Name: flame test metal color clues
Uploaded: 2020-03-26T07:22:25.000Z
Duration: 2 min 47 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

High School

Chemistry and Physics

IPC.7

IPC.7.E

Metal Flame Emission

Badanie płomienia to technika analityczna, w której próbkę nakłada się na płomień, a charakterystyczne widmo emisji wykorzystuje się do identyfikacji różnych pierwiastków. Kiedy ta technika jest stosowana do identyfikacji gatunków metali, nazywa się to badaniem emisji płomienia metalu. Kiedy wystarczająca ilość energii zostanie przyłożona do niektórych metali za pomocą gorącego płomienia, emitują one światło o charakterystycznej długości fali lub kolorze. Zjawisko to widać wyraźnie podczas oglądania pokazu sztucznych ogni.
Różne metale wydzielają różne kolory. W ten sposób możemy wykorzystać kolor emitowanego światła do określenia obecnego metalu. Ale zanim zagłębimy się w tę technikę, cofnijmy się o krok. Atomy mają wiele poziomów energii swoich elektronów, które są różne dla każdego pierwiastka.
Kiedy elektron znajduje się na najniższym możliwym poziomie energetycznym, mówi się, że jest w stanie podstawowym. Kiedy atom pochłania energię, zostaje wzbudzony, a elektrony w atomie przemieszczają się ze stanu podstawowego na wyższy poziom energetyczny. Kiedy elektrony rozluźniają się z powrotem do stanu niższego lub stanu podstawowego, nadmiar uzyskanej energii jest uwalniany w postaci emitowanego światła.
Długość fali emitowanego światła zależy od poziomu energii, do którego elektron został wzbudzony i poziomu, do którego się relaksuje. Ta emitowana długość fali lub kolor światła jest specyficzny dla obecnego atomu i służy do identyfikacji próbki metalu w teście emisji płomienia metalu.
W teście emisji płomienia metalu przykładamy próbkę metalu do gorącego płomienia i obserwujemy barwę emitowanego światła. Na przykład bar będzie emitował w płomieniu żółtawo-zielony kolor, podczas gdy miedź będzie emitować niebiesko-zielony, a potas różowo-fioletowy.
Teraz próbka składa się z metalu, jonów metali, tlenków metali, wodorotlenków metali i soli metali. A ponieważ atomy i cząsteczki absorbują i uwalniają energię w różny sposób, emitowane światło w rzeczywistości zawiera zakres długości fal i intensywności tworzących widmo emisyjne.
Spektrofotometr służy do pomiaru zakresu długości fal emitowanego światła. 
W tym laboratorium użyjesz testu emisji płomienia metalu do identyfikacji różnych metali, a następnie przeanalizujesz wyemitowane i pochłonięte światło za pomocą spektrofotometru.

emisja płomienia metalu

<h4>Emisja płomienia metalu</h4>
Badanie płomienia to technika analityczna, w której próbkę umieszcza się w płomieniu, a do identyfikacji substancji wykorzystuje się charakterystyczny kolor płomienia. Każdy element ma charakterystyczną emisję światła po umieszczeniu w płomieniu, co oznacza, że każdy element wytwarza niepowtarzalny kolor. Zjawisko to jest wykorzystywane w pokazach fajerwerków, gdzie kolor fajerwerków odpowiada określonej charakterystyce metalu. Emisja kolorowego światła z palącej się próbki jest bezpośrednim wynikiem pochłaniania energii przez składnik metaliczny w wyniku wzbudzenia z płomienia i w rezultacie emitowania światła.
<h4>Wzbudzenie elektronów</h4>
Kiedy gatunek atomowy lub molekularny pochłania energię, energia jest wykorzystywana na cztery różne sposoby. Po pierwsze, energia jest wykorzystywana w translacji, powodując szybszy ruch cząsteczek. Po drugie, energia jest wykorzystywana w wibracjach, co powoduje gwałtowną zmianę odległości między gatunkami. Po trzecie, energia powoduje rotację, która indukuje rotację atomów wokół wiązań w cząsteczce. Wreszcie pochłonięta energia powoduje wzbudzenie elektronów, co powoduje, że elektrony przemieszczają się na wyższy poziom energetyczny z najbardziej stabilnego lub podstawowego stanu.
Zgodnie z modelem wodoru Bohra elektrony w atomie występują w stanach dyskretnych, które odpowiadają poszczególnym powłokom lub orbitalom wokół jądra. Najniższy stan energetyczny nazywany jest stanem podstawowym i jest reprezentowany przez zapis n = 1. Wzbudzone stany energetyczne mają wyższe energie i są reprezentowane przez zapis n = 2, 3, 4 itd.
Aby elektrony mogły przejść do wyższego stanu energetycznego, muszą pochłonąć ilość energii, która jest równa różnicy między ich stanem podstawowym a wyższym stanem energetycznym. Na przykład, jeśli elektron pochłonie ilość energii, która jest równa różnicy między stanem podstawowym a poziomem energetycznym n=3, elektron przesunie się na poziom energetyczny n=3. Elektron może spontanicznie zrelaksować się z powrotem do stanu podstawowego lub dowolnego innego niższego poziomu energetycznego. Kiedy tak się dzieje, emitowany jest foton, który uwalnia pochłoniętą energię.
Uwolniona energia jest emitowana w postaci światła. Emitowane światło ma charakterystyczną energię, a co za tym idzie długość fali, która koreluje z poziomami energetycznymi atomu. Światło widzialne, czyli światło, które ludzie mogą zobaczyć oczami, waha się od około 400 nm do 700 nm w widmie elektromagnetycznym.
Absorpcje i emisje atomowe to dyskretne długości fal, zwane liniami. Linie te są unikalnymi cechami elementu, takimi jak kod kreskowy, i mogą być używane do identyfikacji elementu.
<h4>Test emisji płomienia metalu</h4>
W teście emisji płomienia metalu próbkę metalu umieszcza się w płomieniu. Płomień dostarcza energii do wzbudzenia elektronów na wyższy poziom energetyczny. Gdy elektrony rozluźniają się z powrotem do stanu podstawowego, emitowane jest światło o określonej energii w stosunku do poziomów energetycznych atomów w próbce. Ponieważ różne atomy mają różne poziomy energii, energia pochłonięta i wyemitowana z próbki, a tym samym długość fali, jest specyficzna dla próbki.
Metale mają charakterystyczne długości fal emisji atomowej w zakresie widzialnym, które można łatwo określić za pomocą oględzin. Na przykład lit emituje kolor czerwony, sód emituje kolor żółty, potas emituje kolor różowo-fioletowy, a bar emituje kolor żółto-zielony.
Podczas gdy emisje atomowe są dyskretnymi długościami fal lub liniami, większość próbek metali zawiera nie tylko metal, ale także różne jony metali, tlenki i sole. Ponieważ każdy atom pochłania i emituje charakterystyczną długość fali światła, pochłonięte i wyemitowane światło z testu płomienia zawiera zakres długości fal. W ten sposób widma absorpcji i emisji atomowej można zmierzyć dla próbki za pomocą spektrofotometru.
Długości fal i kształty widm są unikalne dla każdej substancji. Na przykład względna intensywność cech w widmie zależy od koncentracji gatunków. Natężenia bezwzględne zależą od odległości od próbki do spektrofotometru.
<h4>Odwołania</h4>
<ol>
	<li style="font-size:17px">Kotz, J.C., Treichel Jr, P.M., Townsend, J.R. (2012). Chemia i reaktywność chemiczna. Belmont, Kalifornia: Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning.</li>
	<li style="font-size:17px">Silderberg, M.S. (2009). Chemia: molekularna natura materii i zmiana. Boston, Massachusetts: McGraw Hill.</li>
	<li style="font-size:17px">Harris, D.C. (2015). Ilościowa analiza chemiczna. Nowy Jork, NY: W.H. Freeman and Company.</li>
</ol>

Emisja płomienia metalu

Emisja płomienia metalu
Badanie płomienia to technika analityczna, w której próbkę umieszcza się w płomieniu, a charakterystyczny kolor płomienia służy do identyfikacji ...

Education

JoVE Lab Manual

Chemistry

Chemia

flame test metal color clues

Flame testing uses a metal sample and a flame to identify a substance by its color. Each element gives off a characteristic light emission in the flame, so the color can help distinguish one element from another. This same idea appears in fireworks, where different metal components create different colors.

The color comes from energy absorbed by the metallic component. When a species absorbs energy, that energy can go into translation, vibration, rotation, or electron excitement. Electron excitement is the key step in flame emission because it moves electrons from the ground state, the lowest energy state, to a higher energy level.

In the Bohr model of hydrogen, these energy states are separate, or discrete. The ground state is written as n = 1, and higher states are written as n = 2, 3, 4, and so on. An electron moves up only if it absorbs the exact energy difference between its current level and the higher one.

The electron can then relax back to the ground state or another lower level. When that happens, a photon is released as light. The emitted light has a specific energy and wavelength, and visible light ranges from about 400 nm to 700 nm. These atomic absorption and emission wavelengths are discrete lines, and they act like a barcode for identifying an element.

In a metal flame emission test, the flame supplies the energy that excites the electrons. As the electrons fall back down, the sample gives off light with a wavelength tied to its atomic energy levels. Because different atoms have different energy levels, the emitted wavelength is specific to the sample.

Many metals show visible colors that are easy to spot by eye. Lithium gives a red color, sodium gives yellow, potassium gives pink-purple, and barium gives yellow-green. Real samples often contain metal ions, oxides, and salts as well as the metal itself, so the light from the flame test can include a range of wavelengths.

That range can also be measured with a spectrophotometer as atomic absorption and emission spectra. The shapes and wavelengths of the spectra are unique for each substance. The relative intensity of spectral features depends on concentration, while the absolute intensity depends on the distance from the sample to the spectrophotometer.

Flame Test Metal Color Clues

lab techniques

Measuring with Accuracy in the Lab

Measuring with accuracy in the lab starts with careful records, the right tools, and correct reading of data. Scientists use lab notebooks to record how an experiment was done. These notes include the amounts of materials used and each step of the procedure. Without that record, an experiment cannot be repeated in the same way. Balances and glassware are used to measure solids and liquids for experiments. The precision of a measurement depends on the equipment used. Digital balances show the...

scientific measurement and lab skills

Graphs, Curve Fit, and Standard Deviation

Two-dimensional graphs help students compare an independent variable with a dependent variable in science data. In a chemistry example, temperature is the independent variable and volume is the dependent variable. After data are collected, the relationship between the two measurements must be quantified so it can be evaluated and compared with other relationships. A graph can also show when no relationship exists between the two variables. To make a two-dimensional graph, each data point needs...

stoichiometry, product yield, and limiting reactants

stoichiometry-product-yield-and-limiting-reactants

Balancing Equations and Reactant Limits

Chemical equations show how reactants change into products during a reaction. Stoichiometry is the study of the relative amounts of reactants and products. It is based on the Law of Conservation of Mass, which says matter is neither created nor destroyed. Because atoms are only rearranged, the number and identity of atoms must match on both sides of a reaction. That is why a chemical equation must be balanced. A balanced equation has the same number of atoms for each element in the reactants...

redox reactions

Oxidation States in Redox Reactions

Oxidation states help identify redox reactions. In a redox reaction, oxidation is the loss of one or more electrons, and reduction is the gain of one or more electrons. These reactions are often tracked by changes in oxidation state, also called oxidation number. Each atom in a molecule has an oxidation state. This number shows how oxidized an atom is compared with its free elemental form. It is written as the charge an atom would have if every bond were purely ionic. In that model, bonding...

ideal gas law

Gas Laws Behind the Ideal Gas Equation

The ideal gas equation brings together the main gas laws used in chemistry. Gases have molecules that are far apart, so their behavior is described with four measurable variables: pressure, volume, number of moles, and temperature. The ideal gas law links these variables with the gas constant, R, which equals 8.314 J·K−1 mol−1. Boyle’s law describes the link between pressure and volume. When temperature and the number of moles stay constant, pressure and volume change in opposite directions.

acid and base concentrations

Acids, Bases, and pH in Titration

Acids, bases, and pH explain how acidic or basic a solution is. An Arrhenius acid releases hydrogen ions when it dissolves in water, while an Arrhenius base releases hydroxide ions. These reactions also create conjugate partners: an acid forms a conjugate base after losing hydrogen, and a base forms a conjugate acid after losing hydroxyl. Every acid has a conjugate base, and every base has a conjugate acid. pH measures the amount of hydrogen ions in a solution. The pH scale runs from 0 to 14...

buffers

Buffer pH and the Common Ion Effect

Buffer solutions help keep pH steady when acids or bases are added. In water, an Arrhenius acid (HA) dissociates into hydrogen ions, H+, and a conjugate base, A-. More hydrogen ions make a solution more acidic and lower its pH. An Arrhenius base (BOH) dissociates into a conjugate acid, B+, and hydroxide ions, OH-. Strong acids and strong bases usually change pH a lot because they react completely in water and raise the amount of H+ or OH-. Buffers reduce those pH changes. A buffer usually...

enthalpy of reaction

Reaction Heat, Hess’s Law, and Calorimetry

Reaction heat is explained through enthalpy, Hess’s law, and calorimetry. These ideas show how heat moves during chemical reactions and how scientists measure it. Thermodynamics is the study of heat energy and other forms of energy, such as work. Its laws are used across science, from biology to physics. The first law says energy is conserved in an isolated system. Energy can change form, such as thermal energy becoming work, but it cannot be created or destroyed. The second law of...

solubility

Solubility in Water and Other Solvents

Solubility describes how much of a solute can dissolve in a specific solvent. It is usually reported as solute mass per solvent volume or as solute mass per solvent mass. For example, sodium chloride has a solubility of 36 g per 100 mL of water at room temperature. If solubility is given by solvent mass, that mass must be converted to volume for later calculations. Temperature changes solubility. Sodium carbonate dissolves at about 7 g per 100 mL of water at 0 °C, 22 g per 100 mL at room...

metal flame emission

Flame testing uses a metal sample and a flame to identify a substance by its color. Each element gives off a characteristic light emission in the flame, so the color can help distinguish one element from another. This same idea appears in fireworks, where different metal components create different colors. The color comes from energy absorbed by the metallic component. When a species absorbs energy, that energy can go into translation, vibration, rotation, or electron excitement. Electron...

balmer series

Hydrogen Emission Lines

Hydrogen emission lines show how electrons move between fixed energy levels in the Bohr model. Niels Bohr proposed this model for the hydrogen atom in 1913. In this model, an electron can only occupy certain orbits, and it cannot exist between them. These energy states are labeled with the quantum number n. The ground state is n = 1. Higher values, such as n = 2, 3, 4, and so on, are excited states. An electron changes state only by absorbing or emitting energy equal to the difference between...

beer's law

Absorbance Spectra and Beer-Lambert Analysis

Absorbance spectra and the Beer-Lambert Law show how light can be used to study molecules in solution. When light hits a substance, it may be absorbed, transmitted, or reflected. A substance often interacts with a range of wavelengths, and each wavelength can affect the molecules or atoms in a different way. When a molecule absorbs light, that energy can be used for translation, vibration, rotation, or electron excitement. Electron excitement is especially important in spectroscopy because it...

concentration dependence

Reaction Order and Rate Constants

Chemical kinetics describes the speed of a chemical reaction. The rate depends on the reaction mechanism, the complexity of the reaction, and the number of reactants involved. Reactant concentration also affects how fast a reaction happens. The rate law is the experimental relationship that connects these factors to reaction rate. In the rate law, each reactant contributes through a reaction order. The general form is r = k[A]^m[B]^n for aA + bB + ... → cC. Here, r is the reaction rate, k is...

temperature dependence

Reaction Rate, Arrhenius, and Catalysts

Chemical kinetics explains how fast a reaction happens and why that speed changes. The reaction rate is the speed of a chemical reaction. It is defined as the change in concentration of a reactant or product over time. Reaction speed depends on several factors, including the concentration of the reactants and the temperature of the reaction. Each reactant affects the rate in a specific way. That relationship is described by the rate law. The rate law is an equation that connects the...

galvanic cells

Battery Power from Redox Reactions

Electrochemistry studies how chemical change and electrical energy are linked. In this branch of chemistry, electrons move from one species to another. That movement can either produce current or be driven by an applied current. The main reaction in electrochemistry is the oxidation-reduction, or redox, reaction. A redox reaction has two half-reactions. Oxidation is the loss of electrons, and reduction is the gain of electrons. These changes also shift the oxidation state of each substance. The...

electrolytic cells

Electroplating with Electrolytic Cells

Electrochemistry links electrical energy with chemical change, and electrolytic cells show how electricity can drive a nonspontaneous reaction. In these reactions, electrons move from one species to another. The key chemistry is a redox reaction, or oxidation-reduction reaction, which happens in two half-reactions. Oxidation is the loss of electrons, and reduction is the gain of electrons. The substance that loses electrons is the reducing agent, and the substance that gains electrons is the...

proper lab notebook keeping

Recording a Reproducible Lab Experiment

Accurate lab notebook records are essential in science and organic chemistry labs. Without clear notes, descriptions, quantities, and observations, an experiment cannot be repeated or checked. Good record keeping supports reproducibility, which means other people can follow the same work and get similar results. A laboratory notebook is useful in school labs, research settings, and industry. It can also become a legal record when an idea, process, substance, or technique is patented and...

basic organic chemistry techniques

Organic Lab Glassware and Safe Handling

Organic chemistry labs use specific glassware, careful weighing steps, and controlled heating to keep reactions safe and accurate. Beakers and Erlenmeyer flasks are often used for mixing or holding solvents, but they are not meant for measuring volume unless only an approximate amount is needed. Volumetric glassware is used when a precise volume matters. This group includes graduated cylinders, volumetric pipettes, and volumetric flasks. A graduated cylinder is commonly used in the organic lab...

melting points

How Impurities Change Melting Points

Melting point helps identify an organic compound by showing the temperature where a solid turns into a liquid at 1 atmosphere of pressure. It is a physical property, like solubility, density, color, and electronegativity. Because the exact start of melting is hard to measure, the result is reported as a range. The lower end is when the first drops of liquid appear. The upper end is when the last solid has melted. Scientists compare this range with literature values to help identify a compound. <br...

boiling points

Boiling Point and Vapor Pressure

Boiling point and vapor pressure are key physical properties of a liquid. For a pure compound, the boiling point can help identify the substance. In experiments, the boiling point is usually recorded as a range because exact values are hard to measure and may differ by a few degrees from the literature value. Vapor pressure explains why a liquid boils. In a sealed container, some molecules at the liquid surface gain enough energy to escape into the gas phase. At the same time, some gas...

recrystallization

Purifying Crystals by Solubility

Purifying crystals by solubility is a key organic chemistry technique. Recrystallization uses differences in solubility to separate a desired solid product from starting materials, solvent, and impurities. It is one of the three standard purification methods, along with distillation and extraction. Solubility is the maximum amount of a substance that can dissolve in a fixed volume of solvent at a given temperature. Different solutes dissolve in different solvents, and their behavior can vary...

extraction

Separating Mixtures with Solvent Extraction

Solvent extraction is a common way to separate and isolate a target compound in organic chemistry. In this process, a solute moves from one phase to another so it can be separated from unreacted starting materials or impurities. Extraction is also useful when a product is dissolved in a reaction solvent that is hard to remove by evaporation, such as a solvent with a high boiling point. There are three main types of extraction. In solid-liquid extraction, the solute moves from a solid phase...

simple distillation

Separating Liquids by Boiling Point

Separating liquids by boiling point is the goal of distillation. A miscible mixture contains liquids that mix evenly, and it can be heated so that the more volatile liquid evaporates first. Volatility is a liquid’s tendency to vaporize, and boiling begins when bubbles form in the liquid phase. In a closed container, liquid and vapor can reach equilibrium, which means the rate of vaporization equals the rate of condensation. The pressure from the vapor above the liquid is called vapor pressure.

steam distillation

Steam Distillation and Low-Boiling Separation

Steam distillation is a separation method for temperature-sensitive organic compounds. It works best when the organic compound is immiscible in water, meaning the two liquids do not mix. The method helps remove the organic molecule from a non-volatile contaminant without using the higher temperatures needed for many other separations. In steam distillation, the immiscible mixture is heated until both water and the volatile organic compound distill together. The vapor rises to a condenser,...

thin-layer chromatography

TLC Separation by Polarity

Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) separates compounds in a mixture by polarity. It uses the same basic parts as other chromatography methods: a stationary phase, a mobile phase, and the solute. In TLC, the stationary phase is a thin coating on a plate instead of material packed into a column. The stationary phase in most TLC systems is polar silica gel, a form of silicon dioxide. Its surface has OH groups that can form hydrogen bonds. The sample is first spotted on a pencil start line with a...

column chromatography

Separating Mixtures by Polarity

Column chromatography separates compounds in an organic chemistry lab by using differences in physical properties. It is especially useful for microscale separations when less than 10 grams of material is available for analysis. The method can separate a mixture based on solubility, polarity, hydrophobicity, size, and charge. Any chromatography system has three main parts: the stationary phase, the mobile phase, and the sample mixture. In column chromatography, the stationary phase is usually...

hydrolysis of an ester

Soap Formation from Triglycerides

Triglycerides are lipids made of a glycerol backbone linked to three fatty acids. They are common in vegetable oils and animal fats. Plant lipids are the basis of vegetable oils, while animal lipids are used as lard or general sources of fats. A fatty acid has a long carbon chain, usually between 12 and 20 carbons, with a weak organic acid at one end. Some fatty acids contain double bonds. These are unsaturated fats. The double bond usually gives the chain a bent, cis shape. As a result,...

synthesis of luminol

Luminol Chemiluminescence in Forensics

Luminol chemiluminescence shows how a chemical reaction can produce light and help with blood detection. Chemical reactions may be endothermic or exothermic, depending on whether they absorb or release heat as reactants become products. The enthalpy of a reaction is the energy difference between reactants and products, or ΔH. A positive ΔH means the reaction is endothermic. A negative ΔH means it is exothermic. Many reactions do not happen in a single step. They can pass through intermediates...

esterification

Ester Formation and Everyday Fragrances

Esters are organic compounds with a carbonyl group attached to an oxygen that connects to another alkyl or aryl group. Their general formula is RCOOR'. They are often made by reacting a carboxylic acid with an alcohol in an esterification reaction. In this process, the hydroxyl group of the acid is replaced by an alkyl or aryl group. Many simple esters have familiar fruit and flower smells because their structures are small and less complex. Formic acid and methanol can combine to form methyl...

identification of unknown aldehydes and ketones

identification-of-unknown-aldehydes-and-ketones

Carbonyl Tests for Aldehydes and Ketones

Aldehydes and ketones are carbonyl compounds, which means they contain a C=O functional group. A ketone has two alkyl or aryl groups attached to the carbonyl carbon. Acetone is the simplest ketone, with two methyl groups. An aldehyde is similar, but it has at least one hydrogen attached to the carbonyl carbon. Formaldehyde is the simplest aldehyde, and acetaldehyde has one hydrogen and one methyl group. The carbonyl carbon in both aldehydes and ketones is electrophilic because the oxygen atom...

uv-vis spectroscopy of dyes

How Dyes Absorb Visible Light

Dyes absorb visible light because their molecular structure lets them interact with specific wavelengths. When light hits a substance, some light is absorbed and the rest is reflected or transmitted. The color we see depends on the wavelength that is reflected. A blue substance reflects blue light, around 430 to 480 nm, and absorbs the complementary orange region, around 590 to 630 nm. Compounds that do not absorb in the visible range appear colorless to the human eye. Light also has energy and...

identifying alcohols

Alcohol Tests for Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary

Alcohol tests can help sort alcohols by structure and reactivity. Alcohols are organic molecules with a hydroxyl group attached to an alkyl or aryl group, written as ROH. If the carbon with the hydroxyl group has one R group, the alcohol is primary. If it has two R groups, it is secondary. If it has three R groups, it is tertiary. Alcohols can also be aromatic when they contain a benzene ring. Phenol is the simplest aromatic alcohol. To identify an alcohol, chemists can use its chemical...

chemistry

Comprehensive, curriculum-focused videos for both instructors and students in introductory chemistry lab courses.

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Learn how flame testing identifies metals by color, why electrons emit light in the flame, and how spectra reveal each element's unique wavelengths.

Flame Test Metal Color Clues | JoVE K12

Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

9-12

Earth and Space Science

Space Systems

3.3.9-12.B

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

Earth Science

Earth’s Place In The Universe

HS-ESS1-2

motion-and-stability-forces-and-interactions

Motion And Stability: Forces And Interactions

HS-PS2-6

IPC.7.D

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South Carolina College and Career Ready Science Standards

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Waves and Their Applications in Technologies for Information Transfer

C-PS4-5

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The Atomic Theory of Matter

The earliest recorded discussion of the basic structure of matter comes from ancient Greek philosophers. Leucippus and Democritus argued that all matter ...

Subatomic Particles

Dalton was only partially correct about the particles that make up matter. All matter is composed of atoms, and atoms are composed of three smaller ...

Elements: Chemical Symbols and Isotopes

A chemical symbol is an abbreviation used to indicate an element or an atom of an element. For example, the symbol for mercury is Hg. The same symbol is ...

Ions and Ionic Charges

In ordinary chemical reactions, the nucleus &mdash; which contains the protons and neutrons of each atom and thus identifies the element &mdash; remains ...

The Periodic Table

As early chemists discovered more elements, they realized that various elements could be grouped by their similar chemical behaviors. One such grouping ...

Atomic Mass

Atoms &mdash; and the protons, neutrons, and electrons that compose them &mdash; are extremely small. For example, a carbon atom weighs less than 2 ...

Molar Mass

The identity of a substance is defined not only by the types of atoms or ions it contains but by the quantity of each type of atom or ion. For example, ...

Periodic Classification of the Elements

The periodic table arranges atoms based on increasing atomic number so that elements with the same chemical properties recur periodically. When their ...

Types of Chemical Bonds

Chemical bonding theories were pioneered by American chemist Gilbert&#xA0;N. Lewis. He developed a model called the Lewis model to explain the type and ...

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence ...

The Born-Haber Cycle

Lattice Energy&#xA0;

An ionic compound is stable because of the electrostatic attraction between its positive and negative ions. The lattice energy of a ...

trends-in-lattice-energy-ion-size-and-charge

Trends in Lattice Energy: Ion Size and Charge

An ionic compound is stable because of the electrostatic attraction between its positive and negative ions. The lattice energy of a compound is a measure ...

Covalent Bonding and Lewis Structures

Compared to ionic bonds, which results from the transfer of electrons between metallic and nonmetallic atoms, covalent bonds result from the mutual ...

Electronegativity

Whether a bond is nonpolar or polar covalent is determined by a property of the bonding atoms called electronegativity.&#xA0;

Electronegativity values of ...

bond-polarity-dipole-moment-and-percent-ionic-character

Bond Polarity, Dipole Moment, and Percent Ionic Character

Bond Polarity

The absolute value of the difference in electronegativity (&Delta;EN) of two bonded atoms provides a rough measure of the polarity to be ...

lewis-structures-of-molecular-compounds-and-polyatomic-ions

Lewis Structures of Molecular Compounds and Polyatomic Ions

To draw Lewis structures for complicated molecules and molecular ions, it is helpful to follow a step-by-step procedure as outlined:


	Determine the ...

Bond Energies and Bond Lengths

Stable molecules exist because covalent bonds hold the atoms together. The strength of a covalent bond is measured by the energy required to break it, ...

Bonding in Metals

Metallic bonds are formed between two metal atoms. A simplified model to describe metallic bonding has been developed by Paul Dr&#xFC;de called the ...

Model basic atomic structure and relate an element's atomic structure to its bonding, reactivity, and placement on the Periodic Table.

IPC.7.A

physical-and-chemical-properties-of-matter

Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter

The characteristics that enable us to distinguish one substance from another are called properties.

Physical Properties of Matter

A physical property is ...

atomic-radii-and-effective-nuclear-charge

Atomic Radii and Effective Nuclear Charge

The elements in groups of the periodic table exhibit similar chemical behavior. This similarity occurs because the members of a group have the same number ...

Ionic Radii

Ionic radius is the measure used to describe the size of an ion. A cation always has fewer electrons and the same number of protons as the parent atom; it ...

Ionization Energy

The amount of energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron from a gaseous atom in its ground state is called its first ionization energy ...

Electron Affinity

The electron affinity (EA) is the energy change for adding an electron to a gaseous atom to form an anion (negative ion).



This process can be either ...

Alkali Metals

Group 1 elements are soft and shiny metallic solids. They are malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity. The melting points of the ...

Halogens

Group 17 elements, known as halogens, are nonmetals. At room temperature, fluorine and chlorine are gases, bromine is a liquid, and iodine a solid. ...

Noble Gases


The elements in group 18 are noble gases (helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon). They earned the name &ldquo;noble&rdquo; because they were ...

Use patterns within the Periodic Table to predict the relative physical and chemical properties of elements.

IPC.7.B

Science concepts. The student knows that relationships exist between the structure and properties of matter. The student is expected to:

Flame Test Metal Color Clues

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