Name: plant water transport pathways
Uploaded: 2026-08-26T08:20:31.373Z
Duration: 2 min 6 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Florida Department of Education

High School

Life Science

SC.912.L.14

SC.912.L.14.7

The Apoplast and Symplast

Plants take up water and dissolved minerals from the soil and transport these resources to distant tissues. The resources enter and move in two distinct compartments: the apoplast and the symplast.&#xA0;

The apoplast is a continuous system of extracellular spaces, such as cell walls and air spaces between the cells. Water, gases, and minerals move freely and passively through the apoplast without crossing plasma membranes.

Plant cells may also excrete excess protons into the apoplast due to changes in pH.&#xA0;

Additionally, chemicals that enter the apoplast in the root may trigger the secretion of molecules that bind and excrete toxins. &#xA0;

The cytoplasm of plant cells forms another continuous system, called the symplast. Neighboring plant cells are connected by channels allowing water and small molecules to move from one cell to the next.&#xA0;

The continuum of interconnected plant cells facilitates the transport of signal molecules, such as hormones. For example, the hormone cytokinin moves freely through the symplast to regulate cell proliferation.

The symplast is also a conduit for small RNAs, which activate defense responses against plant pathogens.

Resources usually travel on both the apoplastic and symplastic pathways within the plant. For instance, minerals that are taken up by the roots must cross a selectively permeable membrane at least once in order to leave the root and travel to other plant tissues.&#xA0;

Martinoia, Enrico, Agnes Massonneau i Nathalie Frangne. "Procesy transportu substancji rozpuszczonych przez błonę wakuolarną roślin wyższych." Fizjologia Roślin i Komórek 41, nr 11 (2000): 1175-1186. [<a href="https://academic.oup.com/pcp/article/41/11/1175/1861104">Źródło</a>]

apoplast i symplast

Wzrost ro&#x15B;lin zale&#x17C;y od ich zdolno&#x15B;ci do pobierania wody i rozpuszczonych minera&#x142;&#xF3;w z gleby. System korzeniowy ka&#x17C;dej ro&#x15B;liny jest wyposa&#x17C;ony w niezb&#x119;dne tkanki u&#x142;atwiaj&#x105;ce przedostawanie si&#x119; wody i substancji rozpuszczonych. Tkanki ro&#x15B;linne bior&#x105;ce udzia&#x142; w transporcie wody i minera&#x142;&#xF3;w sk&#x142;adaj&#x105; si&#x119; z dw&#xF3;ch g&#x142;&#xF3;wnych przedzia&#x142;&#xF3;w - apoplastu i symplastu. Apoplast obejmuje wszystko poza b&#x142;on&#x105; plazmatyczn&#x105; &#x17C;ywych kom&#xF3;rek i sk&#x142;ada si&#x119; ze &#x15B;cian kom&#xF3;rkowych, przestrzeni pozakom&#xF3;rkowych, ksylemu, &#x142;yka i tchawic. Natomiast symplast sk&#x142;ada si&#x119; z ca&#x142;ego cytozolu wszystkich &#x17C;ywych kom&#xF3;rek ro&#x15B;linnych i plazmodesm, kt&#xF3;re s&#x105; kana&#x142;ami cytoplazmatycznymi &#x142;&#x105;cz&#x105;cymi kom&#xF3;rki.

Istnieje kilka potencjalnych &#x15B;cie&#x17C;ek przemieszczania si&#x119; cz&#x105;steczek przez tkanki ro&#x15B;linne: szlaki apoplastyczne, symplastyczne lub przezb&#x142;onowe. Szlak apoplastyczny obejmuje ruch wody i rozpuszczonych minera&#x142;&#xF3;w wzd&#x142;u&#x17C; &#x15B;cian kom&#xF3;rkowych i przestrzeni zewn&#x105;trzkom&#xF3;rkowych. Na drodze symplastycznej woda i substancje rozpuszczone przemieszczaj&#x105; si&#x119; wzd&#x142;u&#x17C; cytozolu. Gdy materia&#x142;y znajd&#x105; si&#x119; na tej &#x15B;cie&#x17C;ce, musz&#x105; przej&#x15B;&#x107; przez b&#x142;on&#x119; plazmatyczn&#x105; podczas przemieszczania si&#x119; z kom&#xF3;rki do s&#x105;siedniej kom&#xF3;rki i robi&#x105; to poprzez plazmodesma. Alternatywnie, na drodze przezb&#x142;onowej rozpuszczone minera&#x142;y i woda przemieszczaj&#x105; si&#x119; z kom&#xF3;rki do kom&#xF3;rki, przekraczaj&#x105;c &#x15B;cian&#x119; kom&#xF3;rkow&#x105;, aby opu&#x15B;ci&#x107; jedn&#x105; kom&#xF3;rk&#x119; i przedosta&#x107; si&#x119; do nast&#x119;pnej. Te trzy &#x15B;cie&#x17C;ki nie wykluczaj&#x105; si&#x119; wzajemnie, a niekt&#xF3;re substancje rozpuszczone mog&#x105; w r&#xF3;&#x17C;nym stopniu wykorzystywa&#x107; wi&#x119;cej ni&#x17C; jedn&#x105; drog&#x119;.

Inn&#x105; potencjaln&#x105; drog&#x105; jest szlak wakuolowy, ale ten szlak ogranicza si&#x119; g&#x142;&#xF3;wnie do ruchu cz&#x105;steczek wody. Tutaj woda przep&#x142;ywa przez wakuole kom&#xF3;rek ro&#x15B;linnych poprzez osmoz&#x119;. Mechanizm jest podobny do drogi symplastycznej, ale zamiast ogranicza&#x107; transport do cytozolu, woda przep&#x142;ywa przez wakuole. Ponadto transport wakuolowy u&#x142;atwiaj&#x105; dwie pompy protonowe &#x2013; ATPaza i PPaza &#x2013; kt&#xF3;re pobudzaj&#x105; pobieranie substancji rozpuszczonej. Wakuole sk&#x142;adaj&#x105; si&#x119; r&#xF3;wnie&#x17C; z wyspecjalizowanych bia&#x142;ek transportowych &#x2013; akwaporyn &#x2013; kt&#xF3;re bior&#x105; udzia&#x142; w transporcie wody i substancji rozpuszczonych, takich jak glukoza i sacharoza.

Apoplast i symplast

Plant growth depends on its ability to take up water and dissolved minerals from the soil. The root system of every plant is equipped with the necessary ...

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Education

JoVE Core

Biology

Biologia

Plant Biology

Biologia roślin

Plant Structure, Growth and Function

Budowa, wzrost i odżywianie roślin

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

Kluczowe terminy i pojęcia

plant water transport pathways

Plant water transport pathways help roots absorb water and dissolved minerals from the soil. These pathways move materials through plant tissues that support growth and nutrient uptake. The main tissue regions involved are the apoplast and the symplast.

The apoplast includes everything outside the plasma membrane of living cells. It contains cell walls, extracellular spaces, xylem, phloem, and tracheids. The symplast is the cytosol of all living plant cells, along with the plasmodesmata that connect one cell to the next.

Water and solutes can move through plants by the apoplastic, symplastic, or transmembrane pathway. In the apoplastic pathway, materials travel along cell walls and extracellular spaces. In the symplastic route, they move through the cytosol and pass between neighboring cells through plasmodesmata.

The transmembrane pathway moves dissolved minerals and water from cell to cell by crossing the cell wall as they leave one cell and enter the next. These pathways are not mutually exclusive, and some solutes may use more than one route to different degrees. A fourth option, the vacuolar pathway, is mostly used for water movement.

In the vacuolar pathway, water moves through plant cell vacuoles by osmosis. This route works in a way that is similar to the symplastic pathway, but the water passes through vacuoles instead of staying limited to the cytosol. Vacuolar transport is supported by two proton pumps, ATPase and PPase, and by aquaporins, which are specialized transport proteins that help move water and solutes such as glucose and sucrose.

Plant Water Transport Pathways

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the apoplast and symplast

Plant water transport pathways help roots absorb water and dissolved minerals from the soil. These pathways move materials through plant tissues that support growth and nutrient uptake. The main tissue regions involved are the apoplast and the symplast. The apoplast includes everything outside the plasma membrane of living cells. It contains cell walls, extracellular spaces, xylem, phloem, and tracheids. The symplast is the cytosol of all living plant cells, along with the plasmodesmata that...

key terms and concepts

Learn how plants move water and minerals through the apoplast, symplast, transmembrane route, and vacuolar pathway in roots and cells.

Plant Water Transport Pathways | JoVE K12

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Plant Water Transport Pathways

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