Name: how guard cells open plant stomata
Uploaded: 2026-08-26T08:19:56.906Z
Duration: 2 min 19 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Florida Department of Education

High School

Life Science

SC.912.L.14

SC.912.L.14.7

Regulation of Transpiration by Stomata

Plants require ample carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to conduct photosynthesis. The surfaces of plant leaves contain openings that facilitate gas exchange. These openings are called stomata.

Sunlight triggers the opening of stomata, allowing carbon dioxide to enter the leaf when it is needed for photosynthesis. Oxygen is a byproduct of photosynthesis and escapes into the atmosphere through the stomata.

A pair of guard cells regulates each stomatal opening. These specialized cells swell when they take in water from neighboring cells via osmosis, creating an opening that enables gas exchange. When water leaves the guard cells, they shrink and the stoma closes.&#xA0;

The concentration of ions influences the amount of water in the guard cells. Sunlight stimulates guard cells to take up potassium ions. The increase in the potassium concentration drives water into the cells, thereby opening the stoma.&#xA0;

When potassium leaves the guard cells, water follows via osmosis. The now flaccid guard cells close the stoma.

While open stomata facilitate gas exchange, they also allow water to escape from leaves through evaporation. The evaporative water loss&#x2014;or transpiration&#x2014;allows the long-distance movement of water through the plant.

Transpiration is typically greatest on warm and sunny days. However, if a plant cannot acquire sufficient water, its stomata will rapidly close to prevent wilting.

Interestingly, even if kept in the dark, plants will open and close stomata on a regular, 24-hour cycle, due to an internal clock.

The opening and closing of stomata are tightly regulated, allowing plants to respond to specific environmental conditions. In their function as gate-keepers, stomata efficiently balance gas exchange and transpiration. 
&#xA0;

Daszkowska-Golec, Agata i Iwona Szarejko. "Otwórz lub zamknij bramę – działanie aparatów szparkowych pod kontrolą fitohormonów w warunkach stresu suszy." Frontiers in Plant Science 4 (2013). [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2013.00138" target="_blank">Źródło</a>]

Inoue, Shin-ichiro i Toshinori Kinoshita. "Regulacja otworu aparatów szparkowych i błony komórkowej H+-ATPazy1 [OPEN]." Fizjologia roślin 174, nr 2 (czerwiec 2017): 531–38. [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5462062/" target="_blank">Źródło</a>].

regulacja transpiracji przez aparaty szparkowe

Podczas fotosyntezy ro&#x15B;liny pozyskuj&#x105; niezb&#x119;dny dwutlenek w&#x119;gla i uwalniaj&#x105; wytworzony tlen z powrotem do atmosfery. Miejscem tej wymiany gazowej s&#x105; otwory w nask&#xF3;rku li&#x15B;ci ro&#x15B;lin. Pojedynczy otw&#xF3;r nazywany jest stomi&#x105;&#x2014; i pochodzi od greckiego s&#x142;owa oznaczaj&#x105;cego &#x201C;usta&#x201D;. Aparaty szparkowe otwieraj&#x105; si&#x119; i zamykaj&#x105; w odpowiedzi na r&#xF3;&#x17C;ne sygna&#x142;y &#x15B;rodowiskowe.

Ka&#x17C;da stomia jest otoczona przez dwie wyspecjalizowane kom&#xF3;rki ochronne, kt&#xF3;re tworz&#x105; otw&#xF3;r, gdy kom&#xF3;rki te pobieraj&#x105; wod&#x119;. Transport jon&#xF3;w reguluje ilo&#x15B;&#x107; wody w kom&#xF3;rkach ochronnych. Po uruchomieniu pompy przemieszczaj&#x105; jony wodoru z kom&#xF3;rki ochronnej. Ta hiperpolaryzacja membrany powoduje otwarcie bramkowanych napi&#x119;ciem kana&#x142;&#xF3;w potasowych i umo&#x17C;liwienie przedostania si&#x119; substancji rozpuszczonych, takich jak jony potasu i sacharoza, do kom&#xF3;rek ochronnych. Zwi&#x119;kszone st&#x119;&#x17C;enie substancji rozpuszczonych kieruje wod&#x119; do kom&#xF3;rek ochronnych, kt&#xF3;ra gromadzi si&#x119; w wakuoli. W rezultacie kom&#xF3;rki ochronne wyginaj&#x105; si&#x119; i odkszta&#x142;caj&#x105;, przybieraj&#x105;c kszta&#x142;t nerki, tworz&#x105;c otw&#xF3;r stomijny. Kiedy substancje rozpuszczone opuszczaj&#x105; kom&#xF3;rki ochronne, nast&#x119;puje woda, co powoduje kurczenie si&#x119; kom&#xF3;rek ochronnych i zamkni&#x119;cie otworu.

R&#xF3;&#x17C;ne sygna&#x142;y &#x15B;rodowiskowe i wewn&#x119;trzne wyzwalaj&#x105; otwarcie aparat&#xF3;w szparkowych. Na przyk&#x142;ad niebieskie &#x15B;wiat&#x142;o aktywuje wra&#x17C;liwe na &#x15B;wiat&#x142;o receptory na powierzchni kom&#xF3;rki, kt&#xF3;re inicjuj&#x105; kaskad&#x119; molekularn&#x105; prowadz&#x105;c&#x105; do otwarcia aparat&#xF3;w szparkowych. Ponadto, gdy st&#x119;&#x17C;enie dwutlenku w&#x119;gla spada w tkance li&#x15B;cia, indukowane jest otwarcie aparat&#xF3;w szparkowych, dzi&#x119;ki czemu kom&#xF3;rki maj&#x105; dost&#x119;p do tego krytycznego reagenta fotosyntezy.

Utrata pary wodnej ma kluczowe znaczenie dla powstania ci&#x105;gu transpiracyjnego: woda odparowuje na powierzchni kom&#xF3;rek mezofilu i ucieka do atmosfery przez otwarte aparaty szparkowe. Utrata wody powoduje ci&#x105;g transpiracyjny, kt&#xF3;ry pobiera dodatkow&#x105; wod&#x119; z gleby do korzeni i a&#x17C; do li&#x15B;ci.

Gdy nie jest dost&#x119;pna wystarczaj&#x105;ca ilo&#x15B;&#x107; wody, np. podczas suszy, aparaty szparkowe zamykaj&#x105; si&#x119;. W tym procesie wa&#x17C;ny jest hormon kwasu abscysynowego (ABA), kt&#xF3;ry wi&#x105;&#x17C;e si&#x119; z receptorami na b&#x142;onach kom&#xF3;rkowych ochronnych i zwi&#x119;ksza wewn&#x105;trzkom&#xF3;rkowe st&#x119;&#x17C;enie substancji rozpuszczonej. ABA odgrywa r&#xF3;wnie&#x17C; wa&#x17C;n&#x105; rol&#x119; w oko&#x142;odobowej kontroli otwarcia aparat&#xF3;w szparkowych, powoduj&#x105;c otwieranie wi&#x119;kszej liczby aparat&#xF3;w szparkowych w &#x15B;wietle dziennym i zamykanie ich w ciemno&#x15B;ci.

Regulacja transpiracji przez aparaty szparkowe

During photosynthesis, plants acquire the necessary carbon dioxide and release the produced oxygen back into the atmosphere. Openings in the epidermis of ...

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Education

JoVE Core

Biology

Biologia

Plant Biology

Biologia roślin

Plant Structure, Growth and Function

Budowa, wzrost i odżywianie roślin

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

Kluczowe terminy i pojęcia

how guard cells open plant stomata

How guard cells open and close plant stomata controls gas exchange in leaves. A stoma is a tiny opening in the leaf epidermis. The word comes from the Greek word for “mouth.” These openings let plants take in carbon dioxide for photosynthesis and release oxygen into the air.

Each stoma is surrounded by two guard cells. When these cells take up water, they create an opening. Ion transport controls how much water stays in the guard cells. A trigger causes pumps to move hydrogen ions out of the guard cell. This changes the membrane voltage and opens voltage-gated potassium channels. Potassium ions and sucrose then enter the guard cells. As solute levels rise, water moves in and collects in the vacuole. The guard cells swell, bend, and take on a kidney shape, which opens the stoma.

Stomata also close when solutes leave the guard cells. Water follows the solutes out, so the guard cells shrink and the opening closes. Blue light can start this process of opening. Light-sensitive receptors on the cell surface begin a molecular cascade. Low carbon dioxide inside the leaf can also trigger opening so cells can keep using this key photosynthesis reactant.

Water loss through open stomata helps create transpirational pull. Water evaporates from the surface of mesophyll cells and escapes into the atmosphere through the stomata. This pull draws more water from the soil, through the roots, and up into the leaves. When water is scarce, such as during drought, stomata close. The hormone abscisic acid, or ABA, helps drive this response by binding to receptors on guard cell membranes and increasing intracellular solute concentration. ABA also supports circadian control, so more stomata are open in daylight and closed in the dark.

How Guard Cells Open Plant Stomata

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xylem and transpiration-driven transport of resources

xylem-and-transpiration-driven-transport-of-resources

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regulation of transpiration by stomata

How guard cells open and close plant stomata controls gas exchange in leaves. A stoma is a tiny opening in the leaf epidermis. The word comes from the Greek word for “mouth.” These openings let plants take in carbon dioxide for photosynthesis and release oxygen into the air. Each stoma is surrounded by two guard cells. When these cells take up water, they create an opening. Ion transport controls how much water stays in the guard cells. A trigger causes pumps to move hydrogen ions out of the...

adaptations that reduce water loss

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key terms and concepts

Explore how guard cells control stomata, gas exchange, and transpiration in leaves. Learn how light, CO2, and ABA affect opening and closing.

How Guard Cells Open Plant Stomata | JoVE K12

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biology

Georgia Standards of Excellence

9-12

Botany

SBO1.

Transport

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SC.912.L.14.4

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How Guard Cells Open Plant Stomata

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