffuse into the apoplast, which comprises all cell walls and spaces between cells. The space within the cell membrane is called the symplast. Water enters the symplast via osmosis across the cell membrane, while nutrients are taken up via active transport.

Once water and minerals enter the symplast, they move freely towards the center of the root through cell-to-cell connections. Water and nutrients in the apoplast, however, are blocked from entering the stele by Casparian strips. Casparian strips are layers of water-impermeable suberin in the cells of the endodermis, which surrounds the stele. These structures block the passage of potentially undesirable or toxic elements.

In order to enter the center of the root, all solutes need to cross a plasma membrane. Once they enter the symplast water and nutrients enter the stele, which distributes them throughout the plant to fulfill their essential roles.

Barberon, Marie i Niko Geldnerowie. "Promienisty transport składników odżywczych: korzeń rośliny jako spolaryzowany nabłonek". Fizjologia roślin 166, nr 2 (1 października 2014): 528–37. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.114.246124" target="_blank">Źródło</a>]

Kim YX, Ranathunge K, Lee S, Lee Y, Lee D, Sung J. "Złożony model transportu oraz transport wody i substancji rozpuszczonej przez korzenie roślin: aktualizacja." Front Plant Sci. 2018 Luty 16;9:193. [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29503659" target="_blank">Źródło</a>]

pozyskiwanie wody i minerałów

Wyspecjalizowane tkanki korzeni ro&#x15B;lin ewoluowa&#x142;y, aby wychwytywa&#x107; wod&#x119;, minera&#x142;y i niekt&#xF3;re jony z gleby. Korzenie wykazuj&#x105; r&#xF3;&#x17C;norodne wzorce rozga&#x142;&#x119;zie&#x144;, kt&#xF3;re u&#x142;atwiaj&#x105; ten proces. Najbardziej zewn&#x119;trzne kom&#xF3;rki korzeni maj&#x105; wyspecjalizowane struktury zwane w&#x142;o&#x15B;nikami, kt&#xF3;re zwi&#x119;kszaj&#x105; powierzchni&#x119; korzenia, zwi&#x119;kszaj&#x105;c w ten spos&#xF3;b kontakt z gleb&#x105;. Woda mo&#x17C;e biernie przedostawa&#x107; si&#x119; do korzeni, poniewa&#x17C; st&#x119;&#x17C;enie wody w glebie jest wy&#x17C;sze ni&#x17C; w tkance korzeniowej. Natomiast minera&#x142;y s&#x105; aktywnie transportowane do kom&#xF3;rek korzeni.

Gleba ma &#x142;adunek ujemny, wi&#x119;c jony dodatnie zwykle pozostaj&#x105; przy&#x142;&#x105;czone do cz&#x105;stek gleby. Aby temu zapobiec, korzenie pompuj&#x105; do gleby dwutlenek w&#x119;gla, kt&#xF3;ry samoistnie rozk&#x142;ada si&#x119;, uwalniaj&#x105;c dodatnio na&#x142;adowane protony (H+) do gleby. Protony te wypieraj&#x105; dodatnio na&#x142;adowane jony zwi&#x105;zane z gleb&#x105;, kt&#xF3;re mo&#x17C;na wpompowa&#x107; do tkanki korzenia w procesie zwanym wymian&#x105; kationow&#x105;. Ujemnie na&#x142;adowane aniony wykorzystuj&#x105; tendencj&#x119; jon&#xF3;w H+ do dyfuzji w d&#xF3;&#x142; gradientu st&#x119;&#x17C;e&#x144; i z powrotem do kom&#xF3;rek korzeni przy u&#x17C;yciu wsp&#xF3;&#x142;transportu: jony takie jak Cl- s&#x105; wsp&#xF3;&#x142;transportowane do tkanki korzenia w po&#x142;&#x105;czeniu z H+ jony.

Cz&#x105;steczki mog&#x105; przedosta&#x107; si&#x119; do rdzenia tkanki korzenia, zwanego stel&#x105;, dwiema drogami. Transport apoplastyczny to ruch cz&#x105;steczek w przestrzeniach utworzonych pomi&#x119;dzy ci&#x105;g&#x142;ymi &#x15B;cianami kom&#xF3;rkowymi s&#x105;siaduj&#x105;cych kom&#xF3;rek i odpowiadaj&#x105;cymi im b&#x142;onami. Natomiast transport symplastyczny to ruch cz&#x105;steczek przez cytoplazm&#x119; kom&#xF3;rek ro&#x15B;linnych, kt&#xF3;ry wykorzystuje po&#x142;&#x105;czenia kom&#xF3;rkowe zwane plazmodesmami, kt&#xF3;re umo&#x17C;liwiaj&#x105; swobodne cytoplazmatyczne przej&#x15B;cie cz&#x105;steczek pomi&#x119;dzy s&#x105;siednimi kom&#xF3;rkami. Aby dosta&#x107; si&#x119; do steli, cz&#x105;steczki musz&#x105; przedosta&#x107; si&#x119; do symplastu, poniewa&#x17C; paski kasparowskie znajduj&#x105;ce si&#x119; w endodermie korzenia zapobiegaj&#x105; przedostawaniu si&#x119; substancji rozpuszczonych z apoplastu do steli. Dlatego, aby przedosta&#x107; si&#x119; do symplastu, substancje rozpuszczone musz&#x105; przej&#x15B;&#x107; przez p&#xF3;&#x142;przepuszczaln&#x105; b&#x142;on&#x119; kom&#xF3;rkow&#x105;, chroni&#x105;c kom&#xF3;rki przed toksycznymi lub niepo&#x17C;&#x105;danymi cz&#x105;steczkami z gleby.

Pozyskiwanie wody i minerałów

Specialized tissues in plant roots have evolved to capture water, minerals, and some ions from the soil. Roots exhibit a variety of branching patterns ...

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Education

JoVE Core

Biology

Biologia

Plant Biology

Biologia roślin

Plant Structure, Growth and Function

Budowa, wzrost i odżywianie roślin

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

Kluczowe terminy i pojęcia

how roots absorb water and minerals

Roots absorb water and minerals from the soil using specialized tissues. Their branching patterns help them reach more soil, and root hairs on the outer cells increase surface area for contact with the ground.

Water enters roots passively because the water concentration in the soil is higher than in root tissue. Minerals move in a different way. They are taken up actively by root cells, which requires energy and transport proteins.

Soil particles carry a negative charge, so positive ions often stick to them. Roots release carbon dioxide into the soil. The carbon dioxide breaks down and releases protons, or H+, which displace those attached positive ions. This cation exchange makes the ions available to enter the root. Negatively charged ions, such as chloride, can also enter by co-transport with H+ as the proton moves back down its concentration gradient.

Once inside the root, substances can travel toward the stele, the core of the root, by two paths. Apoplastic transport moves through the spaces between cell walls and membranes. Symplastic transport moves through the cytoplasm of plant cells and uses plasmodesmata, which are channels that connect neighboring cells. To reach the stele, solutes must enter the symplast because Casparian strips in the endodermis block apoplastic flow into the stele. This forces solutes to cross a semipermeable membrane, which helps protect the plant from toxic or unwanted soil molecules.

How Roots Absorb Water and Minerals

introduction to plant diversity

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water and mineral acquisition

Roots absorb water and minerals from the soil using specialized tissues. Their branching patterns help them reach more soil, and root hairs on the outer cells increase surface area for contact with the ground. Water enters roots passively because the water concentration in the soil is higher than in root tissue. Minerals move in a different way. They are taken up actively by root cells, which requires energy and transport proteins. Soil particles carry a negative charge, so positive ions...

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xylem and transpiration-driven transport of resources

xylem-and-transpiration-driven-transport-of-resources

How Xylem Moves Water in Plants

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regulation of transpiration by stomata

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the roles of bacteria and fungi in plant nutrition

the-roles-of-bacteria-and-fungi-in-plant-nutrition

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the apoplast and symplast

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Plant water transport pathways help roots absorb water and dissolved minerals from the soil. These pathways move materials through plant tissues that support growth and nutrient uptake. The main tissue regions involved are the apoplast and the symplast. The apoplast includes everything outside the plasma membrane of living cells. It contains cell walls, extracellular spaces, xylem, phloem, and tracheids. The symplast is the cytosol of all living plant cells, along with the plasmodesmata that...

key terms and concepts

See how roots use root hairs, active transport, cation exchange, and the Casparian strip to take in water, minerals, and ions from soil.

How Roots Absorb Water and Minerals | JoVE K12

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biology

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

BIO.12

BIO.12.B

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New York State Science Learning Standards

Structure and Function

HS-LS1-2.

Georgia Standards of Excellence

9-12

Botany

SBO1.

Transport

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How Roots Absorb Water and Minerals

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